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Resumo O estudo visa analisar a prevalência de estadiamento avançado ao diagnóstico do câncer do colo do útero e sua associação com indicadores individuais e contextuais socioeconômicos e de oferta de serviços de saúde no Brasil. Estudo transversal, realizado com casos de câncer do colo do útero em mulheres de 18 a 99 anos, no período de 2006 a 2015, extraídos do Integrador de Registros Hospitalares de Câncer. Variáveis contextuais foram coletadas no Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano, no Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde e no Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais. Usou-se o modelo de regressão de Poisson multinível com intercepto aleatório. A prevalência de diagnóstico em estádio avançado foi de 48,4%, apresentando associação com idades mais avançadas (RP 1,06; IC 1,01-1,10), raça/cor da pele preta, parda e indígena (RP 1,04; IC 1,01-1,07), menores níveis de escolaridade (RP 1,28; IC 1,16-1,40), ausência de parceiro conjugal (RP 1,10; IC 1,07-1,13), encaminhamento do tipo público ao serviço de saúde (RP 1,07; IC 1,03-1,11) e menor taxa de realização de exame citopatológico (RP 1,08; IC 1,01-1,14). Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de melhorias no programa nacional de prevenção do câncer do colo do útero em áreas com baixa cobertura da citologia oncótica.

Abstract The scope of this study is to analyze the prevalence of advanced stage diagnosis of cervical cancer and its association with individual and contextual socioeconomic and healthcare service indicators in Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted using cervical cancer cases in women aged 18 to 99 years, from 2006 to 2015, extracted from the Hospital Cancer Registry (HCR) Integrator. Contextual variables were collected from the Atlas of Human Development in Brazil; the National Registry of Health Institutions (NRHI); and the Outpatient Information System. Multilevel Poisson Regression with random intercept was used. The prevalence of advanced stage diagnosis was 48.4%, revealing an association with older age groups (PR 1.06; CI 1.01-1.10), black, brown, and indigenous race/skin color (PR 1.04; CI 1.01-1.07), lower levels of schooling (PR 1.28; CI 1.16-1.40), no marital partner (PR 1.10; CI 1.07-1.13), public referral to the health service (PR 1.07; CI 1.03-1.11), and lower rates of cytological examination (PR 1.08; CI 1.01-1.14). The results reinforce the need for improvements in the national cervical cancer prevention program in areas with low coverage of oncotic cytology.

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OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between changes in self-reported neighborhood stressors and sleep quality and determine whether this varied by sociocultural context among Puerto Rican young adults. METHODS: Data come from the Boricua Youth Study Health Assessment, a sample of Puerto Rican young adults from San Juan, Puerto Rico, and South Bronx, New York (n = 818; mean age=22.9years). Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Neighborhood social stressors (disorder, social cohesion, and safety) were parent-reported in childhood and self-reported in young adulthood and categorized into: low in childhood/young adulthood (reference group), high in childhood/low in young adulthood, low in childhood/high in young adulthood, and high in childhood/young adulthood. Sociocultural context was based on participant residence during childhood (San Juan vs. South Bronx). RESULTS: Adjusting for sociodemographic factors, living with high neighborhood stressors in both childhood and young adulthood (prevalence ratios=1.30, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.66) was associated with overall poor sleep (PSQI score >5). Among PSQI components, living with high neighborhood stressors in young adulthood only or in both time periods was associated with worse subjective sleep quality and daytime dysfunction. Additionally, there were various associations between the neighborhood stressor measures and PSQI components. Results did not differ by sociocultural context. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that living with high levels of neighborhood stressors during childhood and young adulthood may have a cumulative adverse impact on sleep quality in young adulthood.

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OBJECTIVE: Health policies and programs for people living with HIV have been subordinated to current economic policies based on the neoliberal development model that shapes the current healthcare system. The study's objective was to analyze the influence of the Colombian health system on the care of people who lived with HIV enrolled in the Subsidized Regime through Benefit Plan Administrating Entities and treated in Neiva (Colombia). METHODS: A qualitative study framed within the framework of the Critical Discourse Analysis was conducted. Nineteen people participated, including HIV patients, non-formal caregivers, and health workers. The participants were recruited from two Health Service Providers Institutions in the city of Neiva. In-depth interviews were conducted. Data were coded, categorized and organized in Excel for analysis. RESULTS: The interpersonal relationship and the health system functioning were two phenomena that interfered with caring for people with HIV by favoring or imposing barriers to practices. Failures were found in the informative-educational process from the moment of diagnosis, stigmatization, and discrimination, particularly in non-HIV-specialized health institutions, and multiple barriers to access to health services. 55.5% of the patients expressed having been discriminated against by health personnel at some point since their diagnosis. 100% of the patients interviewed identified different types of barriers to health services, contextualized in improper treatment, untimely care and abuse of power; only 22.2% resorted to the filing of complaints, petition rights or guardianships to claim their right to health. CONCLUSIONS: Health care praxis is carried out regardless of patients' situation, forgetting that those from a lower socioeconomic level have greater structural vulnerability related to poverty. The lack of healthcare exacerbates health inequalities.

