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Galling insects are abundant in nature, found in many ecosystems globally, with species attacking plants of economic importance. We studied the effects of free-feeding organisms on the abundance of galling insects on Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) trees in the Brazilian Cerrado (Savanna). Percentage of defoliation and the number of phytophagous mites or number of phytophagous Hemiptera correlated negatively with percentage of galled leaves and the parasitoid Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) adults, respectively. Percentage of galled leaves and the numbers of Eurytoma sp. adults and phytophagous mites correlated positively with spiders. Numbers of mites and Hemiptera phytophagous correlated positively with those of lady beetles and Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), respectively. The number of Ablerus magistretti Blanchard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) adults correlated negatively with Sycophila sp. The number of Agistemus sp. (Acari: Stigmaeidae) correlated, negatively and positively, with those of lady beetles and phytophagous mites, respectively. Free-feeding herbivores affected the presence of galling insects (Hymenoptera) on C. brasiliense trees, competing for food and space. The same was observed between two parasitoids of Eurytoma sp. galling insect, which can reduce the natural biological control of this pest.

Insetos galhadores são abundantes na natureza, encontrados em muitos ecossistemas globalmente, com espécies atacando plantas de importância econômica. Os efeitos de herbívoros de alimentação livre na abundância de insetos galhadores em árvores de Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) no Cerrado brasileiro (Savana) foram estudados. A porcentagem de desfolha e o número de ácaros fitófagos ou de Hemiptera fitófagos correlacionaram-se, negativamente, com a percentagem de folhas galhadas e de adultos do parasitoide Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), respectivamente. Porcentagem de folhas galhadas e o número de Eurytoma sp. adultos e ácaros fitófagos correlacionaram-se, positivamente, com o de aranhas. Os números de ácaros e fitófagos Hemiptera correlacionaram-se, positivamente, com os de joaninhas e Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), respectivamente. O número de adultos de Ablerus magistretti Blanchard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) correlacionou-se, negativamente, com Sycophila sp. O número de Agistemus sp. (Acari: Stigmaeidae) correlacionou-se, negativa e positivamente, com os de joaninhas e ácaros fitófagos, respectivamente. Herbívoros de alimentação livre afetaram a presença de insetos galhadores (Hymenoptera) em árvores de C. brasiliense, competindo por alimento e espaço. O mesmo foi observado entre dois parasitoides de Eurytoma sp., o que pode reduzir o controle biológico natural dessa praga.

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INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Acute cholecystitis is responsible for 44 % of emergency admissions to the emergency services with multiple complications such as empyema a necesitatis (EN). EN has a close relation with cholecystitis when the perforation of the gallbladder (GB) can lead to the formation of a biliary fistula. Patients can be asymptomatic, with late consultations, thus being a diagnostic challenge. Different techniques are described for cholecystitis and secondary abscess, therefore, the choice of the appropriate procedure should be the best one to reduce the high associated morbidity. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of an 89-year-old patient, admitted for a sensation of a mass in the right hypochondrium with abdominal pain. He was taken to the operating room, finding a vesicular plastron with piocholecyst and perforation into the abdominal wall with abscess and fasciitis. Subtotal cholecystectomy was performed laparoscopically and an open approach in the abdominal wall, drainage of the abscess and debridement, leaving a negative pressure system. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: EN affects elder patients with high rates of morbidity, also GB empyema, which is related with its perforation and posterior fistulization, its external spontaneous perforation is much less frequent. Fistulas originated from the biliary tract are well described in the literature, with low incidence. They are related with improved diagnostic investigations and earlier implemented treatment by antibiotics and surgery. CONCLUSION: Biliary EN represents a very unusual complication of acute cholecystitis, its atypical presentation represents a diagnostic challenge, with very few cases documented and high mortality rates. Its management represents a challenge for the general surgeon, finding different approaches and surgical behaviors to take.

