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Objetivo: Determinar o perfil epidemiológico de pacientes atendidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), em determinado município do interior de Minas Gerais, bem como os gastos financeiros e o repasse financeiro para os centros de atendimento de traumas. Material e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, descritivo, realizado a partir da coleta de dados pelo SIH-SUS, no período de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2021, em um município do interior de Minas Gerais. Resultados: Foi identificado um total de 14.138 pacientes, com maior acometimento de pessoas do sexo masculino, com idade entre 15 e 44 anos. Como causas mais frequentes, destacaram-se os traumatismos de quadril e coxa, seguidos de traumatismos de membros superiores (ombro, antebraço, braço, punho e mão) e cabeça. Como tempo médio de permanência hospitalar, houve 4.693 diárias entre 2011 e 2021 secundárias a complicações em enfermarias e unidade de terapia intensiva, elevando cerca de 2,37% os valores repassados pelo SUS no período estudado. Em resumo, a análise da incidência de traumas nas emergências de um município do interior de Minas Gerais revela uma preocupante tendência em que homens na faixa etária de 15 a 44 anos emergem como as principais vítimas. Esse padrão pode ser influenciado por fatores como ocupação, comportamentos de risco e mobilidade. Conclusão: A compreensão dessa demografia específica é crucial para direcionar estratégias de prevenção e resposta adequadas. A implementação de medidas educativas, segurança no trânsito e promoção da saúde mental pode contribuir para mitigar os impactos dos traumas nesse grupo demográfico, melhorando sua qualidade de vida e a saúde geral da comunidade.

Objective: To determine the epidemiological profile of patients assisted by the unified health system, in a certain municipality in the interior of Minas Gerais, as well as the financial expenses and the financial transfer to trauma care centers. Material and methods: This is an ecological, descriptive study, carried out from data collection by SIH-SUS, from January 2011 to December 2021 in a municipality in the interior of Minas Gerais. Results: a total of 14,138 patients were identified, with greater involvement of male people aged between 15 and 44 years. As the most frequent causes, trauma to the hip and thigh stood out, followed by trauma to the upper limbs (shoulder, forearm, arm, wrist and hand) and head. As for the average length of hospital stay, there were 4,693 daily stays between 2011 and 2021 secondary to complications in wards and the intensive care unit. Increasing about 2.37% in the values transferred by the unified health system between the studied decade. In summary, the analysis of the incidence of trauma in emergencies in a municipality in the interior of Minas Gerais reveals a worrying trend in which men aged 15 to 44 years emerge as the main victims. This pattern can be influenced by factors such as occupation, risky behavior and mobility. Conclusion: Understanding this specific demographic is crucial to targeting appropriate prevention and response strategies. The implementation of educational measures, road safety and mental health promotion can help to mitigate the impacts of trauma in this demographic group, improving their quality of life and the general health of the community.

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CONTEXT: Concussions are a global public health concern, and education on the importance of self-reporting may not reach all athletes to the same degree around the world. OBJECTIVE: To determine if differences were present in the concussion awareness, understanding, and -reporting behaviors of collegiate athletes' in 3 countries with varied degrees of concussion publicity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Collegiate sports medicine clinics. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Collegiate athletes in the United States (n = 964; high publicity), Ireland (n = 302; moderate publicity), and Jordan (n = 129; low publicity). The degree of concussion publicity was categorized based on the extent of national public health awareness initiatives, care guidelines, research publications, and mass media coverage. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Participants completed a 10- to 15-minute survey on concussion awareness, understanding, and -reporting behaviors. The main outcome measures were concussion education (awareness; 21 options; select all sources of concussion information), concussion knowledge (understanding; maximum score of 49), and diagnosed/nondisclosed concussion history (reporting behaviors; self-report yes/no items). RESULTS: A higher proportion of Jordanian athletes reported never having received concussion information previously (73.6%) than Irish (24.2%) or US athletes (9.4%). Knowledge differed among countries (P < .0001, η2 = .28), with US athletes displaying higher total knowledge scores (40.9 ± 4.5) than Jordanian (35.1 ± 5.6) and Irish (32.1 ± 3.5) athletes. Greater percentages of Irish and US athletes reported a history of a diagnosed concussion (31.8% and 29.6%, respectively) and history of concussion nondisclosure (25.2% and 15.5%, respectively) than Jordanian athletes (2.3% and 0.0% for history of a diagnosed concussion and history of concussion nondisclosure, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In the United States, where concussion publicity is high, formal legislation exists, and sports medicine resources and concussion awareness and understanding were increased. More culturally appropriate concussion initiatives are needed globally to ensure that athletes around the world can identify concussive injuries and understand the dangers of continued sport participation while concussed.

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BACKGROUND: Literature on diabetes insipidus (DI) after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is scarce. Some studies have reported varying frequencies of DI and have showed its association with increased mortality, suggesting it as a marker of poor outcome. This knowledge gap in the acute care consequences of DI in severe TBI patients led us to conceive this study, aimed at identifying risk factors and quantifying the effect of DI on short-term functional outcomes and mortality. METHODS: We assembled a historic cohort of adult patients with severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale ≤ 8) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary-care university hospital over a 6-year period. Basic demographic characteristics, clinical information, imaging findings, and laboratory results were collected. We used logistic regression models to assess potential risk factors for the development of DI, and the association of this condition with death and unfavorable functional outcomes [modified Rankin scale (mRS)] at hospital discharge. RESULTS: A total of 317 patients were included in the study. The frequency of DI was 14.82%, and it presented at a median of 2 days (IQR 1-3) after ICU admission. Severity according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score of the head, intracerebral hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, and skull base fracture was suggested as risk factors for DI. Diagnosis of DI was independently associated death (OR 4.34, CI 95% 1.92-10.11, p = 0.0005) and unfavorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale = 4-6) at discharge (OR 7.38; CI 95% 2.15-37.21, p = 0.0047). CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes insipidus is a frequent and early complication in patients with severe TBI in the ICU and is strongly associated with increased mortality and poor short-term outcomes. We provide clinically useful risk factors that will help detect DI early to improve prognosis and therapy of patients with severe TBI.

