RESUMO

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar las características sociodemográficas, metodológicas y diagnósticas de los informes periciales en psiquiatría y psicología realizados en el Centro de Estudios en Derecho y Salud entre 2011 y 2020. Se optó por un enfoque cuantitativo, descriptivo con intención analítica, transversal, con diseño retrospectivo. Se analizó la información obtenida en 145 peritajes. Se adelantó un análisis univariado para todas las variables sociodemográficas, metodológicas y diagnósticas de los informes periciales, según su naturaleza cualitativa o cuantitativa, y un análisis bivariado a través de tablas de contingencia para las variables mencionadas, con intervalos de confianza del 95 % para cada una de las medidas de prevalencia. Se encontró que la mayoría de peritajes fueron solicitados por el área del derecho contencioso-administrativo. Los diagnósticos más prevalentes fueron el trastorno adaptativo, el trastorno por estrés postraumático y el trastorno depresivo. Si bien los informes revisados cumplen con los lineamientos mínimos de ley, se encontraron algunas falencias relacionadas con la ausencia de información. Se espera que estos hallazgos permitan la reflexión por parte de los auxiliares de la justicia sobre los requerimientos de los informes periciales con miras a la humanización de la justicia y el apoyo a la toma de decisiones legales.

The aim of this study was to analyse the socio-demographic, methodological and diagnostic characteristics of the expert reports in psychiatry and psychology carried out at the Centre for Law and Health Studies between 2011 and 2020. We opted for a quantitative, descriptive approach with analytical, cross-sectional, retrospective design. The information obtained from 145 expert opinions was analysed. A univariate analysis was carried out for all sociodemographic, methodological and diagnostic variables in the expert reports, according to their qualitative or quantitative nature, and a bivariate analysis through contingency tables for the aforementioned variables, with confidence intervals of 95 % for each of the prevalence measures. It was found that the majority of expert opinions were requested by the area of contentious-administrative law. The most prevalent diagnoses were adjustment disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and depressive disorder. Although the reports reviewed comply with the minimum legal guidelines, there were some shortcomings related to the absence of information. It is hoped that these findings will allow for reflection on the part of justice officials on the requirements of expert reports with a view to the humanisation of justice and support for legal decision-making.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as características sociodemográficas, metodológicas e diagnósticas dos laudos periciais em psiquiatria e psicologia realizados no Centro de Estudos em Direito e Saúde entre 2011 e 2020. Optou-se por uma abordagem quantitativa e descritiva com desenho analítico, transversal e retrospectivo. Foram analisadas as informações obtidas de 145 pareceres de especialistas. Foi realizada uma análise univariada para todas as variáveis sociodemográficas, metodológicas e diagnósticas dos laudos periciais, de acordo com sua natureza qualitativa ou quantitativa, e uma análise bivariada por meio de tabelas de contingência para as variáveis mencionadas, com intervalos de confiança de 95 % para cada uma das medidas de prevalência. Verificou-se que a maioria dos pareceres foi solicitada pela área de direito contencioso-administrativo. Os diagnósticos mais prevalentes foram transtorno de ajustamento, transtorno de estresse pós-traumático e transtorno depressivo. Embora os relatórios analisados estejam em conformidade com as diretrizes legais mínimas, houve algumas deficiências relacionadas à ausência de informações. Espera-se que esses resultados permitam uma reflexão por parte dos envolvidos no sistema judiciário sobre os requisitos dos laudos periciais, com vistas à humanização da justiça e ao apoio à tomada de decisões legais.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introducción: Durante 2022 ocurrió la reforma del sistema penal cubano, materializada en tres nuevas leyes básicas: Código Penal y las del proceso y la ejecución penales. Ello demandó respuestas organizativas del Ministerio de Salud Pública cubano, en especial por la ampliación de tipos de aseguramiento penal terapéutico a adictos e inimputables en unidades de salud y de las tareas periciales. Objetivo: Identificar las demandas para el sistema de salud en las nuevas leyes penales, en especial para la salud mental. Posición: Desde propuestas previas al proceso legislativo y la asesoría durante este, se visionó precozmente la necesidad de nuevas regulaciones para las interdependientes actividades periciales y asistenciales de respuesta del sistema de salud a la reforma penal. Fomentar anticipadamente el intercambio académico entre derecho penal y psiquiatría, favoreció la sinergia intersectorial, asumir la asesoría al proceso legislativo y elaborar, en corto plazo, propuestas normativas sólidas al sistema de salud, acordes a sus objetivos y estructura. Metodológicamente fueron oportunas las consultas a expertos. Conclusiones: Se considera que el vínculo intencionado previo entre sistemas de salud y penal favorece que las propuestas legislativas tengan una base más científica y una respuesta organizativa, más eficiente y sinérgica desde el sistema de salud a las demandas identificadas en nuevas leyes penales(AU)