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Gall anatomical and metabolic peculiarities are determined by the feeding habit of the gall inducer, but develop under the constraints of the host plants. The chewing habit of the Lepidoptera larvae imposes a high impact on the host plant cells, and supposedly drives peculiar structural and histochemical patterns. So, our starting point was the search of such patterns in literature, and the test of these traits on the Andescecidium parrai (Cecidosidae)-Schinus polygama (Anacardiaceae) system, as a case study in Chilean flora. The literature on the structure of lepidopteran galls in the temperate and tropical regions comprises 13 works, describing stems as the most frequent host organs, followed by leaves, buds, and flowers. As common structural traits of Lepidoptera galls, the literature converge in describing the processes of cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, resulting in a variable number of common storage parenchyma layers, interspersed by the redifferentiated sclerenchyma, vascular, and typical nutritive cells around the larval chamber. These nutritive cells accumulate lipids and proteins, which support the lepidopteran larvae nutrition. As expected, the A. parrai galls follow the patterns herein described for the lepidoptera-induced galls, but with peculiarities associated with its host organ. Even though the Lepidoptera galls have destructive mouthparts and can induce large and complex galls, they cannot alter important conservative features of their hosts' organs.

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Intralaminar galls of Meunieriella result from ground tissue proliferation in leaves of Avicennia schaueriana, a typical halophytic mangrove. We tested if the preferred sites of gall induction were the midribs and secondary veins (SV) at the basal leaf portion, where the galls were expected to be largest; and if the vascular system in galls and adjacent regions was altered to favour water supply in galls, thus increasing their growth. Gall induction sites and gall sizes were quantified according to leaf portions and regions. Anatomical and histometric analyses in vascular and ground tissues of galls and adjacent regions were compared to equivalent regions of non-galled leaves. The galls were largest at basal sites on leaves, the midrib and SV. More galls occurred on the apical portion of the leaf, and on the leaf blade and secondary vein regions. Changes in shape and vascular system area, number and diameter of vessel elements were detected in both galls and adjacent regions. Fewer and smaller-sized vessel elements were observed in regions proximal to the galls and inside them. Gall size is not related with preferred induction sites, which could be explained by factors such as thermal balance. Alterations in the vascular system indicate reduced hydraulic conductivity in the xylem in the proximal region and inside galls, leading to water leakage to gall parenchyma cells. This compensatory mechanism explains the expansion and proliferation of water storage and spongy parenchyma cells in the galls, explaining the higher growth in more vascularized regions.

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Galls display a multiplicity of traits, including colours, which are driven by pigment accumulation. Their conspicuousness has attracted researchers' attention and several hypotheses have been raised. However, plants themselves vary intra-specifically, including in their pigment concentrations. As galls are a result of host tissue development, colours may be a by-product of the host's own traits, being more conspicuous simply because the sites where galls develop already have the predisposition to accumulate more pigment. Here, we call this the host variation hypothesis. We test this hypothesis using the system of galls induced by Palaeomystella oligophaga on Macairea radula host plant. Using spectrophotometry, we calculated the Anthocyanin Reflectance Index (ARI) of gall projections, which are responsible for their characteristic colours. We tested the influence of occupant identity (galling insect or any natural enemy), gall volume, parenchyma thickness, height from the ground, ARI of leaf, ARI of gall surface and ARI of the respective stem. We corroborated the host variation hypothesis since the anthocyanin content in stems and in galls' projections were positively related. Moreover, anthocyanin in galls' projections was positively related to anthocyanin in the gall surface and negatively related to gall volume and parenchyma thickness. This shows that, besides the host specificities, galls' own traits may also be responsible for pigment accumulation, influencing their colours. In this study, using colour as an example, we show that although galls tend to be considered complex expressions of galling insects' stimuli, their traits may be simply influenced by previous and specific attributes of the host organs.