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Abstract Dog bites cause complex craniomaxillofacial injuries. Considering that the bite injuries are repeatedly situated on the face, dentist requires being well known with the therapy of animal bites. A three-year-old male child was attended as a victim of a Pit Bull terrier biting. The patient had multiple wounds at the level of the upper eyelid of the right eyeball, left hemisphere with the involvement of the auricular pavilion, wounds with multiple detachments on face and scalp, several abrasions and ecchymoses in the bilateral infraorbital and mouth region. The clinical intervention was completed in the first twenty-four hours after injury. The affected zones were cleaned and irrigated with saline solution, and the wounds were sutured in layers. Tetanus and anti-rabies vaccination, and antibiotic and analgesic were administered. On the fifth postoperative day, the stitches were removed, and the patient was discharged from the hospital. One week after the trauma, the child showed adequate wound curing absent of aggravation. Satisfactory aesthetic and functional results were achieved. Besides, in this case, the most relevant aspects of the management of dogs bites are presented.

Resumen Las mordeduras de perros causan lesiones craneomaxilofaciales complejas. Teniendo en cuenta que las lesiones por mordedura están situadas repetidamente en la cara, el odontólogo debe conocer la terapia que se debe realizar en el caso de mordeduras de animales. Un niño de tres años fue atendido como víctima de una mordedura de Pit Bull terrier. El paciente tenía múltiples heridas a nivel del párpado superior del globo ocular derecho, hemisferio izquierdo con afectación del pabellón auricular, heridas con múltiples desprendimientos en la cara y el cuero cabelludo, varias abrasiones y equimosis en la región bilateral infraorbitaria y bucal. La intervención clínica se completó en las primeras veinticuatro horas después de la lesión. Las zonas afectadas se limpiaron e irrigaron con solución salina, y las heridas se suturaron en capas. Se administraron vacuna antitetánica y antirrábica, antibióticos y analgésicos. En el quinto día postoperatorio, se retiraron los puntos de sutura y el paciente fue dado de alta del hospital. Una semana después del trauma, el niño mostró curación adecuada de la herida sin agravación. Se lograron resultados estéticos y funcionales satisfactorios. Además, en este caso, se presentan los aspectos más relevantes del manejo de las mordeduras de perros.

Resumo Mordidas de cães causam lesões craniomaxilofaciais complexas. Considerando que as lesões por mordidas são repetidamente situadas na face, um cirurgião oral e maxilofacial exige ser bem conhecido com a terapia de mordidas de animais. Um menino de três anos foi vítima de uma picada de um terrier de Pit Bull. O paciente apresentava múltiplas feridas no nível da pálpebra superior do globo ocular direito, hemisfério esquerdo com envolvimento do pavilhão auricular, feridas com múltiplos descolamentos na face e couro cabeludo, várias abrasões e equimoses na região infraorbital e boca bilateral. A intervenção clínica foi concluída nas primeiras vinte e quatro horas após a lesão. As zonas afetadas foram limpas e irrigadas com solução salina e as feridas foram suturadas em camadas. Vacinação antitetânica e anti-rábica e antibióticos e analgésicos foram administrados. No quinto dia de pós-operatório, os pontos foram retirados e a paciente recebeu alta do hospital. Uma semana após o trauma, a criança apresentou cura adequada da ferida, sem agravamento. Resultados estéticos e funcionais satisfatórios foram alcançados. Além disso, neste caso, são apresentados os aspectos mais relevantes no manejo das mordidas de cães.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Penetrating traumas in the orbit and intraorbital foreign bodies during pediatric age are rare and could be associated with vascular and optic nerve injuries. Clinical case: Five-year-old female patient with penetrating trauma in left orbit of 1 hour of evolution caused by a brush after accidentally tripping with a classmate while painting during art class. The patient was taken the pediatric emergency department of the Clinica Universitaria Colombia in Bogotá where she was admitted, assessed with scanographic studies and taken to surgery to remove the intraorbital foreign body. Discussion: The case of this patient was characterized by indemnity of the eyeball, central artery and vein of the retina and optic nerve, in addition to timely and interdisciplinary management that reduced the risk of complications. Conclusions: The analysis of the clinical evolution of the patient allowed identifying the key events to approach this type of cases, as well as the multiple management and prognosis alternatives according to the type and trajectory of the penetrating object.

RESUMEN Introducción. Los traumas penetrantes en la órbita y los cuerpos extraños intraorbitarios durante la edad pediátrica son raros, pero pueden asociar compromiso vascular y del nervio óptico. Presentación del caso. Paciente femenino de cinco años de edad con trauma penetrante en órbita izquierda de una hora de evolución causado con un pincel. La niña tropezó con un compañero mientras pintaba durante la clase de artes cuando se produjo el accidente. Fue llevada a urgencias pediátricas de la Clínica Universitaria Colombia en Bogotá, donde fue ingresada, valorada con estudios escanográficos y llevada a cirugía para extracción del cuerpo extraño intraorbitario. Discusión. El caso de esta paciente se caracterizó por la indemnidad del globo ocular, la arteria y vena centrales de la retina y el nervio óptico, además de un manejo oportuno e interdisciplinario que disminuyó el riesgo de complicaciones. Conclusiones. El análisis del curso clínico de la paciente permitió identificar los eventos clave para el abordaje de estos casos, sus variaciones de manejo y el pronóstico según el tipo y la trayectoria del objeto penetrante.