Introduction: During 2022, the reform of the Cuban penal system occurred, which materialized in three new basic laws: The Penal Code, Penal Procedures Law and Penal Execution Law. This reform demanded organizational responses from the Cuban Ministry of Public Health in those tasks for health units and judicial expert, especially the expansion of types of therapeutic penal coverage to addicts and those who cannot be held accountable. Objective: To identify the demands of the health system in the new criminal laws, especially for mental health. Position: Beginning with the previous proposals to the legislative reform and counselling, the need for new regulations for the interdependent expert and assistance activities of the health system that respond to the penal reform was timely envisioned. The early promotion of academic exchange between the penal law and psychiatry favored intersectoral synergy, advice to the legislative process and the development, in the short term, of solid regulatory proposals for the health system, in accordance with its objectives and structure. Methodologically, consultations with experts were appropriate. Conclusions: It is considered that the previous intentional relationship between health and criminal systems favors that the legislative proposals have more scientific basis beside an organizational, more efficient and synergistic response from the health system to the demands identified in new criminal laws(AU)

Assuntos

Assuntos

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To measure and understand mental wellbeing among women prisoners in Chile, as part of a larger study. RESULT: Sixty-eight sentenced prisoners in a women's prison participated in a survey, giving a response rate of 56.7%. Using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS), the mean wellbeing score of participants was 53.77 out of maximum score of 70. Whilst 90% of the 68 women felt useful at least some of the time, 25% rarely felt relaxed, close to others or able to make up their own minds about things. Data generated from two focus groups attended by six women offered explanations for survey findings. Thematic analysis identified stress and loss of autonomy due to the prison regime as factors which negatively affect mental wellbeing. Interestingly, whilst offering prisoners an opportunity to feel useful, work was identified as a source of stress. Interpersonal factors linked to a lack of safe friendships within the prison and little contact with family had an adverse impact on mental wellbeing. The routine measurement of mental wellbeing among prisoners using the WEMWBS is recommended in Chile and other Latin American countries to identify the impact of policies, regimes, healthcare systems and programmes on mental health and wellbeing.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI) is an important assessment scale of hostility in forensic psychiatry. We analyzed the validity and reliability of a Papiamento translation of the BDHI in 134 pre-trial defendants in Curaçao using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM). The reliability of the Direct and Indirect Hostility BHDI-P subscales were good and the reliability of the Social Desirability poor. There was a negative correlation between Direct Hostility and Agreeableness and a positive correlation between Indirect Hostility and Anxiety. We conclude that the BDHI-P has an acceptable measurement quality when used in defendants.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Sexual assault perpetrated by older adults is still an underreported crime and is not fully understood. To describe a series of cases of sexual assault by Brazilian older adults and discuss the associated factors based on the literature. This is a cross-sectional descriptive analysis of five cases of older adults accused of sexual assault in the Forensic Psychiatry sector of the Medical Legal Institute (Coroner's Office) in the City of Belo Horizonte'. This review focuses on five cases involving male defendants with a mean age of 59.75 years; two with previous psychiatric treatment, and one with a previous criminal record. Their victims were prepubescent children, four of them female. Psychiatric conditions related to forensic diagnosis included dementia, schizophrenia, alcohol-related substance use disorder, paraphilia, and one without a psychiatric diagnosis. The final forensic report on all five cases found that two of the older adults diagnosed with a mental disorder in two were considered to have a mental illness that completely impaired the cognitive and volitional domains; two other adults were diagnosed with mental health disturbance that partially impaired these domains; and the last adult was diagnosed and found without mental health impairment. While the incidence of sexual crimes committed by older adults is low, the absolute number of cases has expected to rise due to population aging. Assessing the factors related to this type of crime is therefore an initial step to understanding and formulating preventive strategies.