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Abstract Understanding the diversity of insect galls is pivotal to the establishment of conservation planning in different Brazilian ecosystems. Here, we (1) characterize the insect galls found on plant host species, (2) identify the gall-inducing insects to the lowest possible taxonomic level, and (3) record the presence of gall-associated fauna. Our study was carried out monthly from August, 2017 to July, 2018 along nine trails in Serra da Bandeira, which is located in an area of Cerrado stricto sensu over a year. We found 48 distinct gall morphotypes, belonging to 12 botanical families. The most morphotypes commonly found were globoid (27.1%), lenticular (27.1%) and cylindrical (25%). The plant organs most affected by galling insects were the leaves (73%), followed by the stem (19%), flower (4%), inflorescence (2%) and fruits (2%). The host botanical families holding the highest number of galls were Fabaceae (26), Malpighiaceae (5) and Anacardiaceae, Combretaceae and Euphorbiaceae (3). We observed that the genus Copaifera Lindl. (Fabaceae) had the greatest diversity of gall morphotypes, harboring 19 morphotypes distributed in three species that occur sympatrically - Copaifera sabulicola J. Costa (Fabaceae), Copaifera depilis Dwyer (Fabaceae) and Copaifera luetzelburgii Harms (Fabaceae). For the first time in Brazil, we recorded the occurrence of galls on flowers of Manihot caerulescens (Euphorbiaceae), on inflorescences of Mimosa acutistipula (Fabaceae) and flower buds of Anacardium humile (Anacardiaceae), which were induced by Cecidomyiidae. Inducers of the order Diptera (Family Cecidomyiidae) were the most abundant, found in 14 morphotypes of galls. Regarding the associated fauna, we found insects primarily belonging the order Hymenoptera, and identified them as parasitoids. The information provided can be used highly by decision makers for conservation programs, as well as in other strategies for the conservation of biological diversity in the Brazilian Cerrado.

Resumo Compreender a diversidade de galhas de insetos é fundamental para o estabelecimento de planos de conservação em diferentes ecossistemas brasileiros. Aqui, nós (1) caracterizamos as galhas de insetos encontradas em espécies de plantas hospedeiras, (2) identificamos os insetos indutores de galhas até o nível taxonômico mais baixo possível e (3) registramos a presença de fauna associada a galhas. Nosso estudo foi realizado mensalmente de agosto de 2017 a julho de 2018 ao longo de nove trilhas na Serra da Bandeira, que está localizada em uma área de Cerrado stricto sensu ao longo de um ano. Encontramos 48 morfotipos distintos de galhas, pertencentes a 12 famílias botânicas. Os morfotipos mais comumente encontrados foram globoide (27,1%), lenticular (27,1%) e cilíndrico (25%). Os órgãos vegetais mais afetados pelos insetos galhadores foram as folhas (73%), seguidas do caule (19%), flor (4%), inflorescência (2%) e frutos (2%). As famílias botânicas hospedeiras com maior número de galhas foram Fabaceae (26), Malpighiaceae (5) e Anacardiaceae, Combretaceae e Euphorbiaceae (3). Observamos que o gênero Copaifera Lindl. (Fabaceae) apresentou a maior diversidade de morfotipos de galhas, abrigando 19 morfotipos distribuídos em três espécies que ocorrem simpatriicamente - Copaifera sabulicola J. Costa (Fabaceae), Copaifera depilis Dwyer (Fabaceae) e Copaifera luetzelburgii Harms (Fabaceae). Pela primeira vez no Brasil, registramos a ocorrência de galhas em flores de Manihot caerulescens (Euphorbiaceae), em inflorescências de Mimosa acutistipula (Fabaceae) e em botões florais de Anacardium humile (Anacardiaceae), induzidas por Cecidomyiidae. Indutores da ordem Diptera (Família Cecidomyiidae) foram os mais abundantes, encontrados em 14 morfotipos de galhas. Em relação à fauna associada, encontramos insetos pertencentes principalmente à ordem Hymenoptera, e os identificamos como parasitóides. As informações fornecidas podem ser utilizadas por tomadores de decisão para programas de conservação, bem como em outras estratégias para a conservação da diversidade biológica no Cerrado brasileiro.