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BACKGROUND: Brain injury arising from head trauma is a major concern in mixed martial arts (MMA) because knockout (KO) and technical knockout (TKO) are frequent fight outcomes. Previous studies have shown a high incidence of matches ending due to strikes to the head but did not consider weight categories and female fights. This study aimed at analyzing match stoppages in MMA and the exposure to head trauma distinguished by sex and weight categories. HYPOTHESIS: The heavier the weight class, the greater the risk and incidence of head trauma will be, regardless of sex. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3. METHODS: Publicly available data of 167 MMA events from 1903 fights between 2014 and 2017 were assessed, comprising 8 male and 2 female weight categories. RESULTS: The combined KO/TKO rates per 100 athlete-exposures in the middleweight (19.53), light heavyweight (20.8), and heavyweight (26.09) divisions were greater than previously reported for MMA. While stoppage via KO/TKO occurred in 7.9% of combats in the female strawweight division, it occurred in 52.1% of the male heavyweight fights. The male middleweight ( P = 0.001), light heavyweight ( P < 0.001), and heavyweight divisions ( P < 0.001) had an increased risk of KO/TKO due to strikes to the head by 80%, 100%, and 206%, respectively. The risk in the flyweight division decreased 62% ( P = 0.001). All categories were compared with the lightweight division. The female bantamweight category presented a 221% increased risk in matches ending due to KO/TKO compared with the strawweight division ( P = 0.012). Punches to the head were the major technique used to end a combat via KO/TKO, regardless of sex and weight class. CONCLUSION: Head injury risk and incidence varies considerably according to sex and weight category in MMA. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The analysis of head trauma exposure in MMA athletes should be distinguished according to sex and weight category.

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Os ferimentos transfixantes (FTs) em tecidos moles podem ser característicos em indivíduos admitidos em serviços de emergência hospitalar devido à grande morbidade e ao incômodo que podem ocasionar. Apesar de esse tipo de trauma não apresentar grande incidência, as suas implicações podem proporcionar sequelas funcionais e danos cosméticos à face do indivíduo. O objetivo do presente trabalho é descrever, por meio de relato de caso, a conduta adotada para paciente vítima acidental de ferimento transfixante, em terço médio de face, por objeto pontiagudo utilizado no local em que trabalhava. Relato de caso: indivíduo do sexo masculino, 47 anos de idade, normossistêmico e feoderma buscou atendimento em um serviço hospitalar de emergência com a presença de um gancho de açougue transfixado no nariz, penetrando a região de mucosa da narina direita até a pele do dorso nasal, relatando apenas queixa álgica e interesse em remover o objeto, sem obstrução de vias aéreas ou comprometimento de outras estruturas faciais. O gancho foi removido sob anestesia local, por um cirurgião bucomaxilofacial, havendo a preservação do septo nasal durante o procedimento e realização de sutura na lesão de pele do dorso nasal. Considerações finais: apesar de não haver um protocolo clínico-cirúrgico estabelecido quanto ao manejo de pacientes com FTs, é preconizado que o cirurgião se proponha a realizar a remoção do objeto sob conduta conservadora com o intuito de preservar ao máximo de estruturas nobres possíveis, assim como o presente caso foi conduzido.(AU)

Soft tissues transfixing wounds (TWs) may be characteristic in individuals admitted to emergency departments due to the high morbidity and discomfort they can cause. Although this type of trauma does not present a high incidence, its implications can provide sequels and cosmetic damages to the face. The aim of the present study is to describe, by means of a case report, the approach adopted for a patient who was accidentally transfixed, in a middle third of the face, by a sharp object used in the place where he worked. Case report: Male, 47 years old and normossemic, sought care in an emergency hospital service presenting a meat hook transfixed in his nose, penetrating the right nasal mucosa region up to the nasal skin dorsum, only reporting interest in removing the object and pain, without presenting airway obstruction or commitment of another facial structures. Regarding the clinical conditions of the present case, the hook was removed under local anesthesia by an oral and maxillofacial surgeon, preserving the nasal septum during the procedure and suturing the lesion in the nasal skin dorsum. Final considerations: Although there is no established clinical-surgical protocol regarding the management of patients with TWs, it is recommended that the surgeon proposes to remove the object under conservative management in order to preserve the maximum possible anatomic structures, as well as this case was conducted.(AU)

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Antecedentes y objetivo. Los pacientes con muerte encefálica por trauma craneoencefálico secundario a herida por proyectil de arma de fuego ayudan a mitigar la necesidad de donantes de órganos y tejidos. En Colombia, el 78 % de los homicidios son por arma de fuego. Se buscaba describir la experiencia con donantes de órganos y tejidos con muerte encefálica secundaria a trauma craneoencefálico por herida por proyectil de arma de fuego en un centro colombiano de trasplantes. Materiales y métodos. Se trató de un estudio de cohorte histórica retrospectiva. Se caracterizaron 169 donantes con diagnóstico de muerte encefálica secundaria a trauma craneoencefálico por herida con proyectil de arma de fuego en la institución, entre 2010 y 2016. Las variables cualitativas se evaluaron mediante proporciones, las variables cuantitativas continuas, con medidas de tendencia central, y la supervivencia, con el método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados. La mayoría de los pacientes eran de sexo masculino (93 %), con una mediana de edad de 21 años (rango intercuartílico, RIQ=17-27) y el 32 % tenía antecedentes de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. El 12 % de los pacientes necesitó manejo con hemoderivados y el 62 % requirió dosis altas de vasopresores. Se trasplantaron 338 órganos sólidos. La supervivencia del injerto renal y hepático a un año fue de 90 % y 85 %, respectivamente, y a 5 años, de 87 % y 76 %. Conclusiones. Según este estudio, la mayoría de estos pacientes eran hombres jóvenes con órganos potencialmente trasplantables que mostraron excelentes resultados en la supervivencia de los injertos. Consideramos que estos donantes son una buena alternativa para aumentar el número de donantes de órganos y tejidos