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The Pennsylvania State Hospital System's use of containment procedures has been studied for >30 years. This prospective study assessed the effects of ending the use of seclusion and mechanical restraint in the system's six civil hospitals and two forensic centers from 2011 to 2020. The study examined the effect of this change on key safety measures: physical restraint, assaults, aggression, and self-injurious behavior. In total, 68,153 incidents, including 9,518 episodes of physical restraint involving 1,811 individuals, were entered into a database along with patients' demographic and diagnostic information. All data were calculated per 1,000 days to control for census changes. During the study, mechanical restraint was used 128 times and seclusion four times. Physical restraint use decreased from a high of 2.62 uses per 1,000 days in 2013 to 2.02 in 2020. The average length of time a person was held in physical restraint was reduced by 64%, from 6.6 minutes in 2011 to 2.4 minutes in 2020 (p<0.001). All safety measures improved or were unchanged. Use of unscheduled medication did not change. The hospital system safely ended the use of mechanical restraint and seclusion by using a recovery approach and by following the six core strategies for seclusion and restraint reduction.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A pessoa com transtorno mental que comete delito pode ter a pena substituída por medida de segurança, se confirmado por laudo psiquiátrico forense que no momento do crime não tinha discernimento sobre a ilicitude do fato, conforme Código Penal brasileiro. Essa medida de segurança pode ser internação em Hospital de Custódia e Tratamento Psiquiátrico ou tratamento ambulatorial. Não existe limite de prazo para cumprimento dessa medida, e aquele que é custodiado à internação não tem prazo para deixar esse hospital. A perícia psiquiátrica forense tem grande influência na decisão judicial, pois o perito que conclui sobre a imputabilidade penal, com base no método biopsicológico, avaliação do nexo de causalidade entre transtorno mental e delito, e da periculosidade do indivíduo. Essa pessoa acaba por ser duplamente estigmatizada, pelo transtorno mental e pelo crime cometido, e por ser silenciada, tornando-se socialmente invisível. Este estudo apresenta como objetivo descrever como ocorre a perícia psiquiátrica no processo penal e seus desdobramentos para a aplicação da medida de segurança, identificando as características apresentadas nos laudos forenses e as situações de invisibilidade das pessoas com transtorno mental que cometeram delitos. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa descritiva com análise documental, tendo como fonte primária os laudos psiquiátricos. O percurso metodológico não é restrito, segue processo de "garimpagem" que foi dividido em 3 etapas: identificação e coleta de documentos; organização do material coletado; procedimento da análise documental. Ao final foram selecionados 37 laudos. Os resultados foram classificados em 4 categorias: categoria tempo da perícia identificou diversos fatores que envolvem o decurso de tempos relacionado ao exame pericial, dentre eles, 5 perícias realizadas após 365 dias do delito; na categoria sociodemográfica, o perfil dos periciandos eram, na maioria, do sexo masculino, solteiros, brancos, sem filhos, idade até 40 anos, muitos sequer concluíram o ensino fundamental e exerciam profissões que exigem pouca ou nenhuma qualificação técnica e educação; na categoria saúde mental, prevaleceu a indicação de preexistência de transtorno mental ao delito e a maioria dos periciandos já fez tratamento psiquiátrico, incluindo internação, sendo comum a descontinuidade do tratamento; na categoria conclusão pericial, a maioria dos periciandos foram considerados imputáveis, o tratamento ambulatorial foi o mais indicado, e apresentou prevalência de crimes contra patrimônio. Os resultados foram discutidos com dados encontrados na literatura e com base no marco teórico da Sociologia das Ausências. Identificou-se a produção de não existência dos periciandos sob as formas de inferior, improdutivo e ignorante, por meio das monoculturas da naturalização das diferenças, dos critérios de produtividade capitalista e dos saber e do rigor do saber, respectivamente. É necessário desconstruir essas monoculturas e substituí-las pelas ecologias dos reconhecimentos, da produtividade e de saberes, respectivamente. Tanto a perícia quanto os laudos precisam ser descontruídos e reconstruídos sob novos olhares de saberes científicos [psiquiatria e direito] e saberes não científicos, para que a não existência dessas pessoas não seja produzida

