RESUMO
Most human cystic echinococcosis (CE) cases worldwide are attributed to Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s), followed by the G6 and G7 genotypes. While E. granulosus s.s. has a cosmopolitan distribution, the G6 genotype is restricted to areas where camels and goats are present. Goats are the primary livestock in the Neuquén province in Argentina where the G6 genotype has been reported to be responsible for a significant percentage of CE human cysts genotyped. In the present study, we genotyped 124 Echinococcus cysts infecting 90 CE-confirmed patients. Echinococcus granulosus s.s. was identified in 51 patients (56.7%) with 81 cysts and the G6 genotype in 39 patients (43.3%) harbouring 43 cysts. Most CE cases ≤18 years were male suggesting pastoral work could be a risk factor for the infection. Echinococcus granulosus s.s. was significantly found more frequently in the liver (32/51 patients) and the G6 genotype in the lungs and extrahepatic localizations (27/39). The patients infected with E. granulosus s.s., presented up to 6 cysts while patients infected with G6 presented a maximum of 2. The diameter of lung cysts attributed to E. granulosus s.s. was significantly larger compared to lung cysts from G6. Following the WHO ultrasound classification of liver cysts, we observed inactive cysts in 55.6% of G6 cysts and only 15.3% of E. granulosus s.s cysts. In conclusion, we provide evidence of differences in clinical aspects of CE caused by E. granulosus s.s. and the G6 genotype of E. granulosus s.l. complex infecting humans.
Assuntos
Cistos , Equinococose , Echinococcus granulosus , Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Echinococcus granulosus/genética , Argentina/epidemiologia , Equinococose/epidemiologia , Equinococose/veterinária , Genótipo , Cabras , CamelusRESUMO
With a widespread distribution but low prevalence worldwide, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype G (HBV/G) is a recently described genotype for which the origin and biology are poorly understood. Some unique features make HBV/G the most peculiar of all genotypes. In this review, we reflect on the major milestones in HBV/G research, highlighting the main aspects of its discovery, molecular epidemiology, and virological and clinical characteristics. We also illustrate common pitfalls in the routine detection, which may lead to underestimated rates of HBV/G infection. Large-scale analysis of data from dozens of articles was further performed, with the aim of gaining comprehensive insights into the epidemiological aspects of HBV/G. Finally, we point out recent findings on HBV/G origins and discuss new perspectives regarding the evolutionary history of HBV/G and the plausibility of an African geographic re-emergence of this genotype.
RESUMO
The aim of this retrospective study was to use RT-PCR and nucleotide sequencing analysis to determine the G (VP7 gene) and P (VP4 gene) genotypes of 155 Brazilian bovine rotavirus A (RVA) wild-type strains detected in diarrheic calves from all Brazilian geographical regions from 2006 to 2015. The RVA strains evaluated belonged to the G6, G10, P[5], and P[11] genotypes. The G6P[5] genotype was prevalent (65.5%; P < 0.05) in beef, and the G10P[11] (38.4%) and G6P[11] (30.8%) genotypes were more prevalent in dairy cattle herds. The Midwest was the region with the highest number of genotyped RVA strains, where the genotypes G6, P[5], and P[11] were identified. Genotype combination G6-IV/P[5]-IX, prevalent in beef herds, and G6-III/P[11]-III or G10-IV/P[11]-III, prevalent in dairy herds, were detected. In addition, for the first time in Brazil, we detected the P[5] and P[11] genotype RVA strains that belong to lineage II and VII, respectively.