OBJECTIVE: Las políticas y programas de atención en salud a las personas que viven con VIH han obedecido a las políticas económicas vigentes, basadas en el modelo de desarrollo neoliberal y que configuran el actual sistema de salud. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la influencia del sistema de salud colombiano en la atención de las personas que vivían con VIH afiliadas a las Entidades Administradoras de Planes de Beneficio del Régimen Subsidiado, atendidos en Neiva (Colombia). METHODS: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo, enmarcado en el Análisis Crítico del Discurso. Participaron diecinueve personas entre pacientes con VIH, cuidadores no formales y personal de salud, captados de dos Instituciones Prestadoras de Servicios de Salud de la ciudad de Neiva, a quienes se les aplicó entrevistas en profundidad. Los datos fueron codificados, categorizados y organizados en Excel para su análisis. RESULTS: La relación interpersonal y el funcionamiento del sistema de salud fueron dos fenómenos que interfirieron en la atención de las personas con VIH, en cuanto a que favoreció o impuso barreras a las prácticas. Se encontraron fallos en el proceso informativo/educativo desde el momento del diagnóstico, estigma y discriminación, profundizado en las instituciones de salud no especializadas en VIH, así como múltiples barreras de acceso a los servicios de salud. El 55,5% de los pacientes expresó haber sido discriminados por el personal de salud en algún momento desde su diagnóstico. El 100% de pacientes entrevistados identificó barreras de diferente tipo para los servicios de salud, contextualizados en trato indebido, inoportunidad en la atención y abuso del poder; solo el 22,2% recurrió a la interposición de quejas, derechos de petición o tutelas para reclamar su derecho a la salud. CONCLUSIONS: La praxis de atención se realiza al margen de la situación de contexto de los pacientes, olvidando que son precisamente los ubicados en un nivel socioeconómico más bajo, quienes tienen mayor vulnerabilidad estructural relacionada con la pobreza, por lo que la falta de atención de salud exacerba las inequidades sanitarias.

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Abstract Objective: to understand nurses' perception about their role in reducing health inequalities in community contexts. Method: a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach addressed from Heidegger's Interpretive Theory and the health inequality settings. A total of 18 in-depth interviews were conducted with nurses working in health institutions devoted to community interventions. The following five-phase process was adopted for the qualitative data analysis: Accumulation; Disassembling; Reassembling; Interpretation; and Conclusion. Results: four main topics that nurses mobilize to mitigate health inequalities in community settings were identified, namely: Competences to create, operationalize, monitor and assess health policies; Leadership and management for health and care processes at the individual and collective levels; Professionals that devise care strategies; and Care approach based on characteristics of the territory. Conclusion: nurses perceive that their role contributes significantly to reducing health inequalities in community settings based on the creation, operationalization, monitoring and assessment of health policies. From the sociocultural, economic and political characteristics of the territory, they prioritize actions in disadvantaged human groups in order to improve access, opportunities, continuity and quality in health.

Resumo Objetivo: compreender a percepção dos enfermeiros sobre o seu papel na redução das desigualdades em saúde em contextos comunitários. Método: estudo qualitativo com abordagem fenomenológica abordado a partir da teoria interpretativista de Heidegger e das áreas das desigualdades em saúde. Foram realizadas 18 entrevistas em profundidade com enfermeiros que trabalham em instituições de saúde de intervenção comunitária. Para análise dos dados qualitativos foi adotado um processo de cinco fases: Acumulação, Desmontagem, Remontagem, Interpretação e Conclusão. Resultados: foram identificados quatro temas principais que mobilizam os enfermeiros para mitigar as desigualdades em saúde em ambientes comunitários: Competências para construir, operacionalizar, monitorar e avaliar políticas de saúde; Liderança e gestão de processos de saúde e cuidados em nível individual e coletivo; Profissionais que geram estratégias para o cuidado e Abordagem de cuidado baseada nas características do território. Conclusão: os enfermeiros percebem que o seu papel contribui significativamente para a redução das desigualdades em saúde em ambientes comunitários a partir da concepção, operacionalização, monitoramento e avaliação de políticas de saúde. Com base nas características socioculturais, econômicas e políticas do território, priorizam ações em grupos humanos desfavorecidos, a fim de melhorar o acesso, a oportunidade, a continuidade e a qualidade na saúde.

Resumen Objetivo: comprender la percepción de los enfermeros sobre su rol en la disminución de desigualdades en salud en contextos comunitarios. Método: estudio cualitativo con enfoque fenomenológico abordado desde la teoría interpretativista de Heidegger y los ámbitos de las desigualdades en salud. Se realizaron 18 entrevistas a profundidad con enfermeros que se desempeñan en instituciones sanitarias de intervención comunitaria. Se adoptó el proceso de cinco fases para el análisis de datos cualitativos: Acumulación, Desmontaje, Reensamblaje, Interpretación y Conclusión. Resultados: se identificaron cuatro temas principales que movilizan los enfermeros para mitigar desigualdades en salud en escenarios comunitarios: Competencias para construir, operativizar, monitorear y evaluar la política de salud; Liderazgo y gestión de procesos de salud y del cuidado a nivel individual y colectivo; Profesionales generadores de estrategias para el cuidado y Enfoque de cuidado basado en características del territorio. Conclusión: los enfermeros perciben que su rol aporta de manera significativa a disminuir desigualdades en salud en escenarios comunitarios desde el diseño, la operación, el monitoreo y la evaluación de políticas de salud. A partir de las características socioculturales, económicas y políticas del territorio, priorizan acciones en grupos humanos en desventaja, a fin de mejorar el acceso, la oportunidad, la continuidad y la calidad en salud.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a tendência temporal da desnutrição em crianças menores de 5 anos de idade assistidas pelo Programa Bolsa Família entre 2008 e 2019, explorando desigualdades regionais e buscando determinar o impacto das crises econômica e política agravadas em 2014 e da adesão governamental às políticas de austeridade fiscal na tendência. As análises foram realizadas utilizando dados agregados de lactentes (0-23 meses) e pré-escolares (24-59 meses), extraídos do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (SISVAN) assistidas pelo Programa Bolsa Família (n = 34.272.024). As tendências foram analisadas por meio de modelos lineares generalizados, com efeitos mistos específicos para as faixas etárias (distribuição binomial negativa e função de ligação log). As desigualdades regionais foram analisadas a partir do agrupamento das Unidades Federativas segundo o Índice de Vulnerabilidade Social (IVS) e a influência das crises e das políticas de austeridade na prevalência de desnutrição por meio da interação entre "ano" e "crise" (2008-2013 vs. 2014-2019). Houve redução na prevalência de desnutrição infantil até meados de 2013, quando as tendências passaram a ser estacionárias para pré-escolares e ascendentes para lactentes. Observou-se, também, maior risco de desnutrição nos estados com média e alta vulnerabilidade social, quando comparadas àqueles com baixa vulnerabilidade social. Os pontos de inflexão nas tendências corroboram a hipótese de que as crises política e econômica, e as respostas governamentais a essas crises, provocaram impacto negativo sobre o estado nutricional de crianças em situação de pobreza e extrema pobreza no Brasil.