Background and objectives: Patients with brain death (BD) due to traumatic brain injury (TBI) secondary to a gunshot (GS) wound in the skull contribute to mitigate the demand for organ and tissue donors. In Colombia, 78% of the homicides are by GS. We describe our experience with BD secondary to TBI by GS organ and tissue donors at a transplant center in Cali, Colombia. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective historical cohort study for characterization of donors diagnosed with BD secondary to TBI by GS at our institution in the period 2010-2016 (n=169). Qualitative variables were assessed by proportions, continuous quantitative variables with measures of central tendency, and survival with Kaplan Meier. Results: The majority of the patients were male (93%), with a median age of 21 years (RIQ 17-27), 32% had history of psychoactive substance use. 12% of the patient's required management with blood products and 62% with high doses of vasopressors. 338 solid organs were transplanted. Survival of the renal and hepatic graft at one year was 90% and 85% respectively and at five years of 87% and 76%. Conclusions: According to our study, the majority of these patients are young men with potentially transplantable organs, showing excellent results in the survival of the grafts. We consider these donors to be a good alternative to increase the number of organ and tissue donors

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Introdução: A frequência de vítimas de traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE) nos serviços de emergência vem aumentando no mundo e conhecer a evolução dessas vítimas nas primeiras horas após lesão é um caminho importante para padronizar sua avaliação e alcançar melhores resultados no seu tratamento. Objetivos: Analisar, durante permanência na sala de emergência (SE), a evolução das vítimas que apresentaram TCE contuso como lesão principal e identificar, entre as variáveis demográficas, os indicadores de gravidade e as características do atendimento pré e intra-hospitalar, os fatores associados ao tempo de permanência na SE dessas vítimas. Método: Estudo do tipo corte prospectivo, com dados coletados na admissão da vítima de TCE na SE e 2, 4 e 6 horas após, ou até a transferência para tratamento definitivo em unidades específicas, ou óbito. Participaram desse estudo vítimas de TCE contuso como lesão principal, com idade 15 anos, admitidas em serviço de emergência referência para neurocirurgia, até 1 hora após trauma. A evolução das vítimas foi descrita pelas diferenças na pontuação Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (REMS) entre as avaliações na admissão na SE e 2, 4 e 6 horas após. Análises descritivas foram utilizadas para caracterização dos casos e descrever a evolução das vítimas. Testes estatísticos foram aplicados para verificar associação entre tempo de permanência na SE e idade, sexo, gravidade e características do atendimento pré e intra-hospitalar. Resultados: A casuística foi composta de 46 vítimas, 84,7% do sexo masculino, idade média de 34,7 anos (dp=15,1), 63% envolvidas em acidentes de trânsito. Na admissão na SE, o REMS médio dessas vítimas foi de 4,0 (dp=2,5), as médias do Injury Severity Score (ISS) e New Injury Severity Score (NISS) foram de 11,8 (dp=7,7) e 17,2 (dp=12,7), respectivamente. A Escala de Coma de Glasgow(ECGl) indicou 54,4% de casos de TCE grave e o Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale/ região cabeça (MAIS/cabeça) apresentou média de 2,7 (dp=1,1). Entre a admissão na SE e 2 horas após, foram observadas mudanças desfavoráveis em 35,1% das vítimas e favoráveis em 27%; entre 2 e 4 horas, a evolução desfavorável foi constatada em 13,6% e favorável em 27,3%; entre 4 e 6 horas, constatou-se piora em 42,8% dos casos e melhora em 28,6%. Em média, as vítimas que tiveram piora apresentaram diferença de 2,8 (dp=2,3) no REMS entre admissão e 2 horas, de 2 (dp=0) entre 2 e 4 horas e de 2,3 (dp=0,5) entre 4 e 6 horas. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa no tempo de permanência na SE somente em relação à variável uso de suporte hemodinâmico nesse serviço. Conclusão: A melhora de cerca de mais de » das vítimas de TCE contuso ocorreu em todos os períodos de avaliação, porém a frequência dos casos de evolução desfavorável foi maior do que favorável entre admissão e 2 horas e ainda mais elevada após permanência de 4 horas na SE. O maior tempo de permanência na SE esteve relacionado com uso de suporte hemodinâmico nesse serviço.

Introduction: The frequency of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in emergency services is increasing worldwide and knowing the evolution of these victims in the first hours after injury is an important way to standardize their evaluation and achieve better treatment outcomes. Objectives: To analyze the evolution of the victims whose main lesion was blunt TBI and to identify, among demographic variables, severity indicators and characteristics of pre and in-hospital care, as well as factors associated with length of stay in the emergency room (ER) of these victims. Method: A prospective study, with data collected at the admission of the TBI victim at ER and 2, 4 and 6 hours after, or until transfer to definitive treatment in specific units, or death. Participants of this study presented blunt TBI as the main lesion, age 15 years and were admitted at ER for neurosurgery up to 1 hour after trauma. The evolution of the victims was described by the differences in the Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (REMS) among the assessments on admission at ER and 2, 4 and 6 hours after. Descriptive analyzes were used to characterize the cases and describe the evolution of the victims. Statistical tests were applied to verify the association between length of stay in ER and age, sex, severity and characteristics of pre and in-hospital care. Results: The casuistry consisted of 46 victims, 84.7% were male, mean age was 34.7 years (SD=15.1), and 63% were involved in traffic accidents. On admission at ER, the mean REMS of these victims was 4.0 (SD=2.5), the mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) and New Injury Severity Score (NISS) were 11.8 (SD=7.7) and 17.2 (SD=12.7), respectively. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) indicated 54.4% of cases of severe TBI and the Maximum Abbreviated Injury Score/ head region (MAIS/head) showed an average of 2.7 (SD=1.1). From admission at ER until 2 hours later, unfavorable changes were observed in 35.1% of the victims and favorable changes were seen in 27%; between 2 and 4 hours, the unfavorable evolution was observed in 13.6% and favorable evolution was noted in 27.3%; between 4 and 6 hours, it was found worsening in 42.8% of the cases and improvement in 28.6%. On average, patients who experienced worsening had a difference of 2.8 (SD=2.3) in REMS from admission to 2 hours, 2 (SD=0) between 2 and 4 hours and 2.3 (SD=0.5) between 4 and 6 hours. There was a statistically significant difference in the lenght of stay in ER only in relation to the variable use of hemodynamic support in this service. Conclusion: The improvement of more than » of the victims of blunt TBI occurred in all the evaluation periods, but the frequency of unfavorable cases was higher than favorable between admission and 2 hours and even higher after 4 hours in ER. The longer time in ER was related to the use of hemodynamic support in this service.

