RESUMO
La necrosis retinal aguda es una afección grave que amenaza la visión. Es frecuente en adultos, tanto inmunocompetentes como inmunocomprometidos. Se presentan dos pacientes, uno de 38 años, con antecedentes de salud anterior que acude a consulta con síntomas y signos de necrosis retinal aguda en el ojo izquierdo, la que fue diagnosticada luego; y otro de 48 años de edad con antecedentes de infección por herpes zóster, tres meses antes de los síntomas oculares, que concluyó con igual diagnóstico. No existió evolución satisfactoria, a pesar del tratamiento adecuado, lo que demostró que independientemente de datos estadísticos y estudios realizados que demuestran lo infrecuente de esta enfermedad, se diagnosticaron dos casos en el periodo de un año, dato que nos exhorta al estudio y práctica de alternativas diagnósticas y terapéuticas para minimizar las consecuencias devastadoras de esta afección.
Acute retinal necrosis is a serious vision-threatening condition. It is common in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised adults. We present two male patients; one aged 38 years, with a previous health history who comes to consultation with symptoms and signs of acute retinal necrosis in his left eye, which was later diagnosed; and another one aged 48 years with a history of herpes zoster infection three months before the ocular symptoms, which concluded with the same diagnosis. Regardless of the statistical data and research carried out on this rare disease, there was no satisfactory evolution despite adequate treatment. Two cases were diagnosed in a period of one year, data that urges us to study and practice diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives to minimize the devastating consequences of this condition.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Necrose Retiniana Aguda , Herpesvirus Humano 2 , Herpesvirus Humano 1 , Vitreorretinopatia ProliferativaRESUMO
Abstract Since the onset of the COVID-19 outbreak, numerous articles have highlighted a possible link between COVID-19 vaccination or infection and Herpesviridae co-infection or reactivation. The authors conducted an exhaustive literature review on this topic, the results of which are presented individually for each member of the Herpesviridae family: Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) types-1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2); Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV); Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV); Cytomegalovirus (CMV); HHV-6; HHV-7; and HHV-8. These human herpesviruses can serve as prognostic markers for the COVID-19 infection and may even underlie some of the clinical manifestations initially attributed to SARS-CoV-2. In addition to SARS-CoV-2 infection, all corresponding vaccines approved to date in Europe appear capable of inducing herpesvirus reactivation. It is important to consider all viruses of the Herpesviridae family when managing patients infected with or recently vaccinated against COVID-19.
RESUMO
Since the onset of the COVID-19 outbreak, numerous articles have highlighted a possible link between COVID-19 vaccination or infection and Herpesviridae co-infection or reactivation. The authors conducted an exhaustive literature review on this topic, the results of which are presented individually for each member of the Herpesviridae family: Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) types-1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2); Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV); Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV); Cytomegalovirus (CMV); HHV-6; HHV-7; and HHV-8. These human herpesviruses can serve as prognostic markers for the COVID-19 infection and may even underlie some of the clinical manifestations initially attributed to SARS-CoV-2. In addition to SARS-CoV-2 infection, all corresponding vaccines approved to date in Europe appear capable of inducing herpesvirus reactivation. It is important to consider all viruses of the Herpesviridae family when managing patients infected with or recently vaccinated against COVID-19.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr , Infecções por Herpesviridae , Ativação Viral , Humanos , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra COVID-19/efeitos adversos , Herpesvirus Humano 3 , Herpesvirus Humano 4 , SARS-CoV-2 , SimplexvirusRESUMO
Viral diseases jeopardize the health of wildlife in Chile. However, this country lacks health surveillance programs that allow for defining preventive measures to tackle such diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence and the genetic diversity of pestivirus, herpesvirus and adenovirus in pudus from Chile. Blood samples from wild (n=34) and captive (n=32) pudus were collected between 2011 and 2019 and analyzed through consensus PCR. All the samples were negative to pestivirus and adenovirus. Herpesvirus was confirmed in four captive, and one wild pudu. All four zoo animals share the same sequence for both polymerase and glycoprotein genes. Both sequences share a 100% identity with caprine herpesvirus-2, classifying them in the same cluster as the Macavirus group. In turn, novel sequences of the polymerase and glycoprotein B genes were obtained from the wild pudu. Our study reports the first evidence of CpHV-2 infection in Chile and South American ungulate populations. Further research will be necessary to assess the pathogenicity of CpHV-2 in this species. It is also urgently recommended that molecular, serological and pathological screening should be conducted in Chilean wild and captive pudus to understand the impact of the herpesvirus on their populations.