This study aimed to analyze the temporal trend of malnutrition in children aged under five years assisted by the Brazilian Income Transfer Program from 2008 to 2019, by exploring regional inequalities and seeking to determine the impact of the economic and political crises aggravated in 2014, and the government's adherence to fiscal austerity policies on the trend. The analyses were performed using aggregated data from infants (0-23 months) and preschoolers (24-59 months), extracted from the Brazilian Food and Nutritional Surveillance System (SISVAN) assisted by the Brazilian Income Transfer Program (n = 34,272,024). Trends were analyzed using generalized linear models with age-specific mixed effects (negative binomial distribution and log linkage function). The regional inequalities were analyzed based on the grouping of Federative Units according to the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) and the influence of crises and austerity policies on the prevalence of malnutrition by the interaction between "year" and "crisis" (2008-2013 vs. 2014-2019). There was a reduction in the prevalence of child malnutrition until mid-2013, when the trends became stationary for preschoolers and upward for infants. There was also a higher risk of malnutrition in Federative Units with medium- and high-social vulnerability, when compared to those with low-social vulnerability. The inflection points in the trends corroborate the hypothesis that the political and economic crises, and the governmental responses to these crises, negatively impacted the nutritional status of children in poverty and extreme poverty in Brazil.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la tendencia temporal de la desnutrición en niños menores de cinco años atendidos por el Programa Bolsa Familia entre los años 2008 y 2019, explorando desigualdades regionales y buscando determinar el impacto de las crisis económica y política que se intensificaron en 2014, así como la adhesión del gobierno a políticas de austeridad fiscal en esta tendencia. Los análisis se realizaron utilizando datos agregados de lactantes (0-23 meses) y preescolares (24-59 meses), extraídos del Sistema de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional (SISVAN) atendidos por el Programa Bolsa Familia (n = 34.272.024). Se analizaron las tendencias a través de modelos lineales generalizados con efectos mixtos específicos para los grupos de edad (distribución binomial negativa y función de enlace de logaritmo). Se analizaron las desigualdades regionales a partir del agrupamiento de las unidades federativas conforme el Índice de Vulnerabilidad Social (IVS) y la influencia de las crisis y de las políticas de austeridad en la prevalencia de desnutrición a través de la interacción entre "año" y "crisis" (2008-2013 vs. 2014-2019). Hubo una disminución en la prevalencia de desnutrición infantil hasta mediados de 2013, cuando las tendencias se volvieron estacionarias para preescolares y ascendentes para lactantes. También se observó un riesgo más alto de desnutrición en estados con vulnerabilidad social media y alta, en comparación con aquellos con vulnerabilidad social baja. Los puntos de inflexión en las tendencias corroboran la hipótesis de que las crisis política y económica, y las respuestas del gobierno para estas crisis, tuvieron un impacto negativo en el estado nutricional de niños en situación de pobreza y extrema pobreza en Brasil.

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Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a associação entre iniquidades raciais e condição de saúde bucal. Trata-se de revisão sistemática com protocolo cadastrado na plataforma prospero (CRD42021228417), com buscas realizadas em bases de dados eletrônicas e na literatura cinzenta. Identificou-se 3.028 publicações e após aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade e análise do risco de vieses, 18 estudos foram selecionados. Os resultados indicam que indivíduos de raça/cor da pele preta/parda apresentam condições de saúde bucal desfavorável, representada principalmente pela autoavaliação de saúde bucal, perda dentária, cárie e periodontite. Os resultados evidenciaram iniquidades raciais em saúde bucal em diferentes países, para todos os indicadores analisados, com maior vulnerabilidade da população negra.

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the association between racial iniquities and oral health status. This is a systematic review with a protocol registered on the Prospero Platform (CRD42021228417), with searches carried out in electronic databases and in gray literature. Our study identified 3,028 publications. After applying the eligibility criteria and risk of bias analysis, 18 studies were selected. The results indicate that individuals of black/brown race/skin color have unfavorable oral health conditions, mainly represented by self-rated oral health, tooth loss, caries, and periodontitis. The results showed racial iniquities in oral health in different countries, for all analyzed indicators, with a greater vulnerability of the black population.

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Introducción: Anualmente se pierden 1,35 millones de vidas por causa de siniestros viales; su ocurrencia se ha relacionado, además de factores comportamentales, con desigualdades sociales. Objetivo: Analizar las desigualdades sociales urbano-rurales en la mortalidad por siniestros viales en Colombia para el periodo 1998-2019. Materiales y métodos: Estudio ecológico a partir del análisis de las tasas de mortalidad ajustadas de los grupos poblacionales urbanos y rurales estratificados por sexo. Se hicieron análisis con regresión de Joinpoint y se calcularon medidas de desigualdad simple absoluta y relativa. Resultados: Se registraron 139 323 muertes por siniestros viales, en Colombia la tasa de mortalidad por esta causa se ha venido reduciendo. En contraste con las áreas rurales, en las áreas urbanas esta reducción es más significativa. Existen desigualdades en la mortalidad entre las áreas urbanas y rurales que han venido estrechándose. No obstante, en el caso de hombres y mujeres ha venido incrementándose. Discusión: La reducción de la tasa de mortalidad por siniestros viales sugiere que las intervenciones en seguridad vial han sido efectivas. La mayor mortalidad en hombres puede explicarse a partir de factores comportamentales. Las desigualdades urbano-rurales pueden estar relacionadas con las dinámicas de desarrollo. Conclusiones: Se registra una reducción en la tasa de mortalidad por siniestros viales, la cual es más significativa en áreas urbanas. Existen desigualdades urbano-rurales en la mortalidad por esta causa. Las políticas de seguridad vial deben partir de un enfoque integrador vinculado con otras agendas políticas.