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Traumatic myositis ossificans (TMO) is a rare ossifying disease that occurs in the muscle or soft tissues. A case of TMO isolated in the temporalis muscle is reported. In the case described, calcification in the temporalis muscle was confirmed after computed tomography. Surgery, physiotherapy, and histopathological analysis were performed. One year after treatment, further ossification was present but without interference in function. The most accepted treatment for TMO in the maxillofacial region is excision followed by physiotherapy. The high rate of non-recurrence may be concealed due to the short follow-up period. TMO is a lesion that may frequently recur and long-term follow-up must be provided.

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El trauma craneoencefálico es una de las principales causas de muerte en el mundo, y gran parte de estos se asocian a heridas por arma de fuego en cráneo. Conocer el manejo, las características y fisiopatología de la lesión nos permitirá saber abordar estos casos cuando se presenten a los diferentes centros asistenciales, al tiempo que nos permitirá tener en cuenta las posibles complicaciones, para evitar su aparición y así buscar mejorar la morbilidad por esta causa. Siempre acompañado de un manejo integral que permita abarcar todas las dimensiones afectadas.

Traumatic brain injury is a of the leading causes of death in the world, and many of these are associated with gunshot wounds in the skull. To know management the characteristics and pathophysiology of the lesion will tell as deal with these cases when presented to medical centers, while enabling us to take into account of possible complications, to prevent its occurrence and so try to improve morbidity from this cause. Always accompanied by an integrated management that can encompass all affected dimensions.

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As fístulas arteriovenosas (FAVs) e os pseudoaneurismas traumáticos extracranianos são malformações incomuns e, em sua maioria, estão associadas a traumatismo craniano fechado com lesão contusa de forte intensidade. O diagnóstico em geral é clínico, porém o exame de escolha para o diagnóstico definitivo é a angiografia. Nos casos em que a lesão é pequena, é possível abordá-la com embolização via endovascular com sucesso. A excisão cirúrgica, no entanto, ainda é o método de escolha para o tratamento. É relatado um caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, com 9 anos de idade, diagnosticado com FAV, acometendo o ramo frontal da artéria temporal superficial, secundária a trauma craniano contundente ocorrido três anos antes do diagnóstico.

The arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) and the extracranial traumatic pseudoaneurysms are uncommon malformations and in the majority of the cases are associated to closed head trauma with high intensity blunt lesion. The diagnosis is generally clinical, though the exam of choice for definitive diagnosis is an angiography. In minor lesion cases it's possible to successfully approach it with endovas-cular embolization. The surgical excision though, is the method of choice for the treatment. Here is reported a case of a 9-year-old male patient, diagnosed with AVF involving the frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery, secondary to blunt head trauma occurred three years before diagnosis.

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Fundamento: Las lesiones penetrantes cerebrales causadas por objetos extraños, incluidos proyectiles son comúnmente vistas en situaciones de guerra. Las lesiones no causadas por proyectiles son raras en la práctica neuroquirúrgica en la vida civil en tiempo de paz. Objetivo: Ilustrar formas clínicas y la evaluación de lesiones penetrantes del cerebro no causadas por municiones de armas de fuego en tiempo de paz, a través de la presentación de tres casos. Presentación de casos: Presentamos tres pacientes con cuerpos extraños intracraneales, el primero que durante intento suicida se introdujo a través de agujero de trépano objeto metálico (alambre de cobre); el segundo caso, paciente que al sufrir trauma de cráneo se le realizó tomografía axial computarizada de cráneo y se detectó la presencia de hematoma subdural agudo y cuerpo extraño intracraneal (pedazo de alambre); el tercer caso se trata de recluso que durante una riña sufrió herida con penetración de un cuerpo extraño intracraneal (clavo). Conclusiones: La intervención quirúrgica de estos pacientes de manera urgente y su estado neurológico al entrar al quirófano repercutió de manera decisiva en su evolución.

Background: Penetrating brain injuries due to foreign objects including gunshot wounds are commonly seen in war times. Injuries not caused by gunshot are rare in neurosurgical practice in civil lifetime in peace times. Objective: To illustrate the clinical forms and the evaluation of penetrating brain injuries not caused by ammunitions of firearms in peacetime, through the presentation of three cases. Cases presentation: We report three patients with intracranial foreign bodies, the first during suicide attempt was introduced via burr hole metal object (copper wire); the second case, the patient suffered head injury and underwent computed tomography of the skull and the presence of acute subdural hematoma and intracranial foreign body (piece of wire) was detected; the third case involves prisoner who suffered injury during a fight with intracranial penetration of a foreign body (nail). Conclusions: Urgently surgical intervention in these patients and their neurological status entering the operating room impacted decisively in their evolution.

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Cranial stabbing injuries penetrating the brain are not commonly encountered. The cases in which the knife is retained constitute a challenge to the neurosurgeon. When a long-term permanence occurs, the reaction to the presence of the foreign body causes adherence to the nervous tissue and a higher risk is expected from the removal. The procedure should be performed with meticulous dissection and minimal oscillation of the blade thus avoiding damage to the adjacent structures. We report a case of a man who remained three years with a knife blade deeply lodged in the brain. After obtaining informed consent, the blade was removed; there were no postoperative complications. To our knowledge, this is the first case in which, after years of permanence, a knife blade was removed from the brain through a craniotomy.