Assuntos
Cervos , Gammaherpesvirinae , Animais , Humanos , Chile/epidemiologia , Cabras , População da América do SulRESUMO
Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2 (BoHV-2) - the agent of bovine herpetic mamillitis (BHM) - is related to Human alphaherpesviruses 1 and 2 (HHV-1, HHV-2) and, as such, has been proposed as a model for vaccine and drug testing. We herein investigated the anti-viral activity in vitro against BoHV-2 of three anti-herpetic drugs: Cidofovir (CDV), Fanciclovir (FAM), Foscarnet (PFA), and diphenyl disselenide (Ph2Se2), a compound that has showed activity against HHV-2. Plaque reduction assays (PRA) revealed a significant reduction in viral plaques (p < 0.05) in cells treated with Ph2Se2 (79.7% reduction) or CDV (62.8%). FAM treatment resulted in a slight decrease in plaque number (22.9%, p < 0.05); PFA showed no activity. The effects of Ph2Se2 and CDV, alone or in combination, were investigated in ewes inoculated with BoHV-2 transdermally and submitted to daily topic treatment. Virus inoculated ewes developed lesions progressing through the stages of hyperemia, large papules or depressed dark areas, followed by scab formation. Treatment with Ph2Se2 resulted in reduction in clinical score from day 10 pi onwards (P < 0.05), shortening of clinical course and reduction in duration of virus shedding (P < 0.05) compared to untreated controls. Combined treatment (Ph2Se2 + CDV) and CDV alone, also led to clinical improvement (P < 0.05), yet less pronounced and delayed. These results are promising towards the use of Ph2Se2, alone or in combination with anti-herpetic drugs, in the treatment of udder and teat lesions produced by BoHV-2 in dairy cows.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Derivados de Benzeno/farmacologia , Cidofovir/farmacologia , Herpes Simples/veterinária , Herpesvirus Bovino 2/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Organosselênicos/farmacologia , Doenças dos Ovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Derivados de Benzeno/uso terapêutico , Cidofovir/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Herpes Simples/tratamento farmacológico , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/imunologia , Glândulas Mamárias Animais/virologia , Compostos Organosselênicos/uso terapêutico , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/virologia , Eliminação de Partículas Virais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The aim is to determine the prevalence of active infection by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) among Mexican women with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) cervical infection, recruited from public gynecology and colposcopy services. In a cross-sectional study, HSV-2 antibodies, HSV-2 DNA, and HR-HPV DNA were quantified. Significant differences in HSV-2 seroprevalence and HSV-2 active infection rates were found between negative and positive HR-HPV cases. HSV-2 seroprevalence was 28.15% and 16.1% (P = .0001), while HSV-2 active infection rates were 6.83% and 0.62% (P = .001) for positive and negative HR-HPV groups, respectively. The risk of HSV-2 seropositivity was 1.7 times greater for HR-HPV-positive cases (P = .02). Similarly, HR-HPV-positive cases were nine times more likely to have an HSV-2 active infection than HR-HPV-negative cases (P = .03). High HSV-2/h-HPV coinfection rates were observed among women recruited from public gynecology and colposcopy services. The main factors related to an HSV-2 active infection are a history of risky sexual behavior and HR-HPV infection. The prevalence of HSV-2 active infection among positive HR-HPV subjects indicate that these infections constitute an important group of STIs in Mexico.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Herpes Genital/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Adulto , Colo do Útero/virologia , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/virologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Herpes Genital/virologia , Herpesvirus Humano 2/imunologia , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Comportamento SexualRESUMO
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Neonatal infection by herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 or 2 presents a devastating burden to new parents, due to the unpredictability of severe clinical outcomes, as well as the potential for lifelong reactivation. While just under half of neonatal HSV infections have mild clinical impacts akin to those observed in adults, the other half experience viral spread throughout the body (disseminated infection) and/or the brain (central nervous system infection). SUMMARY: Here we summarize current data on clinical diagnostic measures, antiviral therapy, and known factors of human host biology that contribute to the distinct neonatal outcomes of HSV infection. RECENT FINDINGS: We then explore recent new data on how viral genetic diversity between infections may impact clinical outcomes. Further research will be critical to build upon these early findings and to provide statistical power to our ability to discern and/or predict the potential clinical path of a given neonatal infection.