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ABSTRACT Asphondylia hancorniae, sp. n. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) is described and illustrated. This species was collected in Atlantic Forest and Caatinga domains in Bahia State (Northeastern Brazil). It induces galls on fruits of Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae), a plant native to Brazil. Asphondylia hancorniae is compared to other congeneric species which induce galls on Apocynaceae.

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ABSTRACT Bruggmannia capixaba, sp. n., Bruggmannia gaucha, sp. n., and Bruggmannia marambaiensis sp. n. are described and illustrated. All species were collected in Atlantic forest areas. They induce galls on Guapira (Nyctaginaceae), a plant genus native to Brazil, the first on G. pernambucensis and the others on G. opposita. Furthermore, the male and larva of Bruggmannia monteiroi are described for the first time, based on specimens collected in the type locality.

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Two new species of Asphondylia inducing galls on Asteraceae are described, A. gaucha from the state of Rio Grande do Sul and A. mineira from the state of Minas Gerais. Their host plants are Vernonanthura discolor (Sprengel) H. Rob., and V. polyanthes (Sprengel) Vega & Dematteis, respectively, both native to Brazil. Illustrations of relevant morphological characters are provided. The new species are compared with congeneric Neotropical species. The types are deposited in the Entomological Collection of the Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.

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Coral-associated invertebrates contribute much to the biodiversity of Caribbean coral reefs. Although the nature of their symbiotic relation is usually not fully understood, they can cause damage to their hosts, especially when they occur in high densities. The abundance of seven groups of coral-associated invertebrates was investigated on reefs along the leeward side of Curaçao, southern Caribbean. In particular, coral barnacles (Pyrgomatidae), boring mussels (Mytilidae: Leiosolenus spp.), gall crabs (Cryptochiridae), and Christmas tree worms (Serpulidae: Spirobranchus spp.) were recorded together with their host corals by means of a photo survey at four depths (5, 10, 15, 20 m) and across seven sites with high and five sites with low eutrophication values (based on δ15N isotope data). Feather duster worms (Sabellidae: Anamobaea), coral blennies (Chaenopsidae: Acanthemblemaria), and worm snails (Vermetidae: Petaloconchus) were insufficiently abundant for thorough quantitative analyses. The results show a decrease in the number of barnacles and Christmas tree worms per host over depth, which could be related to the availability of their host corals. Sites with high δ15N values show a higher abundance of barnacles and Christmas tree worms per host than sites with low values. This indicates that eutrophication could be favourable for these filter feeding organisms but when their densities become too high, they tend to overgrow their hosts and may become a threat to them.

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Plant galls are generated by the stimuli of gall-inducing organisms on their hosts, creating gall morphotypes that vary in color, shape, size, and tissue organization. Herein, we propose to compare the structural features of gall morphotypes on the superhost Croton floribundus (Euphorbiaceae) in order to recognize gall morphospecies, i.e., galls with similar shapes but different internal structures. Non-galled leaves and galls were analyzed macroscopically, histologically, and histochemically for the detection of primary metabolites, and the results obtained were used for statistical analyses of similarity. Among the eight gall morphospecies, four are globoid, two are lenticular, one is fusiform and one is marginal leaf rolling. Stomatal differentiation and the occurrence of different types of trichomes were impaired in some gall morphospecies. Three patterns of organization of the ground system are recognized, ranging from the maintenance of mesophyll cells that differentiate into palisade and spongy cells dorsiventrally to the formation of a complex cortex with three morphofunctional layers. The marginal leaf rolling galls have the simplest anatomical structures, quite similar to those of the non-galled host leaf, while lenticular, globoid (types I to IV), and fusiform galls are anatomically more complex. Herein, we report on eight gall morphospecies occurring on C. floribundus, which are distinguished by morpho-anatomical attributes and show the disruption of the morphogenetic patterns of the host leaf toward the morphogenesis of unique gall features.