Lesões cranianas por arma branca com penetração do encéfalo não são comuns. Os casos em que a faca encontra-se retida constituem um desafio para o neurocirurgião. Quando ocorre uma longa permanência, a reação à presença do corpo estranho causa aderência ao tecido nervoso e um maior risco é previsto para a remoção. O procedimento deve ser realizado com dissecção meticulosa e mínima oscilação da lâmina, evitando, assim, lesão das estruturas adjacentes. Apresentamos o caso de um indivíduo que permaneceu três anos com a lâmina de uma faca alojada profundamente no encéfalo. Após obtermos consentimento informado, a lâmina foi removida; não houve complicações pós-operatórias. Até onde sabemos, este é o primeiro caso em que, após anos de permanência, a lâmina de uma faca foi removida do encéfalo por meio de uma craniotomia.

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Intracranial sinus thrombosis (1ST) after closed head injury is an uncommon but potentially serious complication. It has no correlation with the severity of the injury. The symptoms and clinical course are highly variable. The most frequent but least specific symptom is severe headache. Cerebral lesions and neurologic signs develop in half of patients with IST. We report a 29 year-old male who had an IST after a severe closed head injury. The patient initially developed headache and had later 2 secondarily generalized seizures. The magnetic resonance imaging showed a superior sagittal sinus thrombosis. Anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin and intravenous phenytoin was started. At the moment of this report he is asymptomatic and continues with oral anticoagulants and phenytoin.

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Aims: Traumatic brain injury is a common and costly trauma that may lead to hypopituitarism. Its complications may have great impact on public health, especially in children. This study evaluates the prevalence of immediate hypopituitarism in children who suffered mild traumatic brain injury. Methods: Children who were admitted in the emergency service of Unidade Regional de Emergência – Conjunto Hospitalar de Sorocaba due to traumatic brain injury were evaluated for the study. Every patient underwent a head computed tomography at admittance and was classified according to the Glasgow Coma Scale, being traumatic brain injury graded in severe (<9), moderate (9-12) or mild (>12). Those whose parents or guardians agreed to participate and presented mild trauma were included in the study and invited to perform a neuroendocrinological evaluation. Results: Sixty-eight children were admitted with traumatic brain injury, and 21 agreed to participate. Five patients did not perform the urine and blood exams, two had a moderate TBI, and one had a severe TBI, and therefore were excluded from data analysis. Among the 13 patients whose exams were performed in less than 48 hours from the trauma, five (38.5%) presented hormonal alterations, respectively: single thyroid-stimulant hormone (TSH) elevation, single insuline-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) elevation, single cortisol elevation, combined folicule-stimulant hormone (FSH) and prolactin elevation, and combined TSH and FSH elevation. None presented symptoms of hypopituitarism. There was no association between head image alterations and hypopituitarism. Conclusions: The results found in this study lead to probably little significant endocrine dysfunctions, as such hormonal increases may be related to acute trauma response. Considering the literature and the results, it is possible to speculate that the relationship of traumatic brain injury with hypopituitarism in children is different from adults.

Objetivos: O trauma cranioencefálico é um trauma comum e dispendioso que pode levar a hipopituitarismo. Suas complicações podem ter grande impacto na saúde pública, especialmente em crianças. Este estudo avalia a prevalência de hipopituitarismo imediato em crianças que sofreram lesão cerebral traumática leve. Métodos: Foram avaliadas para o estudo crianças admitidas no serviço de emergência da Unidade Regional de Emergência – Conjunto Hospitalar de Sorocaba devido a um trauma cranioencefálico. Cada paciente foi submetido a uma tomografia computadorizada na admissão e classificado pela Escala de Coma de Glasgow, sendo a lesão cerebral classificada em grave (<9), moderada (9-12) ou leve (> 12). Aqueles cujos pais ou responsáveis concordaram em participar e apresentavam a forma leve de trauma cranioencefálico foram incluídos no estudo e convidados a realizar uma avaliação neuroendocrinológica. Resultados: Sessenta e oito crianças foram internadas com traumatismo cranioencefálico e 21 concordaram em participar. Cinco pacientes não realizaram os exames de sangue e urina, dois tinham a forma moderada e um tinha a forma grave de trauma cranioencefálico, sendo excluídos da análise.

Entre as 13 crianças cujos exames foram feitos dentro das primeiras 48 horas após o trauma, cinco (38,5%) apresentaram alterações hormonais, respectivamente: somente elevação de hormônio estimulante da tireoide (TSH); somente elevação de fator de crescimento insulina-símile 1 (IGF-1); somente elevação de cortisol; elevação de hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH) combinada à elevação de prolactina; e elevação de TSH combinada à elevação de FSH. Nenhum dos pacientes apresentou sintomas de hipopituitarismo. Não houve associação entre alterações de neuroimagem e hipopituitarismo. Conclusões: Os resultados deste estudo apontam para disfunções endócrinas provavelmente pouco importantes, já que algumas das alterações encontradas podem estar relacionadas à resposta ao trauma agudo. Considerando a literatura e os resultados, é possível especular que a relação do trauma cranioencefálico com hipopituitarismo em crianças é diferente dos adultos.