RESUMO
In India, increasing incidence of Mareks Disease Virus (MDV) outbreaks are being reported even in vaccinated poultry farms. Hence identifying the new emerging pathotype of MDV is necessary for successful control through vaccination. Birds received in the post mortem section of The Avian Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, were screened for the presence of MDV by collecting neoplastic tissues, spleen and feather follicles. Screening was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and histopathological examination. Among the tested 150 birds tissue samples, 35 bird tissue samples were found positive for MDV. Based on pathotyping specific PCR, it was found that 34 birds tissues were affected virulent MDV and one birds tissue was affected with very virulent MDV. Since, HVT vaccine will not protect the very virulent pathotype, combined vaccine of SB-1 and HVT can be administered to control the very virulent MDV. Among the MD infected birds, neoplastic liver is most commonly encountered. Spleen tissue samples was found to be more suitable for the DNA isolation for PCR.
Assuntos
Animais , Doença de Marek/diagnóstico , Doença de Marek/patologia , Aves Domésticas , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , ÍndiaRESUMO
Mareks disease virus (MDV) has been shown to be evolving to higher virulence. One of the genetic sites involved in virulence which enables such characterization is the 339-amino acid Meq protein encoding gene (meq). The reemergence of clinical Mareks disease (MD) in vaccinated flocks can be associated to changes in meq. Our studies have shown the presence of very virulent MDV strains in the Brazilian industrial and free-range poultry. We present an overview of MD increasing severity and indicate the necessity of using phylogenetic tools for best accompanying MDV evolution.
Assuntos
Animais , Doença de Marek/virologia , Galinhas/virologiaRESUMO
Mareks disease virus (MDV) has been shown to be evolving to higher virulence. One of the genetic sites involved in virulence which enables such characterization is the 339-amino acid Meq protein encoding gene (meq). The reemergence of clinical Mareks disease (MD) in vaccinated flocks can be associated to changes in meq. Our studies have shown the presence of very virulent MDV strains in the Brazilian industrial and free-range poultry. We present an overview of MD increasing severity and indicate the necessity of using phylogenetic tools for best accompanying MDV evolution.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Galinhas/virologia , Doença de Marek/virologiaRESUMO
In India, increasing incidence of Mareks Disease Virus (MDV) outbreaks are being reported even in vaccinated poultry farms. Hence identifying the new emerging pathotype of MDV is necessary for successful control through vaccination. Birds received in the post mortem section of The Avian Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, were screened for the presence of MDV by collecting neoplastic tissues, spleen and feather follicles. Screening was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and histopathological examination. Among the tested 150 birds tissue samples, 35 bird tissue samples were found positive for MDV. Based on pathotyping specific PCR, it was found that 34 birds tissues were affected virulent MDV and one birds tissue was affected with very virulent MDV. Since, HVT vaccine will not protect the very virulent pathotype, combined vaccine of SB-1 and HVT can be administered to control the very virulent MDV. Among the MD infected birds, neoplastic liver is most commonly encountered. Spleen tissue samples was found to be more suitable for the DNA isolation for PCR.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Doença de Marek/diagnóstico , Doença de Marek/patologia , Herpesvirus Galináceo 2 , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Aves Domésticas , ÍndiaRESUMO
Exanthematic and papulo-vesicular lesions in the udder and teats of milking cows are fairly common in some Brazilian dairies, especially those with poor sanitary conditions and hand milking. The orthopoxvirus Vaccinia virus (VACV) and the parapoxviruses Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) and Bovine popular stomatitis virus (BPSV) have been frequently associated with such conditions. Elsewhere, Bovine herpesvirus 2 (BoHV-2) has also been associated with similar clinical signs. Thus, we herein describe a conventional multiplex PCR designed to detect the genome of these viruses in clinical samples while differentiating among them by amplicon size. For this, primer sets targeting the orthopoxvirus vascular growth factor (amplicon size 292bp), PCPV (374bp) and BSPV (607bp) B2L genes, and the BoHV-2 DNA polymerase gene (138bp) were selected. The chosen primers anneal within the same temperature range and do not interfere with each other during the PCR amplification. PCR conditions were initially standardized for each agent in individual PCR reactions firstly using the target virus as positive control followed by using a mixture of all four virues. Lastly, a multiplex PCR containing the four sets of primers was set up to amplify all four targeted viruses in one reaction. The multiplex PCR was able to detect DNA extracted from cell culture supernatants containing 20 TCID50 of BoHV-2 and 50 TCID50 of VACV. Further, the test could detect the viral genomes in 1:10, 1:50 and 1:1000 dilutions of total DNA extracted from clinical specimens (e.g. scabs, crusts) of natural cases (PCPV, VACV and BPSV) and 1:10 dilutions of DNA extracted from scabs collected from BoHV-2 experimentally infected cattle. A possible amplification of other orthopoxviruses, predicted by in silico analysis, was considered to not represent an important pitfall since these are exotic in Brazil, very rare, or viruses not associated with cattle. For definitive agent identification amplicon sequencing needs to be conducted. Thus, this multiplex PCR seems suitable for initial detection and identification of the agents involved in exanthematic and vesicular disease, providing a sensitive and specific diagnosis for such conditions in dairy cows.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex/métodos , Infecções por Poxviridae/veterinária , Animais , Brasil , Bovinos , Primers do DNA , DNA Viral/genética , Genes Virais , Genoma Viral , Orthopoxvirus/genética , Orthopoxvirus/isolamento & purificação , Parapoxvirus/genética , Parapoxvirus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Poxviridae/diagnóstico , Infecções por Poxviridae/virologia , Vírus da Pseudovaríola das Vacas/genética , Vírus da Pseudovaríola das Vacas/isolamento & purificação , Vaccinia virus/genética , Vaccinia virus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Marek's disease virus affects dramatically the production of broiler chicken, hens breeding and commercial due to lost causes for carcass condemnation, presence of tumors and high mortality. Give them us derivatives by the VEM they affect significant economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide and impact the comprehensive management of poultry health and health in general. The genetic and molecular characteristics of the VEM highlight the diversity of the genome in each of the 3 serotypes of the virus; genes involved in pathogenicity, evasion of the immune response and replication strategies are consistent with the difficulty of their infection control. Viral latency and the pump of the immune response of the host, particularly the control of type I interferons, are the mechanism to help the perpetuation in the poultry and thus hamper their effective environmental control. All those conditions have allowed that the virus evolves to forms more virulent that with the use of the vaccines current does not provide a protection adequate against these; for this reason, it is necessary to reconsider current vaccination plans to improve the immune response of active type, particularly involving cell type, to control his evasion and control on the immune system.
El virus de la enfermedad de Marek afecta dramaticamente la producción de pollo de engorde, gallinas comerciales y reproductoras debido a las perdidas causas por decomisos en mataderos, presencia de tumores y alta mortalidad. Las daños derivados por el VEM repercuten en pérdidas económicas significativas en la industria avícola mundial e impactan el manejo integral de la sanidad y salud avícola en general. Las características genéticas y moleculares del VEM resaltan la diversidad genómica en cada uno de los tres serotipos del virus; genes involucrados en sus estrategias de replicación, patogenicidad y evasión de la respuesta inmune son consistentes con la dificultad del control de su infección. La latencia viral y la evación de la respuesta inmune del hospedero, particularmente el control de interferones tipo I, son los mecanismo que ayudan a la perpetuacion en las granjas avicolas y por ende dificultan su efectivo control medio ambiental. Todas esas condiciones han permitido que el virus evolucione a formas más virulentas que con el uso de las vacunas actuales no proporcionen una protección adecuada contra estas; por eso, se hace necesario replantear los planes actuales de vacunación para mejorar la respuesta inmune de tipo activo, involucrando particularmente la de tipo celular, para controlar su evasion y control sobre el sistema inmune.