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PREMISE: Gall-inducing organisms change the development of their host plant organs, resulting in ontogenetic patterns not observed in the non-galled plants. Distinct taxa induce galls on Schinus spp., manipulating meristematic patterns in the host plant in distinct ways. Here we report ontogenetic novelties induced in the lateral buds of S. engleri by Eucecidoses minutanus, a Cecidosidae, whose galls have been poorly understood. METHODS: The anatomy, histochemistry, and histometry of galls in distinct phases of development, non-galled buds, and stems of Schinus engleri were analyzed in parallel with the instars of E. minutanus to detail the morphogenetic changes in the host with each larval stage. RESULTS: Ontogenetic phases of the galls were intricately associated with larval development. First and second-instar larvae induced pericycle and pith cells to dedifferentiate into the gall inner meristem, where hyperplasia and cell hypertrophy characterized the growth and development phase of the gall. The innermost layers were lipid-rich nutritive cells that lined the larval chamber. Additional vascular bundle rows were produced in young galls. Third and fourth instar-larvae were associated with the gall maturation phase: centripetal lignification of the outer parenchyma cell layers, epidermal stratification, and activation of a cambium-like meristem (CLM). The CLM activity resulted in new layers of nutritive cells that differentiated inward as the first layers of nutritive cells were consumed by E. minutanus larvae, and, also, in more parenchyma cell layers that formed outward. All tissues between the innermost layer of nutritive tissue that surround the gall chamber and the outermost layer of the dermal system that externally covers the gall form the gall wall, and increased in thickness until the end of gall maturation. CONCLUSIONS: E. minutanus induces a structurally complex globoid stem gall, modifying all host plant tissues and stimulating a novel meristematic pattern in S. engleri. The gall developmental stages are each related to specific gall-inducing instars, as gall development progresses according to the development of E. minutanus.

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Gall cytological, metabolic, and structural traits are established due to the feeding habits of the associated galling herbivores, and sometimes are influenced by other organisms involved in the interaction. We tested this assumption on three gall morphotypes, the globoid, the lenticular, and the fusiform, induced by Cecidomyiidae on leaflets of Inga ingoides (Rich.) Willd. (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae). Taking for granted that the three Cecidomyiidae galls are induced on the same host plant and organ, we assume that the cytological and histochemical traits of their nutritive cells may be similar, but under the fungi influence, the ambrosia gall cytological profile may be peculiar and reflect on the accumulation of primary metabolites. The ambrosia globoid galls involve three organisms (host plant, gall inducer, and fungi), while the fusiform and the lenticular galls involve two organisms (host plant and gall inducer). The accumulation of primary metabolites is similar among the three gall morphotypes, except for the non-detection of reducing sugars in the fusiform galls. The fungi presence can impact the system but does not define exclusive features for the ambrosia globoid galls when compared to the lenticular and fusiform morphotypes. In fact, the cytological traits have revealed three different cytological mechanisms for food resources availability to the three galling Cecidomyiidae: (a) cell wall destructuring and cell death by fungi intermediation in the ambrosia globoid galls, (b) necrosis-type cell death in the fusiform galls, and (c) maintenance of continuous metabolic activity in the lenticular galls.

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ABSTRACT Asphondylia maricensis Maia & Couri, 1992 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) was described based on female and larva of third instar. Through fieldworks carried on the type locality, Maricá (RJ, Brazil) and rearing in laboratory, pupal exuvia was obtained and described for the first time. Its morphology indicates that the species belongs to Bruggmanniella Tavares, 1909. Therefore, a new combination is proposed, Bruggmanniella maricensis (Maia & Couri, 1992).