Introduction: Annually, 1,35 million lives are lost due to road accidents; their occurrence has been related, in addition to behavioral factors, to social inequalities. Objective: To analyze urban-rural social inequalities in mortality from traffic accidents in Colombia from 1998-2019. Methods and materials: Ecological study based on the analysis of standardized mortality rates adjusted for age and sex of urban and rural population groups stratified by sex. Joinpoint regression analyses were performed, and absolute and relative simple inequality measures were calculated. Results: There were 139.323 deaths from road accidents; in Colombia mortality rates from this cause has been decreasing. In urban areas, the reduction is more significant than in rural areas. Disparities in mortality between urban and rural areas have been narrowing, however, in the case of men and women, they have been increasing. Discussion: Reducing the mortality rate from road accidents suggests that road safety interventions have been effective. Behavioral factors can explain the higher mortality in men. Urban-rural inequalities can be related to development dynamics. Conclusions: There is a significant reduction in the mortality rate due to road accidents in urban areas. There are urban-rural inequalities in mortality from this cause. Road safety policies must be based on an integrative approach linked to other political agendas.

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Introduction: Low and medium income countries face challenges in access and delivery of surgical care, resulting in a high number of deaths and disabled individuals. Objective: To estimate the capacity to provide surgical and trauma care in public hospitals in the Piura region, Perú, a middle income country. Methods: A survey was administered in public hospitals in the Peruvian region of Piura, which combined the Spanish versions of the PIPES and INTACT surveys, and the WHO situational analysis tool. The extent of the event was assessed based in the absolute differences between the medians of the scores estimated, and the Mann-Whitney bilateral tests, according to the geographical location and the level of hospital complexity. Results: Seven public hospitals that perform surgeries in the Piura region were assessed. Three provinces (3/8) did not have any complexity healthcare institutions. The average hospital in the peripheral provinces tended to be smaller than in the capital province in INTACT (8.25 vs. 9.5, p = 0.04). Additionally, water supply issues were identified (2/7), lack of incinerator (3/7), lack of uninterrupted availability of a CT-scanner (5/7) and problems with working hours; in other words, the blood banks in two hospitals were not open 24 hours. Conclusions: There is a significant inequality among the provinces in the region in terms of their trauma care capacities and several shortfalls in the public sector healthcare infrastructure. This information is required to conduct future research on capacity measurements in every public and private institution in the Peruvian region of Piura.

Introducción: Los países de ingresos bajos y medianos tienen problemas en el acceso y la provisión de atención quirúrgica, lo cual ocasiona un alto número de fallecimientos y de personas con discapacidad. Objetivo: Estimar la capacidad para la atención quirúrgica y de pacientes traumatizados en los hospitales públicos en la región de Piura, Perú, un país de ingreso mediano. Métodos: En los hospitales públicos de la región peruana de Piura se aplicó una encuesta que combinaba las versiones en español de las encuestas PIPES e INTACT y de la herramienta de análisis situacional de la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Se evaluó la magnitud del evento mediante las diferencias absolutas entre las medianas de los puntajes calculados y pruebas bilaterales de Mann-Whitney según la ubicación geográfica y el nivel de complejidad hospitalaria. Resultados: Se evaluaron siete hospitales públicos que realizan cirugía en la región de Piura. Tres provincias (3/8) no contaban con instituciones sanitarias con complejidad de hospital. La mediana de los hospitales de las provincias periféricas tuvo tendencia a ser menor que la de la provincia capital en la INTACT (8,25 vs. 9,5, p = 0,04). Asimismo, se hallaron problemas de abastecimiento de agua (2/7), ausencia de incinerador (3/7), falta de funcionamiento permanente de tomógrafo (5/7) y problemas con el horario de funcionamiento de los bancos de sangre, ya que no funcionaban las 24 horas del día en 2 hospitales (2/7). Conclusiones: Se describe la alta desigualdad entre las provincias de la región en la capacidad de atención de trauma y varias carencias en la infraestructura sanitaria del sector público. Esta información es necesaria para desarrollar futura investigación de medición de capacidades en todos los establecimientos públicos y privados de la región peruana de Piura.

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Introducción: El cáncer de mama es una causa de muerte evitable en las mujeres de hasta 74 años de edad. Sin embargo, es el cáncer más frecuente y la primera causa de muerte por tumores en esa población. Objetivo: Analizar las tendencias de la mortalidad por cáncer de mama en las mujeres de Argentina entre 2005 y 2020, considerando el grupo de edad y la región geográfica. Método: Estudio cuantitativo y descriptivo con perspectiva sociodemográfica. Se calcularon tasas específicas de mortalidad a partir de datos oficiales y se aplicaron modelos de regresión joinpoint para evaluar su tendencia temporal. Resultados: La tasa de mortalidad ajustada por cáncer de mama disminuyó significativamente (PPCA: −1,5%; IC95%: −1,3% a −0,7%); sin embargo, aumentó en las mujeres de 25 a 34 años (PPCA: 2,3%; IC95%: 1,4% a 3,2%). El descenso registrado se trasladó mayormente a las regiones Centro, Cuyo y Noroeste, mientras que las tasas de mortalidad de las regiones Noreste y Patagónica no variaron significativamente. Conclusiones: No obstante los progresos documentados, se evidencian desafíos para reducir la mortalidad por cáncer de mama en las poblaciones más jóvenes. Asimismo, persisten las desigualdades regionales, lo que destaca la importancia de adaptar las acciones a las necesidades del territorio.