O vírus da doença de Marek afeta drasticamente a produçã o de frango de engorda, galinhas poedeiras comerciais e reproduçã o devido a eles causas perdidas por convulsões em matadouros, presença de tumores e alta mortalidade. Dar-lhes nos derivados pelo VEM que afectem perdas económicas significativas na indústria avícola em todo o mundo e afetar o gerenciamento abrangente de saúde das aves e saúde em geral. As características genéticas e moleculares do VEM destacam a diversidade do genoma em cada um dos 3 sorotipos do vírus; genes envolvidos em suas estratégias de replicaçã o, patogenicidade e evasã o da resposta imune sã o consistentes com a dificuldade do controle de sua infecçã o. Latência viral e a bomba da resposta imune do hospedeiro, especialmente o controle de interferons do tipo I, sã o o mecanismo para ajudar a perpetuaçã o em aves de capoeira e, assim, dificultar o seu controle ambiental eficaz. Todas essas condições permitiram que o vírus evolui para formas mais virulentas que com o uso das vacinas atuais nã o fornece uma proteçã o adequada contra estes; por isso, é necessário faz-los repensar corrente de planos de vacinaçã o para melhorar o imune resposta do tipo ativo, envolvendo particularmente o de célula do tipo, para controlar sua evasã o e controle sobre o imunológico do sistema.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is an endemic disease and it is estimated that 6095% of the adult population are infected with symptoms that are usually self-limiting, though they can be serious, extensive and prolonged in immunocompromised individuals, highlighted by the emergence of drug-resistant strains. The study of the wild-type HSV strains based on the cytopathogenic features and its antiviral sensitivity are important in the establishment of an antivirogram for controlling the infection. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to isolate and examine the cytopathological characteristics of circulating strains of the Herpes simplex virus, from clinical specimens and their sensitivity to commercially available antiherpesvirus drugs, acyclovir, phosphonophormic acid and trifluridine. METHODS: Herpes simplex virus isolation, cytopathological features and antiviral sensitivity assays were performed in cell culture by tissue culture infectious dose or plaque forming unit assay. RESULTS: From twenty-two clinical specimens, we isolated and adapted nine strains. Overall, the cytopathic effect was detected 24 h post-infection (p.i.) and the presence of syncytia was remarkable 48 h p.i., observed after cell staining. Out of eight isolates, four developed plaques of varying sizes. All the isolates were sensitive to acyclovir, phosphonophormic and trifluridine, with the percentage of virus inhibition (%VI) ranging from 49.7-100%. CONCLUSIONS: The methodology for HSV isolation and characterization is a straightforward approach, but the drug sensitivity test, regarded as being of great practical importance, needs to be better understood. .
Assuntos
Humanos , Aciclovir/farmacologia , Antivirais/farmacologia , Foscarnet/farmacologia , Simplexvirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Simplexvirus/isolamento & purificação , Trifluridina/farmacologia , Células Cultivadas , Hematoxilina , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Fatores de Tempo , Ensaio de Placa ViralRESUMO
SUMMARY The herpes simplex virus type 2 (HVS-2) is the most prevalent infection worldwide. It is a cofactor in the acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV). This study evaluated the prevalence of HSV-2, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and associated factors in patients treated at the Federal University of Rio Grande (FURG) and Basic Health Units (BHU) in Rio Grande, Brazil. The observed prevalence of HSV-2 was 15.6%. Among the 302 women studied, 158 had received assistance in BHU and 144 were treated at FURG. The prevalence of HSV-2 in these groups was 10.8% and 20.8%, respectively, RR 1.9 and p = 0.012. Knowledge about the Pap smear, and the presence of lesions showed no association with HSV-2 infection. Multivariate analysis showed that the variable that most influenced the risk of HSV-2 infection was the presence of HIV infection, with a relative risk of 1.9 and p = 0.04. Discussion: Genital ulcers are an important entry point for HIV, and condom use is an important strategy to reduce transmission of HIV and HSV-2. .
RESUMO O vírus herpes simplex tipo 2 (HVS-2) é uma das infecções mais prevalentes em todo o mundo. Considera-se um co-factor na aquisição do vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e na persistência do papilomavirus humano (HPV). Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de HSV-2 usando a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e fatores associados em pacientes atendidos na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande e em Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) do Rio Grande, Brasil. A prevalência de HSV-2 encontrada neste estudo foi de 15,6%. Entre as 302 mulheres estudadas, 158 haviam recebido assistência na UBS e 144 foram atendidos na FURG. A prevalência de HSV-2 nestes grupos foi de 10,8 e 20,8%, respectivamente, com RR: 1,9 e p = 0,012. Conhecer o exame de Papanicolaou, e presença de lesão não teve associação com infecção HSV-2. A análise multivariada mostrou que a variável que influencia no risco de infecção HSV-2 foi o paciente ter HIV, com risco relativo 1,9 e p = 0,04. Discussão: As úlceras genitais são importante porta de entrada para o vírus HIV e o uso do preservativo é estratégia importante para reduzir a transmissão do HIV e do HSV-2. .