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Diarreia/veterinária , Infecções por Rotavirus/veterinária , Rotavirus/genética , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Bovinos/virologia , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/virologia , Fezes/virologia , Feminino , Perfil Genético , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Estudos Retrospectivos , Rotavirus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Rotavirus/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Group A rotavirus (RVA) genotype G12 is habitually associated with diarrhea disease (DD) in African children and recently its detection has increased worldwide. A total of 970 stool samples collected from individuals with DD in the Northeastern, Southeastern, and Southern Brazilian regions, Eastern coast, were analyzed and 321 (33%) were positive for RVA and of these, 241 (75%) genotyped as G12P[8]. The rate of RVA positivity was higher among children aged 5-10 years old (60%). All RVA infections observed in adults aged >21 years were G12P[8] (n = 27) showing that this genotype affected older age groups during the year of 2014 in Brazil. Phylogenetic analysis of VP7 and VP8* G12P[8] strains demonstrated an elevated similarity among Brazilian and G12-III prototypes strains circulating worldwide recently, suggesting that this lineage is associated with the global spread of the G12 genotype, considered as the 6th most prevalent human RVA genotype nowadays; while other G12 lineages remain sporadically detected and usually detected in association with other P genotypes. VP8* analysis revealed that Brazilian strains belong to P[8]-3 lineage, the single P[8] lineage presently detected in the country. No major nucleotide/amino acid disparities were observed among strains recovered from children and adults for VP7 and VP8* genes. These data are essential to support the surveillance studies, particularly in countries where the RVA vaccine was introduced in their National Immunization Program enabling identification of potential alterations in the epidemiological profile that can impact its efficacy in vaccination programs. J. Med. Virol. 89:64-70, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assuntos
Antígenos Virais/genética , Proteínas do Capsídeo/genética , Genótipo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Infecções por Rotavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/virologia , Rotavirus/classificação , Rotavirus/genética , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Fezes/virologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Epidemiologia Molecular , Filogenia , Rotavirus/isolamento & purificação , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Viral and host factors leading to occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI) are not fully understood. Whether HBV genotype may influence the occurrence and course of OBIs is unknown. Here, we describe the case of a patient infected with HBV genotype A2 who developed symptomatic acute hepatitis and did not seroconvert after loss of HBsAg and HBeAg. The acute phase of hepatitis B was followed by a period of more than 2 years during which the DNA of an intergenotypic HBV/A2/G recombinant was intermittently detected in serum.
Assuntos
DNA Viral/sangue , Genótipo , Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B/sangue , Antígenos E da Hepatite B/sangue , Vírus da Hepatite B/isolamento & purificação , Hepatite B/patologia , Recombinação Genética , Adulto , DNA Viral/genética , Hepatite B/diagnóstico , Vírus da Hepatite B/classificação , Vírus da Hepatite B/genética , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes have distinct genetic and geographic diversity and may be associated with specific clinical characteristics, progression, severity of disease and antiviral response. Herein, we provide an updated overview of the endemicity of HBV genotypes H and G in Mexico. HBV genotype H is predominant among the Mexican population, but not in Central America. Its geographic distribution is related to a typical endemicity among the Mexicans which is characterized by a low hepatitis B surface antigen seroprevalence, apparently due to a rapid resolution of the infection, low viral loads and a high prevalence of occult B infection. During chronic infections, genotype H is detected in mixtures with other HBV genotypes and associated with other co-morbidities, such as obesity, alcoholism and co-infection with hepatitis C virus or human immunodeficiency virus. Hepatocellular carcinoma prevalence is low. Thus, antiviral therapy may differ significantly from the standard guidelines established worldwide. The high prevalence of HBV genotype G in the Americas, especially among the Mexican population, raises new questions regarding its geographic origin that will require further investigation.