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Several records of associated fauna, including parasitoids, inquilines, predators, and successors, have been reported by insect gall inventories in Brazilian restingas. Although most guilds are well established, inquilines have frequently been misinterpreted. In this paper, the inquilinous fauna of insect galls is revised based on five criteria: food habit; coexistence with the inducer; modification of gall tissues or production of new tissues; phylogenetic relationship with the inducer; and mobility. Gall inventories dated from 1988 to 2019 were examined, totaling 16 publications, eight of them with inquiline records. This guild was reported in 53 gall morphotypes in 44 plant species and four morphospecies distributed among 36 genera of 24 host families for a total of 65 records. Most inquilines were repositioned into the cecidophage guild and others into the kleptoparasite guild, resulting in a large reduction in the frequency of inquilines (from 65 to five records), and in first reports of cecidophages and kleptoparasites, with 46 and 13 records, respectively. Cecidophage was the most diverse guild with insects of five orders (Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Thysanoptera) while kleptoparasites were represented only by two orders (Diptera and Hymenoptera) and inquiline solely by Hymenoptera. Other results indicate that Leptothorax sp. (Formicidae) could be a successor and not an inquiline.

Vários registros de fauna associada, incluindo parasitoides, inquilinos, predadores e sucessores são encontrados em inventários de galhas de insetos em restingas brasileiras. Embora a maioria das guildas esteja bem estabelecida, os inquilinos são frequentemente interpretados de forma equivocada. Nesse trabalho, a fauna inquilina de galhas de insetos é revisada com base em cinco critérios: hábito alimentar, coexistência com o indutor, modificação dos tecidos da galha ou produção de novos tecidos, relação filogenética com o indutor e mobilidade. Inventários de galhas publicados entre 1988 e 2019 foram examinados, totalizando 16 artigos, oito deles com registro de inquilinos. Essa guilda foi assinalada em 53 morfotipos de galhas em 44 espécies de plantas e quatro morfoespécies distribuídas em 36 gêneros de 24 famílias vegetais, totalizando 65 registros. A maioria dos inquilinos foi reposicionada na guilda dos cecidófagos e outros na guilda dos cleptoparasitas, resultando em uma grande redução da frequência dos inquilinos (de 65 para cinco registros), e na primeira ocorrência de cecidófagos e cleptoparasitas, com 46 e 13 registros, respectivamente. A guilda dos cecidófagos foi a mais diversa, com insetos de cinco ordens (Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera e Thysanoptera), enquanto que os cleptoparasitas foram representados por apenas duas ordens (Diptera e Hymenoptera) e os inquilinos somente por Hymenoptera. Outros resultados indicam que Leptothorax sp. (Formicidae) pode ser um sucessor e não um inquilino.

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Abstract Several records of associated fauna, including parasitoids, inquilines, predators, and successors, have been reported by insect gall inventories in Brazilian restingas. Although most guilds are well established, inquilines have frequently been misinterpreted. In this paper, the inquilinous fauna of insect galls is revised based on five criteria: food habit; coexistence with the inducer; modification of gall tissues or production of new tissues; phylogenetic relationship with the inducer; and mobility. Gall inventories dated from 1988 to 2019 were examined, totaling 16 publications, eight of them with inquiline records. This guild was reported in 53 gall morphotypes in 44 plant species and four morphospecies distributed among 36 genera of 24 host families for a total of 65 records. Most inquilines were repositioned into the cecidophage guild and others into the kleptoparasite guild, resulting in a large reduction in the frequency of inquilines (from 65 to five records), and in first reports of cecidophages and kleptoparasites, with 46 and 13 records, respectively. Cecidophage was the most diverse guild with insects of five orders (Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Thysanoptera) while kleptoparasites were represented only by two orders (Diptera and Hymenoptera) and inquiline solely by Hymenoptera. Other results indicate that Leptothorax sp. (Formicidae) could be a successor and not an inquiline.