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Herpes Genital/epidemiologia , /genética , Brasil/epidemiologia , Herpes Genital/diagnóstico , Herpes Genital/virologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Background: Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a frequently fatal viral infection that affects various wild and domestic ruminants and even pigs, as recently reported. It is a disease characterized by lymphoproliferation, vasculitis and erosiveulcerative lesions in mucosa and skin. In Brazil, the virus that circulates and causes the disease has been identifi ed as OvHV-2. The aim of this study is to describe the clinicopathological changes in a cow with obliterative vasculitis caused by OvHV-2.Case: A two-year-old Gir cow with a history of intermittent diarrhea and progressive weight loss for approximately a year, which had not improved with antibiotic therapy, was euthanized and subjected to necropsy. In the necropsy, the liver was enlarged, fi rm, and had a marbled aspect all over the capsular and cut surfaces (light striations intercalated with dark areas). Cut surfaces also revealed thickening of the vessel walls, which exhibited a branched pattern. There was marked thickening of the small and large intestinal walls. The hepatic, mediastinal and mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged. The samples were fi xed in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin, routinely processed for histology, embedded in paraffi n, cut 5-µm sections, and stained stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Additionally, sections of the liver and ileum were subjected to Massons trichrome staining. The main microscop
Background: Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a frequently fatal viral infection that affects various wild and domestic ruminants and even pigs, as recently reported. It is a disease characterized by lymphoproliferation, vasculitis and erosiveulcerative lesions in mucosa and skin. In Brazil, the virus that circulates and causes the disease has been identifi ed as OvHV-2. The aim of this study is to describe the clinicopathological changes in a cow with obliterative vasculitis caused by OvHV-2.Case: A two-year-old Gir cow with a history of intermittent diarrhea and progressive weight loss for approximately a year, which had not improved with antibiotic therapy, was euthanized and subjected to necropsy. In the necropsy, the liver was enlarged, fi rm, and had a marbled aspect all over the capsular and cut surfaces (light striations intercalated with dark areas). Cut surfaces also revealed thickening of the vessel walls, which exhibited a branched pattern. There was marked thickening of the small and large intestinal walls. The hepatic, mediastinal and mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged. The samples were fi xed in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin, routinely processed for histology, embedded in paraffi n, cut 5-µm sections, and stained stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Additionally, sections of the liver and ileum were subjected to Massons trichrome staining. The main microscop
RESUMO
Background: Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a frequently fatal viral infection that affects various wild and domestic ruminants and even pigs, as recently reported. It is a disease characterized by lymphoproliferation, vasculitis and erosiveulcerative lesions in mucosa and skin. In Brazil, the virus that circulates and causes the disease has been identified as OvHV-2. The aim of this study is to describe the clinicopathological changes in a cow with obliterative vasculitis caused by OvHV-2. Case: A two-year-old Gir cow with a history of intermittent diarrhea and progressive weight loss for approximately a year, which had not improved with antibiotic therapy, was euthanized and subjected to necropsy. In the necropsy, the liver was enlarged, firm, and had a marbled aspect all over the capsular and cut surfaces (light striations intercalated with dark areas). Cut surfaces also revealed thickening of the vessel walls, which exhibited a branched pattern. There was marked thickening of the small and large intestinal walls. The hepatic, mediastinal and mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged. The samples were fixed in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin, routinely processed for histology, embedded in paraffin, cut 5-µm sections, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Additionally, sections of the liver and ileum were subjected to Masson's trichrome staining. The main microscopic alterations were found in the vessels (arteries and veins) of the liver and intestine. Periportal fibrosis and marked pericholangitis which would sometimes form bridges were observed in the liver. Transmural and perivascular fibrosis; the muscular layer was ruptured and there was proliferation of the intima, which caused obliteration of the lumen were also present. The lymph nodes' medullae exhibited intense infiltration of macrophages and plasma cells with areas of fibrosis, capillary proliferation, and atrophy of medullary cords. Neovascularization and marked inflammatory infiltrates composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and eosinophils were also present. Masson's trichrome staining revealed areas of fibroplasia. The tissue samples of the carotid rete mirabile, brain and liver were submitted for identification of OvHV-2 by nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) tested was positive for ovine herpesvirus type 2. Discussion: The main histological findings (obliterative vasculitis observed in the small and large intestines, liver, and lymph nodes) plus the detection of viral DNA of OvHV-2 in fragments of the carotid rete mirabile, brain, and liver by nPCR