Background: Breast cancer is a preventable cause of death among women up to 74 years of age. However, it is the most common cause of cancer death among this population. Objective: To analyze female breast cancer mortality trends in Argentina between 2005 and 2020, taking into account age groups and geographical regions. Method: Quantitative and descriptive study carried out from a socio-demographic perspective. Specific mortality rates were calculated based on official data, and joinpoint regression models were applied to evaluate time trends in mortality. Results: The adjusted mortality rate attributed to breast cancer decreased significantly (AAPC: −1,5%; CI95%: −1,3% to −0,7%); however, it increased among women aged 25-34 (AAPC: 2,3%; CI95%: 1,4% to 3,2%). Besides, the decreasing of mortality took place mainly in Central, Cuyo and Northwest regions meanwhile the mortality rates from Northeast and Patagonia regions didnt vary significantly. Conclusions: Although progress has been made, there are still some challenges regarding the reduction of breast cancer mortality in young women. In addition, regional disparities remain, highlighting the importance to adapt actions to territorial needs.

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La atención prenatal tiene como fin preservar y mejorar la salud de la madre y del producto de su gestación, pero la calidad de este servicio y las tasas de asistencias son variables, siendo los países subdesarrollados los que presentan las tasas más bajas. Existen brechas culturales que impiden el adecuado acceso a los cuidados prenatales, y ello pone en riesgo la salud del binomio madre e hijo. El objetivo fue realizar una revisión actualizada sobre las brechas culturales y su repercusión en la atención prenatal. Para la ejecución de la revisión narrativa, se efectuó una búsqueda en las bases de datos en inglés de Pubmed y Scopus, y en español, de Scielo, de todos los artículos que fueron publicados hasta el 17 de diciembre del 2022. Existen diversas situaciones por las cuales las gestantes no acuden a su cita prenatal; entre ellas, destacan el machismo, que ha sido reportado como una causa común de inasistencia a los controles prenatales en países subdesarrollados y, sobre todo, en comunidades rurales; la falta de educación en las familias, razón por la cual las mujeres no asisten a los controles prenatales por ignorancia sobre el cuidado y riesgos del embarazo, así como por sus creencias y costumbres sobre su proceso; las dificultades geográficas para llegar al centro de salud; el maltrato en la atención prenatal, sea por parte del profesional de la salud o por falta de inclusión en el centro de salud; el estado migratorio y el problema de acceso a la salud que esto representa. Reconocer estas situaciones es tan importante como saber sus consecuencias; una vez identificadas, se pueden buscar diferentes alternativas de solución desde el primer nivel de atención. El personal de salud debe capacitarse con el fin de ayudar a la población a entender la importancia del control prenatal, y para ello debe conocer y respetar las costumbres y tradiciones de cada paciente, sin menoscabar sus ideologías.

Prenatal care is intended to preserve and improve maternal and child health; however, the quality of this service and the attendance rates vary, with developing countries having the lowest rates. There are cultural gaps that prevent adequate access to prenatal care, putting the maternal and child health at risk. Our objective was to carry out an updated review on cultural gaps and their impact on prenatal care. This narrative review was conducted by searching all articles published until December 17, 2022, in English databases such as PubMed and Scopus, and Spanish databases such as SciELO. There are various situations that force pregnant women not to attend prenatal appointment, including machismo, reported as a common cause of non-attendance to prenatal checkups in developing countries and especially in rural communities; poor education in families, so women do not attend prenatal checkups due to ignorance about pregnancy care and risks, as well as their beliefs and customs about pregnancy; difficulty accessing health care services due to geographic issues; mistreatment from health professionals while receiving prenatal care or lack of inclusion in the health center; immigration status and the resulting problems with access to health care. Recognizing these situations is as important as knowing their consequences since, once identified, different solution alternatives can be sought from the primary health care. Health personnel must be trained to help the population understand the importance of prenatal care by knowing and respecting the customs and traditions of each patient, and not undermining their ideologies.

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INTRODUCTION: The association between socioeconomic status and cancer prognosis has been demonstrated in several countries. Despite the existence of indirect evidence of this phenomenon in Brazil, few studies in this regard are available. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study is to analyse socioeconomic related survival gaps for patients diagnosed with breast, cervical, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer in the cities of Aracaju (SE) and Curitiba (PR). METHODS: Using population-based data, we estimated net survival by tumour site, year of diagnosis, socioeconomic status and local of residence. Net survival estimation was done with multilevel parametric model allowing flexible spline functions do estimate excess mortality hazards. RESULTS: 28,005 cases were included in survival analysis. Five-year net survival showed positive association with SES. Intermunicipal survival gaps favouring Aracaju where prominent for breast (reaching 16,1% in 5 years) OBJECTIVES: Study the impact of socioeconomic factors on cancer survival in two Brazilian capitals. METHODS: Survival analysis using population-based cancer data including patients diagnosed with breast, lung, prostate, cervical and colorectal cancer between 1996 and 2012 in Aracaju and Curitiba. Outcomes were excessive mortality hazard (EMH) and 5- and 8-years net survival (NS). The association of race/skin color and socioeconomic level (SES) with EMH and net survival were analyzed using a multilevel regression model with flexible splines. RESULTS: 28,005 cases were included, 6636 from Aracaju and 21,369 from Curitiba. NS for all diseases studied increased more prominently for Curitiba population. We observed NS gap between the populations of Aracaju and Curitiba that increased or remained stable during the study period, with emphasis on the growth of the difference in NS of lung and colon cancer (among men). Only for cervical cancer and prostate cancer there was a reduction in the intermunicipal gaps. 5-year NS for breast cancer in Aracaju ranged from 55.2% to 73.4% according to SES. In Curitiba this variation was from 66.5% to 83.8%. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggests widening of socioeconomic and regional inequalities in the survival of patients with colorectal, breast, cervical, lung and prostate cancers in Brazil during the 1990 s and 2000 s.