Resumo Vários registros de fauna associada, incluindo parasitoides, inquilinos, predadores e sucessores são encontrados em inventários de galhas de insetos em restingas brasileiras. Embora a maioria das guildas esteja bem estabelecida, os inquilinos são frequentemente interpretados de forma equivocada. Nesse trabalho, a fauna inquilina de galhas de insetos é revisada com base em cinco critérios: hábito alimentar, coexistência com o indutor, modificação dos tecidos da galha ou produção de novos tecidos, relação filogenética com o indutor e mobilidade. Inventários de galhas publicados entre 1988 e 2019 foram examinados, totalizando 16 artigos, oito deles com registro de inquilinos. Essa guilda foi assinalada em 53 morfotipos de galhas em 44 espécies de plantas e quatro morfoespécies distribuídas em 36 gêneros de 24 famílias vegetais, totalizando 65 registros. A maioria dos inquilinos foi reposicionada na guilda dos cecidófagos e outros na guilda dos cleptoparasitas, resultando em uma grande redução da frequência dos inquilinos (de 65 para cinco registros), e na primeira ocorrência de cecidófagos e cleptoparasitas, com 46 e 13 registros, respectivamente. A guilda dos cecidófagos foi a mais diversa, com insetos de cinco ordens (Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera e Thysanoptera), enquanto que os cleptoparasitas foram representados por apenas duas ordens (Diptera e Hymenoptera) e os inquilinos somente por Hymenoptera. Outros resultados indicam que Leptothorax sp. (Formicidae) pode ser um sucessor e não um inquilino.

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Several records of associated fauna, including parasitoids, inquilines, predators, and successors, have been reported by insect gall inventories in Brazilian restingas. Although most guilds are well established, inquilines have frequently been misinterpreted. In this paper, the inquilinous fauna of insect galls is revised based on five criteria: food habit; coexistence with the inducer; modification of gall tissues or production of new tissues; phylogenetic relationship with the inducer; and mobility. Gall inventories dated from 1988 to 2019 were examined, totaling 16 publications, eight of them with inquiline records. This guild was reported in 53 gall morphotypes in 44 plant species and four morphospecies distributed among 36 genera of 24 host families for a total of 65 records. Most inquilines were repositioned into the cecidophage guild and others into the kleptoparasite guild, resulting in a large reduction in the frequency of inquilines (from 65 to five records), and in first reports of cecidophages and kleptoparasites, with 46 and 13 records, respectively. Cecidophage was the most diverse guild with insects of five orders (Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Thysanoptera) while kleptoparasites were represented only by two orders (Diptera and Hymenoptera) and inquiline solely by Hymenoptera. Other results indicate that Leptothorax sp. (Formicidae) could be a successor and not an inquiline.

Vários registros de fauna associada, incluindo parasitoides, inquilinos, predadores e sucessores são encontrados em inventários de galhas de insetos em restingas brasileiras. Embora a maioria das guildas esteja bem estabelecida, os inquilinos são frequentemente interpretados de forma equivocada. Nesse trabalho, a fauna inquilina de galhas de insetos é revisada com base em cinco critérios: hábito alimentar, coexistência com o indutor, modificação dos tecidos da galha ou produção de novos tecidos, relação filogenética com o indutor e mobilidade. Inventários de galhas publicados entre 1988 e 2019 foram examinados, totalizando 16 artigos, oito deles com registro de inquilinos. Essa guilda foi assinalada em 53 morfotipos de galhas em 44 espécies de plantas e quatro morfoespécies distribuídas em 36 gêneros de 24 famílias vegetais, totalizando 65 registros. A maioria dos inquilinos foi reposicionada na guilda dos cecidófagos e outros na guilda dos cleptoparasitas, resultando em uma grande redução da frequência dos inquilinos (de 65 para cinco registros), e na primeira ocorrência de cecidófagos e cleptoparasitas, com 46 e 13 registros, respectivamente. A guilda dos cecidófagos foi a mais diversa, com insetos de cinco ordens (Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera e Thysanoptera), enquanto que os cleptoparasitas foram representados por apenas duas ordens (Diptera e Hymenoptera) e os inquilinos somente por Hymenoptera. Outros resultados indicam que Leptothorax sp. (Formicidae) pode ser um sucessor e não um inquilino.

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Abstract Cerciplanus maricaensis, a new species of gall midge (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) that induces galls on leaves of Ouratea cuspidata (A.St.-Hil.) Engl. (Ochnaceae) is described in the larval, pupal and adult stages (of both sexes), illustrated and compared with the other congeneric species. The host plant is endemic to Brazil and known only from the Atlantic Forest. A key to segregate them is presented. Data on the geographical distribution of Cerciplanus maricaensis based on gall records retrieved from the literature are given.