confirmed the diagnosis of malignant catarrhal fever. Chronic cases of MCF in cattle are not often described. The disease is usually manifested in a hyperacute or acute form which culminates with death. The most frequent clinical presentation is the head and eye form, which is characterized by corneal opacity, and ocular, nasal, and oral serous discharge. Bovines with MCF usually exhibit macroscopic and microscopic changes in various organs due to the pansystemic characteristic of the virus, which causes vasculopathy and lymphadenopathy. In this report, the changes were restricted to the intestines, liver, and lymph nodes. The obliterative vasculitis seen in this case is similar to the changes described in cases of chronic. Other herpesviruses which cause lesions to the vascular wall can also cause hyperplasia of the muscular layer with progression to obliterative arteriopathy. This paper reports a presentation of MCR not previously described in Brazil. PCR was an important tool for the conclusion of this case.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bovinos , Vasculite/veterinária , Vírus Bluetongue , Febre Catarral Maligna/diagnóstico , Febre Catarral Maligna/virologia , BovinosRESUMO
Background: Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a frequently fatal viral infection that affects various wild and domestic ruminants and even pigs, as recently reported. It is a disease characterized by lymphoproliferation, vasculitis and erosiveulcerative lesions in mucosa and skin. In Brazil, the virus that circulates and causes the disease has been identifi ed as OvHV-2. The aim of this study is to describe the clinicopathological changes in a cow with obliterative vasculitis caused by OvHV-2.Case: A two-year-old Gir cow with a history of intermittent diarrhea and progressive weight loss for approximately a year, which had not improved with antibiotic therapy, was euthanized and subjected to necropsy. In the necropsy, the liver was enlarged, fi rm, and had a marbled aspect all over the capsular and cut surfaces (light striations intercalated with dark areas). Cut surfaces also revealed thickening of the vessel walls, which exhibited a branched pattern. There was marked thickening of the small and large intestinal walls. The hepatic, mediastinal and mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged. The samples were fi xed in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin, routinely processed for histology, embedded in paraffi n, cut 5-µm sections, and stained stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Additionally, sections of the liver and ileum were subjected to Massons trichrome staining. The main microscop
Background: Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a frequently fatal viral infection that affects various wild and domestic ruminants and even pigs, as recently reported. It is a disease characterized by lymphoproliferation, vasculitis and erosiveulcerative lesions in mucosa and skin. In Brazil, the virus that circulates and causes the disease has been identifi ed as OvHV-2. The aim of this study is to describe the clinicopathological changes in a cow with obliterative vasculitis caused by OvHV-2.Case: A two-year-old Gir cow with a history of intermittent diarrhea and progressive weight loss for approximately a year, which had not improved with antibiotic therapy, was euthanized and subjected to necropsy. In the necropsy, the liver was enlarged, fi rm, and had a marbled aspect all over the capsular and cut surfaces (light striations intercalated with dark areas). Cut surfaces also revealed thickening of the vessel walls, which exhibited a branched pattern. There was marked thickening of the small and large intestinal walls. The hepatic, mediastinal and mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged. The samples were fi xed in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin, routinely processed for histology, embedded in paraffi n, cut 5-µm sections, and stained stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Additionally, sections of the liver and ileum were subjected to Massons trichrome staining. The main microscop
RESUMO
Molecular findings that confirmed the participation of ovine herpesvirus 2 (OVH-2) in the lesions that were consistent with those observed in malignant catarrhal fever of cattle are described. Three mixed-breed cattle from Rio Grande do Norte state demonstrated clinical manifestations that included mucopurulent nasal discharge, corneal opacity and motor incoordination. Routine necropsy examination demonstrated ulcerations and hemorrhage of the oral cavity, corneal opacity, and lymph node enlargement. Significant histopathological findings included widespread necrotizing vasculitis, non-suppurative meningoencephalitis, lymphocytic interstitial nephritis and hepatitis, and thrombosis. PCR assay performed on DNA extracted from kidney and mesenteric lymph node of one animal amplified a product of 423 base pairs corresponding to a target sequence within the ovine herpesvirus 2 (OVH-2) tegument protein gene. Direct sequencing of the PCR products, from extracted DNA of the kidney and mesenteric lymph node of one cow, amplified the partial nucleotide sequences (423 base pairs) of OVH-2 tegument protein gene. Blast analysis confirmed that these sequences have 98-100% identity with similar OVH-2 sequences deposited in GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses, based on the deduced amino acid sequences, demonstrated that the strain of OVH-2 circulating in ruminants from the Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Norte and Minas Gerais are similar to that identified in other geographical locations. These findings confirmed the active participation of OVH-2 in the classical manifestations of sheep associated malignant catarrhal fever.
