RESUMO

Ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption has been associated with cardiovascular disease and cancer. Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen commonly found in foods that are processed at high temperatures. The aim of this study was to examine the association between dietary energy contribution of UPF and acrylamide exposure, in the US. Among the 4418 participants from cross-sectional 2013-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, aged 6+ years, with hemoglobin biomarkers of acrylamide exposure, 3959 that completed the first 24-h dietary recall and had information on all covariates were included in the study. UPF were identified based on the Nova classification system, a four-group food classification based on the extent and purpose of industrial food processing. Linear regression was used to compare average acrylamide and glycidamide hemoglobin (HbAA+HbGA) concentrations across quintiles of daily energy contribution of UPF. Adjusted geometric means of acrylamide and glycidamide hemoglobin concentrations increased monotonically from the lowest to the highest quintile of UPF consumption in the overall population. Compared to the lowest quintile, the highest quintile had 9.1% higher levels of HbAA+HbGA (94.1 vs. 86.3 pmol/g Hb). These positive associations were statistically significant among males and in the young adult population and were largely driven by UPF which are known potential sources of acrylamide. The main effects remained unchanged when excluding current smokers. As both acrylamides and UPF have been previously associated with cardiovascular disease and cancer, our results suggest that acrylamides in UPF may partially explain previously observed links between UPF consumption and these health outcomes.

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RESUMO

INTRODUCCIÓN: la formación de acrilamida (AA) en alimentos que fueron sometidos a tratamiento térmico, fue un descubrimiento inesperado en abril del 2002 por la Universidad de Estocolmo y la Administración Nacional de Alimentos de Suecia (NFA). Esta sustancia potencialmente tóxica y su metabolito glicidamida (GA) se forman en muchos alimentos cocidos a temperaturas elevadas. OBJETIVO: en virtud de que no hay estudios de estas sustancias químicas, en células vegetales, el objetivo fue comprobar el efecto genotóxico de la AA y GA en células de Allium cepa. MATERIALY MÉTODO: se determinó el efecto citotóxico a través del crecimiento de la raíz, actividad proliferativa y las aberraciones cromosómicas de la AA y GA en células meristemáticas de Allium cepa, expuestas a diferentes tiempos y concentraciones, evaluando el crecimiento de la raíz, la actividad proliferativa y las aberraciones cromosómicas. RESULTADOS: GA causa una inhibición del crecimiento de la raíz cuya intensidad depende de la concentración en un medio dado y la AA no muestra diferencias estadísticamente significativas respecto al control. La GA bloquea el ciclo de división celular en una etapa previa a la mitosis y no ocurre lo mismo con la AA. En cuanto a los efectos clastogénicos la GA induce estos efectos en las raíces meristemáticas de Allium cepa, en cambio la AA no los produce. CONCLUSIONES: en este estudio, aunque las concentraciones de AA y GA son mucho más altas que lo niveles de exposición alimentaria en humanos, la GA fue claramente genotóxica para células vegetales, a una determinada concentración, con una marcada citotoxicidad. Por lo tanto, nos permitió distinguir las diferencias entre AA y GA.

INTRODUCTION: the formation of acrylamide (AA) in foods that were sometimes heat treated was an unexpected discovery in April 2002, by Stockholm University and the Swedish National Food Administration (NFA). This potentially toxic substance and its metaboliteglycidamide (GA) form in many foods cooked at elevated temperatures. OBJECTIVES: because there are no studies of these chemicals, in plant cells, the objective was to verify the genotoxic effect of AA and GA in Allium cepa cells MATERIAL AND METHODS: to determine the cytotoxic effect through root growth, proliferative activity and chromosomal aberrations of acrylamide and glycidamide in Allium strain meristematic cells exposed to different times and antibodies, to evaluate root growth, proliferative activity and chromosomal aberrations. RESULTS: GA causes an inhibition of root growth whose intensity depends on the concentration in a given medium and AA does not show statistically significant differences with respect to the control. GA blocks the cell division cycle at a stage prior to mitosis, and the same does not occur with AA. Regarding the clastogenic effects, GA induces these effects in the meristematic roots of Allium strain, whereas AA does not produce them. CONCLUSIONS: in this study, although AA and GA concentrations are much higher than levels of dietary exposure in humans, GA was clearly genotoxic to plant cells, at a certain concentration, with marked cytotoxicity. For the therefore, it allowed us to distinguish the differences between AA and GA.

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