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OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores relacionados à amnésia pós-traumática de longa duração. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo, longitudinal, com 187 vítimas de trauma cranioencefálico contuso, idade >14 anos, atendidos em hospital de referência para trauma. As variáveis independentes foram: idade, sexo, gravidade do trauma cranioencefálico, local e tipo de lesão, número de lesões encefálicas e uso de medicação com atividade em sistema nervoso central ou corticoides. RESULTADO: O modelo de regressão logística múltipla ajustado pela variável área de lesão (intra/extra axial) evidenciou: Escala de Coma de Glasgow inicial <12 (OR=20,17); Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale/cabeça >3 (OR=2,80) e uso de Fenitoína (OR=2,60), Midazolan (OR=2,83) ou ambas as drogas (OR=3,83). CONCLUSÃO: O uso do Midazolan e da Fenitoína, além da gravidade do trauma cranioencefálico, destacaram-se como fatores relacionados à amnésia de longa duração.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors related to post-traumatic amnesia of long duration. METHOD: A prospective, longitudinal study, with 187 victims of blunt head trauma, age >14 years, seen at a referral hospital for trauma. Independent variables included: age, sex, severity of head injury, location and type of injury, number of brain lesions, and use of medication with central nervous system activity or corticosteroids. RESULTS: The logistic regression model adjusted by the variable area of injury (intra / extra-axial) showed: an initial Glasgow Coma Scale of < 12 (OR = 20.17), Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale / head of >3 (OR = 2.80) and use of phenytoin (OR = 2.60), midazolam (OR = 2.83) or both drugs (OR = 3.83). CONCLUSION: The use of midazolam and phenytoin, and the severity of head injury, were identified as related factors for long-term amnesia.

OBJETIVO: Identificar factores relacionados a la amnesia post-traumática de larga duración. MÉTODO: Estudio prospectivo, longitudinal, realizado con 187 víctimas de trauma craneoencefálico contuso, edad >14 años, atendidos en un hospital de referencia para trauma. Las variables independientes fueron: edad, sexo, gravedad del trauma craneoencefálico, local y tipo de lesión, número de lesiones encefálicas y uso de medicación con actividad en el sistema nervioso central o corticoides. RESULTADO: El modelo de regresión logística múltiple ajustado por la variable área de lesión (intra/extra axial) evidenció: Escala de Coma de Glasgow inicial < 12 (OR=20,17); Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale/cabeça >3 (OR=2,80) y uso de Fenitoína (OR=2,60), Midazolan (OR=2,83) o ambas drogas (OR=3,83). CONCLUSIÓN: El uso del Midazolan y de Fenitoína, además de la gravedad del trauma craneoencefálico, se destacaron como factores relacionados a la amnesia de larga duración.

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Objetivo: Analisar fatores associados à ocorrência de hipertensão intracraniana em pacientes pediátricos vítimas de traumatismo crânio-encefálico (TCE) grave. Métodos: Coorte com coleta retrospectiva do período de 1998 a 2003. Incluídos pacientes entre 0 e 16 anos com TCE, pontuação < 9 na escala de Glasgow e submetidos a monitoração da pressão intracraniana (PIC) (n = 132). A hipertensão intracraniana (HIC) foi definida como episódio de PIC > 20 mmHg com necessidade de tratamento e HIC refratária, acima de 25 mmHg, com necessidade de coma barbitúrico ou craniectomia descompressiva. Foi realizada análise univariada, seguida de multivariada, sendo consideradas significativas as variáveis com p < 0,05. Resultados: A idade variou entres 2 meses e 16 anos, mediana de 9,7 (6,0-2,3) anos. A pontuação de Glasgow foi de 3 a 8, mediana de 6 (4-7). O trânsito respondeu por 79,5 por cento dos eventos. A instalação do monitor ocorreu, em média, 14 h após o trauma, mediana de 24 h. Cento e três pacientes (78 por cento) apresentaram HIC, e 57 (43,2 por cento), HIC refratária. Na análise multivariada, a menor faixa etária foi associada a HIC risco relativo = 1,67 (1,03-2,72); p = 0,037, e a presença de posturas anormais foi associada a HIC refratária risco relativo = 2,25 (1,06-4,78). A mortalidade do grupo foi de 51,5 por cento e foi relacionada a uso de barbitúrico na HIC refratária e a baixa pressão de perfusão encefálica na unidade de terapia intensiva. Conclusões: HIC e HIC refratária foram eventos frequentes em pacientes pediátricos com TCE grave. Quanto menor a idade do paciente, maior a chance de desenvolvimento de HIC. A presença de posturas anormais foi fator associado a maior ocorrência de HIC refratária.

Objective: To analyze factors associated with intracranial hypertension in pediatric patients who suffered severe head injuries. Methods: Retrospective cohort study, with data collected from September 1998 through August 2003, including patients aged 0 to 16 who suffered severe head injuries, Glasgow score < 9, and submitted to intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring (n = 132). Intracranial hypertension (IH) was defined as an episode of ICP > 20 mmHg requiring treatment, while refractory IH was ICP over 25 mmHg requiring barbiturates or decompressive craniectomy. Univariate analysis was followed by multivariate analysis; variables were considered significant if p < 0.05. Results: Ages ranged from 2 months to 16 years, median age 9.7 (6.0-2.3) years. Glasgow scores ranged from 3 to 8, median 6 (4-7). Traffic accidents were responsible for 79.5 percent of events. Monitoring devices were installed, on average, 14 hours after trauma, median time 24 hours. One hundred and three patients (78 percent) had IH, while 57 (43.2 percent) had refractory IH. In multivariate analysis, younger age ranges were associated with IH relative risk = 1.67 (1.03-2.72); p = 0.037, and abnormal postures were associated with refractory IH relative risk = 2.25 (1.06-4.78). The group mortality rate was 51.5 percent; it was correlated with use of barbiturates in refractory IH and low cerebral perfusion pressure at the intensive care unit. Conclusions: IH and refractory IH were frequent events in pediatric patients who suffered severe head injuries. The younger the patient, the greater the chance of developing IH. The presence of abnormal postures was found to be a risk factor for refractory IH.