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Objective: To estimate the mortality gap due to interpersonal violence in adolescents and young people in 'social territories' made up of 17 Latin American countries, by age and sex for the years 1990 and 2019, based on estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors (GBD) Study, 2019. Methods: Ecological epidemiological study of mortality due to interpersonal violence. Countries were divided into three strata according to the social development index (SDI). To estimate the gaps, the Poisson regression model was used, and the odds ratio and its respective 95% confidence interval were calculated. Results: The global burden of mortality due to interpersonal violence showed a significant increase in men in strata 1 and 2, and a decrease in stratum 3; a significant decrease was observed in women in stratum 2. By age group, the burden of interpersonal violence increased in both men and women aged 20 years and older. Conclusions: Interpersonal violence continues to be an important public health problem in Latin America, affecting mainly adolescents and young people in countries with lower socioeconomic development. It is urgent to evaluate the public policies that have been implemented in order to determine the causes that prevent the reduction of current gaps, and to implement plans that act on the social determinants of interpersonal violence and that promote a positive transformation with equity. The GBD report can serve as an important tool in the design, implementation, and monitoring of public policies aimed at preventing interpersonal violence in the Region.

Objetivo: Estimar a disparidade de mortalidade por violência interpessoal (VI) entre adolescentes e jovens em territórios sociais compostos por 17 países da América Latina (AL), de acordo com a idade e o sexo, para os anos de 1990 e 2019, com base nas estimativas do estudo de Carga Global de Doenças, Lesões e Fatores de Risco (GBD, na sigla em inglês) 2019. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico ecológico da mortalidade por VI. Os países foram distribuídos em três estratos de acordo com o índice de desenvolvimento social. O modelo de regressão de Poisson foi usado para estimar as disparidades, e calcularam-se as razões de chances com intervalos de confiança de 95%. Resultados: A carga global de mortalidade por VI revelou um aumento significativo entre os homens dos estratos 1 e 2, e uma diminuição nos do estrato 3. Entre as mulheres do estrato 2, foi observada uma diminuição significativa. Por faixa etária, a carga de VI aumentou tanto em homens quanto em mulheres a partir dos 20 anos de idade. Conclusões: A VI continua sendo um problema de saúde pública importante na América Latina que afeta principalmente os adolescentes e jovens dos países com menor desenvolvimento socioeconômico. É urgente avaliar as políticas públicas implementadas para entender as causas que impedem a redução das atuais disparidades e implementar planos que atuem sobre os determinantes sociais da VI e proponham uma transformação positiva com equidade. O relatório do GBD pode ser um importante insumo para a elaboração, implementação e monitoramento de políticas públicas para a prevenção da violência interpessoal na região.

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Aim: Integrative and complementary practices (PICs) can be important health care strategies, mainly because they consider the integrality of the person. The objective of this article was to verify the inequality in the access to PICs of the Brazilian population based on data from the National Health Survey (PNS). Subject and methods: This is a population-based cross-sectional study, with data from the 2019 PNS. The use of PICs in the past 12 months was investigated. Adjusted analysis was performed using Poisson regression and the Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and the Concentration Index (CIX) were used to assess absolute and relative inequality. Results: The prevalence of PIC use in Brazil was 5.4% (95%CI 5.3; 5.5). Individuals from the richest quintile, with higher education and with health insurance were more likely to use PICs in general, except for medicinal plants/herbal medicine. When observing the magnitude of inequalities, this was more positively accentuated in those with higher education and who had a private health plan. Conclusion: The results reveal social inequalities in the access to integrative practices, where the most elitist are more accessed by people with better socioeconomic conditions.

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Objective. To discuss multilevel self-management intervention research in nursing to decrease health disparities among people living with chronic diseases. Content synthesis. Multilevel interventions have become the core of nursing research in the last decade. However, a critical limitation of existing interventions targeting health disparities among those living with chronic diseases is the tendency to address single or individual-level factors solely. Conclusions. Nursing research is creating knowledge that may be translated into clinical practice and promoting evidence-based and innovative self-management practices to decrease health disparities and promote health equity among people living with chronic diseases.

Objetivo. Analizar la investigación realizada por enfermería en intervenciones multinivel de automanejo con el fin de disminuir las disparidades de salud entre las personas que viven con enfermedades crónicas. Síntesis de contenido.Las intervenciones multinivel se han convertido en el núcleo de la investigación en enfermería en la última década. Sin embargo, una limitación crítica de las intervenciones existentes que se enfocan en las disparidades de salud entre quienes viven con enfermedades crónicas es la tendencia a abordar factores individuales o de nivel individual únicamente. Conclusiones. La investigación en enfermería está creando conocimiento que puede traducirse en la práctica clínica y promueve prácticas de autocuidado innovadoras y basadas en evidencia para disminuir las disparidades en la salud y promover la equidad en la salud entre las personas que viven con enfermedades crónicas.

Objetivo. Analisar a pesquisa realizada pela enfermagem em intervenções multiníveis de autogestão para reduzir as disparidades de saúde entre pessoas que vivem com doenças crônicas. Síntese de conteúdo. As intervenções multiníveis tornaram-se o núcleo da pesquisa em enfermagem na última década. No entanto, uma limitação crítica das intervenções existentes que visam as disparidades de saúde entre aqueles que vivem com doenças crônicas é a tendência de abordar apenas fatores individuais ou de nível individual. Conclusões.A pesquisa em enfermagem está criando conhecimento que pode ser traduzido para a prática clínica e promovendo práticas de autocuidado inovadoras e baseadas em evidências para diminuir as disparidades de saúde e promover a equidade na saúde entre pessoas que vivem com doenças crônicas.

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BACKGROUND: Evidence on inequalities in the health services use is important for public policy formulation, even more so in a pandemic context. The aim of this study was to evaluate socioeconomic inequities in the specialized health use services according to health insurance and income, following COVID-19 in individuals residing in Southern Brazil. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional telephone survey with individuals aged 18 years or older diagnosed with symptomatic COVID-19 using the RT-PCR test between December 2020 and March 2021. Questions were asked about attendance at a health care facility following COVID-19, the facilities used, health insurance and income. Inequalities were assessed by the following measures: Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and Concentration Index (CIX). Adjusted analyses were performed using Poisson regression with robust variance adjustment using the Stata 16.1 statistical package. RESULTS: 2,919 people (76.4% of those eligible) were interviewed. Of these, 24.7% (95%CI 23.2; 36.3) used at least one specialized health service and 20.3% (95%CI 18.9; 21.8) had at least one consultation with specialist doctors after diagnosis of COVID-19. Individuals with health insurance were more likely to use specialized services. The probability of using specialized services was up to three times higher among the richest compared to the poorest. CONCLUSIONS: There are socioeconomic inequalities in the specialized services use by individuals following COVID-19 in the far south of Brazil. It is necessary to reduce the difficulty in accessing and using specialized services and to extrapolate the logic that purchasing power transposes health needs. The strengthening of the public health system is essential to guarantee the population's right to health.