Assuntos
Vírus da Hepatite B/genética , Hepatite B/virologia , Genótipo , Hepatite B/epidemiologia , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Epidemiologia MolecularRESUMO
In this study, we evaluated the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype distribution and HBV genomic mutations among a group of human immunodeficiency virus-HBV co-infected patients from an AIDS outpatient clinic in São Paulo. HBV serological markers were detected by commercially available enzyme immunoassay kits. HBV DNA was detected using in-house nested polymerase chain reaction and quantified by Cobas Amplicor. HBV genotypes and mutations in the basal core promoter (BCP)/pre-core/core regions and surface/polymerase genes were determined by sequencing. Among the 59 patients included in this study, 55 reported prior use of lamivudine (LAM) or tenofovir. HBV DNA was detected in 16/22 patients, with a genotype distribution of A (n = 12,75 percent), G (n = 2,13 percent), D (n = 1,6 percent) and F (n = 1,6 percent). The sequence data of the two patients infected with genotype G strongly suggested co-infection with genotype A. In 10 patients with viremia, LAM-resistance mutations in the polymerase gene (rtL180M + rtM204V and rtV173L + rtL180M + rtM204V) were found, accompanied by changes in the envelope gene (sI195M, sW196L and sI195M/sE164D). Mutations in the BCP and pre-core regions were identified in four patients. In conclusion, genotype G, which is rarely seen in Brazil, was observed in the group of patients included in our study. A high prevalence of mutations associated with LAM-resistance and mutations associated with anti-HBs resistance were also found among these patients.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Antivirais , Infecções por HIV , Vírus da Hepatite B , Hepatite B , Lamivudina , Mutação , Brasil , DNA Viral , Farmacorresistência Viral , Genótipo , Vírus da Hepatite B , Hepatite B , Hepatite B , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Carga ViralRESUMO
Rotaviruses are the most important etiologic agents of acute gastroenteritis in children under five years old. These viruses are responsible for several diarrhea outbreaks in both developed and developing countries. Acute diarrhea diseases are the foremost health problem in Indians communities. Serological survey among Brazilian Indians demonstrated seropositivity for rotavirus raged from 17% to 74%. Outbreaks investigations among these populations are extremely rare, especially in Brazilian southwestern region, standing out the importance in identifying the source of ongoing outbreaks, and for preventing the hereafter and/or most severe cases. The poor sanitation conditions and hygiene practices, as well as the possibility of native contact with wild virus reservoirs, account for enteropathogens spreading within Indian communities. Special precautions should currently be taken with respect to diarrhea monitoring among Amerindians, especially in the South American populations.
Rotavírus são os agentes etiológicos mais importantes das gastroenterites em crianças menores de cinco anos, responsáveis por vários surtos de diarréia em países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. As doenças diarréicas agudas são os principais problemas de saúde dentro das comunidades indígenas. Vigilâncias sorológicas em índios brasileiros demonstraram 17% a 74% de soropositividade para rotavírus. A investigação de surtos entre essas populações são raras, principalmente na região sudeste do Brasil. A identificação da fonte original de tais surtos é importante para a prevenção de casos futuros, além de contribuir para o estabelecimento de um perfil epidemiológico. As precárias condições sanitárias e de práticas de higiene, assim como a possibilidade de contato dos índios com reservatórios selvagens, levam a dispersão de enteropatógenos dentro das comunidades indígenas. Atenções especiais devem ser adotadas em relação ao monitoramento de diarréia entre Ameríndios, especialmente os sul-americanos.
RESUMO
Rotavirus was detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the faeces of a diarrheic dog. Virus particles with morphology typical of rotavirus were visualized by direct electron microscopy. This sample was subsequently tested for the four main human serotypes (G1-G4), by ELISA with monoclonal antibodies. G genotyping was attempted by RT-PCR using G1-G6 and G8-G11 primers but no positive results could be yielded. Also using RT-PCR it was possible to characterize this canine strain as belonging to P[ 3] genotype. This is the first canine rotavirus detected in Brazil.
Rotavírus foi detectado pela técnica imunoenzimática (ELISA) nas fezes de um cachorro que apresentava diarréia. Partículas virais com morfologia típica de rotavírus foram visualizadas por microscopia eletrônica direta. Essa amostra foi posteriormente testada para os quatro principais sorotipos humanos de rotavírus (G1-G4) por ELISA utilizando anticorpos monoclonais. Genotipagem para G foi realizada por RT-PCR usando "primers" específicos para G1-G6 e G8-G11. Nenhum resultado positivo foi obtido. Também utilizando RT-PCR, foi possível caracterizar essa amostra canina como genotipo P [ 3] . Este é o primeiro rotavirus canino descrito no Brazil.