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OBJETIVO: Avaliar as características das vítimas de queda da própria altura, principalmente a respeito da frequência de lesões graves, seu diagnóstico e tratamento. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo dos protocolos de trauma (coletados prospectivamente) de 10/06/2008 a 10/03/2009, incluindo as vítimas de trauma fechado com idade igual ou superior a 13 anos admitidas na sala de emergência. Consideraremos como "graves" as lesões com escore de AIS (Abbreviated Injury Scale) maior ou igual a três. As variáveis foram comparadas entre o grupo de vítimas de quedas da própria altura (Grupo I) e as demais vítimas de trauma fechado (Grupo II). Empregamos os testes T de Student, Qui quadrado e Fisher para a comparação entre os grupos, considerando o valor de p<0,05 como significante. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 1993 casos de trauma fechado, sendo que 305 (15 percent) foram vítimas de quedas da própria altura (Grupo I). A média etária nas vítimas de quedas da própria altura foi 52,2 ± 20,9 anos, sendo 64,8 percent do sexo masculino. Noventa e oito (32,1 percent) tinham idade acima de 60 anos. No grupo I, as lesões em segmento cefálico foram as mais encontradas (62,2 percent), seguidas das lesões em extremidades (22,3 percent), torácicas (1,3 percent) e abdominais (0,7 percent). As lesões graves (AIS>3) foram mais frequentemente observadas em segmento cefálico (8,9 percent), seguidas pelas lesões em extremidades (4,9 percent). A craniotomia foi necessária em 2,3 percent das vítimas de quedas de própria altura. Observamos que, em comparação às vítimas de outros mecanismos de trauma fechado, as vítimas de quedas da própria altura apresentavam, significantemente (p<0,05), maior média etária, maior média de pressão arterial sistólica à admissão e maior média de AIS em segmento cefálico bem como menor média de ISS, de AIS em tórax, de AIS em abdome e AIS em extremidades. CONCLUSÃO: A valorização do mecanismo de trauma nas vítimas de quedas da própria altura é de extrema importância, visto a possibilidade de haver lesões graves e clinicamente ocultas, principalmente em segmento cefálico.

OBJECTIVE: Assess characteristics of trauma patients who sustained falls from their own height, more specifically focusing on presence of severe injuries, diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: Retrospective study including all adult blunt trauma patients admitted in the emergency room in a period of 9 months. Lesions with AIS (Abbreviated Injury Scale)>3 were considered "severe". Variables were compared between victims of fall from their own height (group I) and other blunt trauma mechanisms (group II). Student's t, chi square and Fisher exact tests were used for statistical analysis, considering p<0.05 as significant. RESULTS: Of the 1993 trauma patients included, 305 (15 percent) were victims of falls from their own height. In group I, mean age was 52.2 ± 20.8 years and 64.8 percent were male. Injuries in the head segment were the most frequently observed (62.2 percent), followed by injuries in the extremities (22.3 percent), thorax (1.3 percent) and abdomen (0.7 percent). Severe injuries (AIS>3) were more frequent in the head (8.9 percent), followed by extremities (4,9 percent). In group I, craniotomies were needed in 2.3 percent. By comparing groups, we observed that victims of falls from their own height had significantly higher mean age, higher mean systolic blood pressure, and higher head AIS mean, as well as lower ISS mean, thorax AIS mean, abdomen AIS mean and extremities AIS mean. CONCLUSION: Importance of the trauma mechanism in victims of falls from own height should be emphasized due to a considerable possibility of occult severe injuries, mainly in the cephalic segment.

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O trauma crânio-encefálico contuso (TCEC) é freqüentemente seguido pela amnésia pós-traumática (APT), caracterizada como um estado transitório de confusão e desorientação. Sua duração tem sido utilizada para quantificar a gravidade do TCEC e prever distúrbios nas funções cognitivas, assim como para antever as alterações na capacidade funcional das vítimas pós-trauma. O Galveston Orientation Amnesia Test (GOAT) é o primeiro instrumento sistematizado criado e o mais amplamente utilizado para avaliar a APT. Este artigo apresenta esse instrumento, as bases conceituais para seu desenvolvimento e a adaptação e validação do GOAT para cultura brasileira. Além disso, descreve sua aplicação e comenta as restrições do seu uso. Resultados de pesquisas realizadas em nosso meio contribuíram para as evidências sobre a validade do GOAT. Também apontaram os indicadores do momento pós-trauma em que o GOAT deve ser aplicado e destacaram as dificuldades no uso desse instrumento.

Closed head injury (CHI) is frequently followed by post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) and is characterized by a transitory state of confusion and disorientation. The PTA duration has been used to quantify the CHI severity and to predict disorders in cognitive functions, as well as to foresee any alteration in the functional capacity of post-trauma victims. The Galveston Orientation Amnesia Test (GOAT) is the first systematized instrument created, and the most broadly applied, to assess PTA. This article presents the GOAT, the conceptual basis for the development of the instrument, and its adaptation and validation to the Brazilian culture. In addition, the article describes the application of the instrument and makes comments on the restrictions of its use. Brazilian research results showed evidences of the GOAT's validity. They also point to the indicators of post-trauma conditions in which the GOAT must be applied, and highlight the difficulties in the application of the instrument.

El trauma cráneo-encefálico contuso (TCEC) es frecuentemente seguido por la amnesia pos-traumática (APT), caracterizada como un estado transitorio de confusión y desorientación. Su duración ha sido utilizada para cuantificar la severidad del TCEC y prever alteraciones en las funciones cognitivas, tanto como para antever las dificultades en la capacidad funcional de las víctimas pos-trauma. El Galveston Orientation Amnésia Test (GOAT) es la primera encuesta sistematizada que fue creada y el mas ampliamente utilizada para evaluar la APT. Esta publicación presenta esta encuesta, las bases conceptuales para su desarrollo y la adaptación y validación del GOAT para la cultura brasileña. Además, describe su aplicación y limitaciones en el uso. Resultados de pesquisas brasileñas contribuyeron para las evidencias sobre la validad del GOAT. También apuntaron los indicadores del momento pos-trauma en que el GOAT debe ser aplicado y destacaron las dificultades en el uso de esa encuesta.

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