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Background: Despite the importance of social determinants of health, studies on the effects of socioeconomic, sanitary, and housing conditions on Indigenous child health are scarce worldwide. This study aims to identify patterns in housing, water & sanitation, and wealth (HSW) in the first Indigenous birth cohort in Brazil-The Guarani Birth Cohort. Methods: Cross-sectional study using baseline data from The Guarani Birth Cohort. We used Multiple Correspondence Analysis and Cluster Analysis. The clusters identified were ordered in increasing degrees of access to public policies and wealth, defining the patterns of HSW. Finally, we explored the association between the patterns and one of the health outcomes, hospitalization, in the birth cohort. Findings: Three patterns were identified for housing and water & sanitation, and four for wealth status, resulting in 36 combinations of patterns (3 × 3 × 4). More than 62% of children in the cohort were found with the lowest wealth patterns. The distribution of children across patterns in one dimension was not fully determined by the other two dimensions. Statistically significant associations were found between precarious households and extreme poverty, and hospitalization. Interpretation: We observed substantial heterogeneity in the distribution of children across the 36 combinations. These findings highlight that, should the dimensions of HSW be associated with health outcomes, as seen for hospitalization, they should be considered separately in multivariable models, in order to improve the estimation of their independent effects. Funding: National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Brazil (CNPq); Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazil (Fiocruz); Research Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (FAPERJ).

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Objetivos: Aplicar la dinámica de sistemas para estimar la evolución de la incidencia y la prevalencia de hipoacusia en personas mayores en países de bajos, medios y altos ingresos, así como el acceso al tratamiento, y evaluar la influencia de la implementación de estrategias sanitarias sobre estos indicadores. Metodología: Los análisis se realizaron mediante simulación con dinámica de sistemas según parámetros globales. Para ello, se desarrolló un diagrama de bucles causal, integrando la incidencia, la prevalencia y el tratamiento de hipoacusia con el nivel de desigualdad, factores de riesgo, uso de dispositivos de ayuda auditiva, fuerza laboral de audiólogos y otorrinolaringólogos según el nivel de ingresos del país. Luego, se construyó un diagrama de flujo para ejecutar las simulaciones durante un período de 100 años. Además, se ejecutaron cuatro simulaciones con estrategias sanitarias (reducción de factores de riesgo, mejora en el uso dispositivos de ayuda auditiva, aumento del número de audiólogos y otorrinolaringólogos) y se estimó el porcentaje de cambio respecto al modelo basal. Resultados: Los países de bajos ingresos mostraron una mayor incidencia y prevalencia de hipoacusia, menor acceso a tratamiento adecuado y una mayor prevalencia de hipoacusia sin tratar o con tratamiento inadecuado. La reducción de factores de riesgo creció en un 15 y 33 % la población con audición normal en los próximos 50 y 100 años, respectivamente. Además, la mejora en el uso de dispositivos de ayuda auditiva logró una reducción del 60 % de la población con tratamientos inadecuados o sin tratamiento, y el aumento de audiólogos y otorrinolaringólogos incrementó un 250 % el acceso a un tratamiento adecuado. Conclusiones: La evolución de la salud auditiva está condicionada por factores económicos, donde los entornos más desfavorecidos muestran peores indicadores. Además, la implementación de estrategias combinadas favorecería la salud auditiva en el futuro.

Objectives: To estimate the evolution of the incidence and prevalence of hearing loss in the elderly in low-, middle- and high-income countries by means of system dynamics simulation according to global parameters and to analyze the influence of the implementation of health strategies. Methodology: A causal loop diagram was developed to relate the incidence, prevalence and treatment of hearing loss to the level of inequality, risk factors (RF), use of hearing aids (HA), audiologist and otolaryngologist (ENT) workforce by country income level. A flow chart was then constructed to run the simulations over a 100-year period. In addition, four simulations were run with health strategies (reduction of RF, improvement in HA use, increase in the number of audiologists and ENT specialists) and the percentage change from the baseline model was estimated. Results: Low-income countries showed a higher incidence and prevalence of hearing loss, less access to adequate treatment, and a higher prevalence of untreated or inadequately treated hearing loss. The reduction of RF increased the population with normal hearing by 15% and 33% over the next 50 and 100 years, respectively. In addition, the improvement in the use of ha achieved a 60% reduction in the population with inadequate or untreated treatment, and the increase in audiologists and ENT specialists improved the access to adequate treatment by 250%. Conclusions: The evolution of hearing health is conditioned by economic factors, where the most disadvantaged environments show worse indicators. In addition, the implementation of combined strategies would favor hearing health in the future. System dynamics is a very useful methodology for health managers because it enables to understand how a disease evolves and define what are the best health interventions considering different scenarios.