RESUMO

Several records of associated fauna, including parasitoids, inquilines, predators, and successors, have been reported by insect gall inventories in Brazilian restingas. Although most guilds are well established, inquilines have frequently been misinterpreted. In this paper, the inquilinous fauna of insect galls is revised based on five criteria: food habit; coexistence with the inducer; modification of gall tissues or production of new tissues; phylogenetic relationship with the inducer; and mobility. Gall inventories dated from 1988 to 2019 were examined, totaling 16 publications, eight of them with inquiline records. This guild was reported in 53 gall morphotypes in 44 plant species and four morphospecies distributed among 36 genera of 24 host families for a total of 65 records. Most inquilines were repositioned into the cecidophage guild and others into the kleptoparasite guild, resulting in a large reduction in the frequency of inquilines (from 65 to five records), and in first reports of cecidophages and kleptoparasites, with 46 and 13 records, respectively. Cecidophage was the most diverse guild with insects of five orders (Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Thysanoptera) while kleptoparasites were represented only by two orders (Diptera and Hymenoptera) and inquiline solely by Hymenoptera. Other results indicate that Leptothorax sp. (Formicidae) could be a successor and not an inquiline.(AU)

Vários registros de fauna associada, incluindo parasitoides, inquilinos, predadores e sucessores são encontrados em inventários de galhas de insetos em restingas brasileiras. Embora a maioria das guildas esteja bem estabelecida, os inquilinos são frequentemente interpretados de forma equivocada. Nesse trabalho, a fauna inquilina de galhas de insetos é revisada com base em cinco critérios: hábito alimentar, coexistência com o indutor, modificação dos tecidos da galha ou produção de novos tecidos, relação filogenética com o indutor e mobilidade. Inventários de galhas publicados entre 1988 e 2019 foram examinados, totalizando 16 artigos, oito deles com registro de inquilinos. Essa guilda foi assinalada em 53 morfotipos de galhas em 44 espécies de plantas e quatro morfoespécies distribuídas em 36 gêneros de 24 famílias vegetais, totalizando 65 registros. A maioria dos inquilinos foi reposicionada na guilda dos cecidófagos e outros na guilda dos cleptoparasitas, resultando em uma grande redução da frequência dos inquilinos (de 65 para cinco registros), e na primeira ocorrência de cecidófagos e cleptoparasitas, com 46 e 13 registros, respectivamente. A guilda dos cecidófagos foi a mais diversa, com insetos de cinco ordens (Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera e Thysanoptera), enquanto que os cleptoparasitas foram representados por apenas duas ordens (Diptera e Hymenoptera) e os inquilinos somente por Hymenoptera. Outros resultados indicam que Leptothorax sp. (Formicidae) pode ser um sucessor e não um inquilino.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Until recently, the stem gall nematode Pterotylenchus cecidogenus was only registered in eastern Colombia. However, the disease has recently been observed in central Colombian oil palm plantations that use Desmodium ovalifolium as a cover crop. Soil, root, stem, and leaf samples were collected from D. ovalifolium. Plants showed foliar yellowing, leaf drying, and galls within stem nodes. Nematodes were identified, and the distribution, population density, and relative importance of different genera were determined. We performed morphometric and molecular identification of nematodes associated with gall symptoms. The D2-D3 segment of the large subunit-28S of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) was sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was performed. P. cecidogenus mainly occurred in the galls and to a lesser extent in the roots and soil. Nematodes were not found in leaf or inflorescence tissue. Morphological and morphometric data confirm the presence of P. cecidogenus in the stems of D. ovalifolium with gall symptoms. This study is the first to report deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences of P. cecidogenus. Based on D2-D3 and ITS partial sequences, P. cecidogenus is a sister species of the leaf-galling nematode Ditylenchus phyllobius (Sinm. Orrina phyllobia).