Os achados moleculares confirmaram a participação do herpesvírus ovino tipo 2 (OVH-2) nas lesões observadas em um surto de febre catarral malígna em bovinos. Três bovinos oriundos de propriedade rural de Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte apresentaram manifestações clínicas, que incluíram secreção nasal mucopurulenta, opacidade da córnea e incoordenação motora. A necropsia revelou ulcerações e hemorragias da cavidade oral, opacidade da córnea e linfonodomegalia. Os achados histopatológicos significativos incluíam vasculite necrosante generalizada, meningoencefalite não supurativa, nefrite intersticial linfocítica, hepatite linfocítica e trombose. A PCR, realizada a partir de DNA extraído do rim e do linfonodo mesentérico de um dos animais, amplificou um produto com 423 pares de base do gene da proteína do tegumento do herpesvírus ovino 2 (OVH-2). O sequenciamento direto dos produtos da PCR e a análise pelo Blast demonstraram que o produto amplificado apresentava 98-100% de identidade com sequências do OVH-2 depositadas no GenBank. As análises filogenéticas, baseadas nas sequências deduzidas de aminoácidos demonstraram que a cepa de OVH-2 circulando em ruminantes nos estados de Rio Grande do Norte e Minas Gerais são semelhantes àquelas identificadas em outras regiões geográficas. Esses achados confirmam a participação ativa de OVH-2 nas manifestações clássicas de febre catarral maligna em ovinos.
Assuntos
Bovinos , Febre Catarral Maligna/diagnóstico , /isolamento & purificação , /patogenicidade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/veterinária , Meningoencefalite/veterinária , Nefrite Intersticial/veterinária , Trombose/veterinária , Vasculite/veterináriaRESUMO
Introducción. El termino ToRCH comprende a los patógenos Toxoplasma gondii, virus de la rubéola, citomegalovirus y virus herpes simple 1 y 2. En mujeres embarazadas expuestas pueden ser causa de abortos y malformaciones congénitas en el neonato. Objetivo. Determinar la seroprevalencia de infección por los agentes causantes del síndrome ToRCH en mujeres en edad fértil de algunas comunidades indígenas yukpa de Venezuela. Materiales y métodos. En el año 2007 fueron seleccionadas 109 muestras de 151 mujeres, en edades comprendidas entre 14 y 40 años. La detección de anticuerpos se hizo por el método de inmunoensayo enzimático indirecto o ELISA de Smartest Diagnostics™. Resultados. El 85,5 % presentó anticuerpos contra T. gondii, el 95,4 % para rubéola, el 75,2 % para citomegalovirus y el 97,2 % para el virus herpes simple 1 y 2. Se observa que el 21,1 % y el 30,2 % presentaron relación entre la variable aborto y las infecciones por citomegalovirus y virus herpes simple 1 y 2, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Existe alta seroprevalencia de infecciones por los agentes causantes del síndrome ToRCH en mujeres en edad fértil de la etnia indígena yukpa. Las condiciones sanitarias precarias y el consumo de agua contaminada con ooquistes, favorecen la adquisición de la infección por T. gondii. El hacinamiento, el inicio a temprana de edad de la actividad sexual y el número de parejas, pueden incidir en la presencia de citomegalovirus y virus herpes simple 1 y 2.
Introduction. The ToRCH syndrome includes the following infectious pathogens: Toxoplasma gondii, rubella, cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus 1 and 2. In susceptible pregnant women, these pathogens can cause abortions and congenital malformation in the newborn babies. Objective. The seroprevalence of infection by ToRCH agents was determined in women of childbearing age in several Venezuelan Yukpa indigenous communities. Material and methods. In 2007, 109 samples were selected from 151 women with an age range of 14 to 40 years old. The determination of antibodies against ToRCH agents was carried out through the indirect enzyme immunoassay technique by ELISA´s technique of Smartest Diagnostics. Results. Of the 109 samples, 85.5% presented antibodies against T. gondii, 95.4% for rubella, 75.2% for cytomegalovirus and 97.2% for and herpes simplex virus 1 and 2. A relationship between abortion and infection by cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus 1and 2 was noted in 21.1% and 30.2% of women presented, respectively. Conclusions. The findings show a high prevalence of ToRCH agents in women in childbearing age in Yukpa indigenous communities in Venezuela. Poor sanitary conditions and consumption of water contaminated with oocysts may be an important way of transmission of T. gondii. Overcrowding in the communities, sexual activity at an early age and number of partners and may be related to the presence of cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus HSV-1 and 2.