Objetivos: Aplicar a dinâmica do sistema para estimar a evolução da incidência e prevalência da perda auditiva em pessoas idosas em países de baixo, médio e alto rendimento, bem como o acesso ao tratamento, e avaliar a influência da implementação de estratégias de saúde sobre estes indicadores. Metodologia: As análises foram conduzidas utilizando simulação da dinâmica do sistema com base em parâmetros globais. Para tal, foi desenvolvido um diagrama do laço causal, integrando a incidência, prevalência e tratamento da perda auditiva com o nível de desigualdade, fatores de risco, utilização de aparelhos auditivos, mão-de-obra de audiologistas e otorrinolaringologistas por nível de rendimento nacional. Foi então construído um fluxograma para executar as simulações ao longo de um período de 100 anos. Além disso, foram realizadas quatro simulações com estratégias de saúde (reduzindo os fatores de risco, melhorando a utilização de aparelhos auditivos, aumentando o número de audiologistas e otorrinolaringologistas) e foi estimada a mudança percentual em relação ao modelo de base. Resultados: Os países de baixos rendimentos mostraram maior incidência e prevalência de perda auditiva, menor acesso a tratamento apropriado e maior prevalência de perda auditiva não tratada ou tratada de forma inadequada. A redução dos fatores de risco aumentou a população com audição normal em 15 e 33% durante os próximos 50 e 100 anos, respectivamente. Além disso, uma melhor utilização de aparelhos auditivos permitiu uma redução de 60% na população mal tratada ou não tratada, e o aumento do número de audiologistas e especialistas em ORL aumentou em 250% o acesso ao tratamento adequado. Conclusões: A evolução da saúde auditiva é condicionada por fatores económicos, com os ambientes mais desfavorecidos a apresentarem indicadores piores. Além disso, a implementação de estratégias combinadas favoreceria a saúde auditiva no futuro.

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Abstract Introduction: Low and medium income countries face challenges in access and delivery of surgical care, resulting in a high number of deaths and disabled individuals. Objective: To estimate the capacity to provide surgical and trauma care in public hospitals in the Piura region, Perú, a middle income country. Methods: A survey was administered in public hospitals in the Peruvian region of Piura, which combined the Spanish versions of the PIPES and INTACT surveys, and the WHO situational analysis tool. The extent of the event was assessed based in the absolute differences between the medians of the scores estimated, and the Mann-Whitney bilateral tests, according to the geographical location and the level of hospital complexity. Results: Seven public hospitals that perform surgeries in the Piura region were assessed. Three provinces (3/8) did not have any complexity healthcare institutions. The average hospital in the peripheral provinces tended to be smaller than in the capital province in INTACT (8.25 vs. 9.5, p = 0.04). Additionally, water supply issues were identified (2/7), lack of incinerator (3/7), lack of uninterrupted availability of a CT-scanner (5/7) and problems with working hours; in other words, the blood banks in two hospitals were not open 24 hours. Conclusions: There is a significant inequality among the provinces in the region in terms of their trauma care capacities and several shortfalls in the public sector healthcare infrastructure. This information is required to conduct future research on capacity measurements in every public and private institution in the Peruvian region of Piura.

Resumen Introducción: Los países de ingresos bajos y medianos tienen problemas en el acceso y la provisión de atención quirúrgica, lo cual ocasiona un alto número de fallecimientos y de personas con discapacidad. Objetivo: Estimar la capacidad para la atención quirúrgica y de pacientes traumatizados en los hospitales públicos en la región de Piura, Perú, un país de ingreso mediano. Métodos: En los hospitales públicos de la región peruana de Piura se aplicó una encuesta que combinaba las versiones en español de las encuestas PIPES e INTACT y de la herramienta de análisis situacional de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Se evaluó la magnitud del evento mediante las diferencias absolutas entre las medianas de los puntajes calculados y pruebas bilaterales de Mann-Whitney según la ubicación geográfica y el nivel de complejidad hospitalaria. Resultados: Se evaluaron siete hospitales públicos que realizan cirugía en la región de Piura. Tres provincias (3/8) no contaban con instituciones sanitarias con complejidad de hospital. La mediana de los hospitales de las provincias periféricas tuvo tendencia a ser menor que la de la provincia capital en la INTACT (8,25 vs. 9,5, p = 0,04). Asimismo, se hallaron problemas de abastecimiento de agua (2/7), ausencia de incinerador (3/7), falta de funcionamiento permanente de tomógrafo (5/7) y problemas con el horario de funcionamiento de los bancos de sangre, ya que no funcionaban las 24 horas del día en 2 hospitales (2/7). Conclusiones: Se describe la alta desigualdad entre las provincias de la región en la capacidad de atención de trauma y varias carencias en la infraestructura sanitaria del sector público. Esta información es necesaria para desarrollar futura investigación de medición de capacidades en todos los establecimientos públicos y privados de la región peruana de Piura.

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BACKGROUND: Poor oral health is often more prevalent in rural and resource-limited areas. Evaluating oral health status in these communities is the first step in ensuring adequate future health care for the population. The aim of this study was to assess the oral health status of children aged 6-12 years living in the indigenous Ngäbe-Buglé communities. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two rural indigenous communities of Ngäbe-Buglé on San Cristobal Island in Bocas del Toro, Panama. All children between 6 and 12 years of age and attending local schools were invited to participate, and those whose parents provided oral consent were enrolled. Dental examinations were performed by one trained dentist. To describe oral health, plaque index, DMFT/dmft (decayed, missing, and filled for permanent and primary teeth) index, and developmental defects of enamel index were recorded. Orthodontic characteristics were also evaluated, assessing the prevalence of different molar classes and the prevalence of open bite, lateral crossbite, and scissor bite. RESULTS: A total of 106 children, representing 37.3% of the child population in the age range attending local schools, were included in this study. The mean plaque index of the entire population was 2.8 (SD 0.8). Caries lesions were more common in children living in San Cristobal (80.0%) compared to those living in Valle Escondido (78.3%), p = 0.827. The mean DMFT/dmft for the entire population was 3.3 (SD 2.9). Developmental defects of enamel were recorded in 49 children (46.2%). The majority of the population had a class I molar relationship (80.0%). Anterior open bite, lateral crossbite, and anterior crossbite were found in 10.4%, 4.7%, and 2.8% of the participants, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The oral health of children living in Ngäbe-Buglé communities is generally poor. Oral health education programs for children and adults might play a crucial role in improving the oral health status of the Ngäbe-Buglé population. In addition, the implementation of preventative measures, such as water fluoridation as well as regular toothbrushing with fluoridated toothpaste and more accessible dental care, will be essential in improving future generations' oral health.