A person with a mental disorder who commits a crime may have the sentence replaced as a security measure, if confirmed by a forensic psychiatric report that, at the time of the crime, they had no discernment about the illegality of the fact, according to the Brazilian Penal Code. This security measure can be hospitalisation in a Hospital of Custody and Psychiatric Treatment or outpatient treatment. There is no deadline for compliance with this measure, and those who are compulsorily hospitalised have no deadline to leave that hospital. Forensic psychiatric expertise has a great influence on the decision of the judge, as the expert who concludes on criminal responsibility, based on the biopsychological method, assessment of the causal link between mental disorder and the crime committed, and dangerousness. This person ends up being doubly stigmatized, due to the mental disorder and the crime committed, and for being silenced, becoming socially invisible. This study aims to describe how psychiatric expertise occurs in the criminal process and its consequences for the application of the security measure, identifying the characteristics presented in the forensic reports and the situations of invisibility of people with mental disorders who have committed crimes. This is descriptive qualitative research with documental analysis, having psychiatric reports as a primary source. The methodological course is not restricted and it follows a "mining" process, which was divided into 3 stages: identification and document collection; organization of the material collected; document analysis procedure. In the end, 37 reports were selected. The results were classified into 4 categories: time of expertise category, identified several factors that involve the time course related to the expert examination, among them, 5 psychiatric expertise took place after 365 days of the crime; in the sociodemographic category, the profile of examinees was mostly male, single, white, without children, and aged up to 40 years old, many of them had not even completed elementary school and worked in professions that require little or no technical qualification and education; in the mental health category, the indication of a pre-existing mental disorder to the crime prevailed and most of the examinees had already undergone psychiatric treatment, including hospitalisation, with discontinuity of treatment being common; in the expert conclusion category, most examinees were considered imputable, outpatient treatment was the most indicated and showed a prevalence of crimes against property. The results were discussed with data found in the literature and based on the theoretical reference of the Sociology of Absences. The production of the non-existence of the examinees in the forms of inferior, unproductive, and ignorant was identified, through the monocultures of the naturalization of differences, the criteria of capitalist productivity and knowledge and the rigor of knowledge, respectively. It is necessary to deconstruct these monocultures and replace them with ecologies of recognition, productivity, and knowledge, respectively. Both the expertise and the reports need to be deconstructed and reconstructed under new perspectives of scientific knowledge [psychiatry and law] and non-scientific knowledge so that the non-existence of these people is not produced

Assuntos

RESUMO

Resumo Conhecer o paradigma ético que fundamenta o código moral da medicina é fundamental para atuar não só na assistência, mas também em processo pericial. A partir de revisão da literatura, propõe-se avaliar a maneira como os quatro princípios éticos fundamentais (beneficência, não maleficência, autonomia e justiça) se aplicam antes, durante e após a perícia psiquiátrica, como perito ou como assistente técnico. Novos desafios éticos vêm surgindo na psiquiatria forense. Com a pandemia de covid-19, a tecnologia foi adotada para permitir a prática da telemedicina, mas ainda se debate se seria suficiente para promover avaliação pericial psiquiátrica adequada. Considerando a complexidade da área, cada situação deve ser analisada de forma individual e abrangente, sendo recomendável buscar auxílio para debater as perspectivas éticas e legais das perícias psiquiátricas quando necessário.

Abstract Knowing the ethical paradigm that bases the medicine moral code is fundamental to act not only in care but also in the expert testimony process. From a revision of the literature, we propose to evaluate the way the four fundamental ethical principles (beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice) apply before, during, and after the psychiatric expert testimony, be it as expert or as technical assistant. New ethical challenges have been appearing in forensic psychiatry. With the COVID-19 pandemic, technology was adopted to allow the practice of telemedicine, but debates still occur if that would suffice for an adequate psychiatric expert testimony evaluation. Considering the complexity of the area, each situation must be analyzed in an individualized and all-encompassing way and seeking help to debate the ethical and legal perspectives of psychiatric expert testimonies is recommended when necessary.

Resumen Conocer el paradigma ético que subyace en el código moral de la medicina es fundamental para actuar no solo en la asistencia, sino también en el proceso pericial. A partir de una revisión bibliográfica, se propone evaluar cómo se aplican los cuatro principios éticos fundamentales (beneficencia, no maleficencia, autonomía y justicia) antes, durante y después de la pericia psiquiátrica, ya sea como perito o como asistente técnico. Están surgiendo nuevos desafíos éticos en la psiquiatría forense. Con la pandemia del Covid-19, se utilizó la tecnología para permitir la práctica de la telemedicina, pero aún está en debate si esto es suficiente para promover una adecuada evaluación psiquiátrica forense. Considerando la complejidad del área, se debe analizar cada situación de manera individual e integral y, cuando sea necesario, buscar ayuda para debatir las perspectivas éticas y legales de la pericia psiquiátrica.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: In Brazil, the right to healthcare and the incorporation of best scientific evidence in public health are universally guaranteed by law. However, the treatment offered to patients with mental disorders in custodial hospitals in this country has not been rigorously evaluated. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the psychiatric diagnoses and treatments implemented in three Brazilian custodial institutions. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study on patients held in custody in three Brazilian institutions, as judicially-determined safety measures due to their mental disorders, and the tools used in diagnoses and treatments. These institutions are in Rio de Janeiro and the Federal District. METHODS: The data from medical and judicial records that were made available were assessed regarding the diagnoses that were made and the instruments that were used. RESULTS: None of these inpatients were evaluated using validated tools, and only a few medical records presented clear descriptions of the cases. No patient with substance involvement had undergone laboratory toxicological assays. It was not possible to verify the adequacy of treatments because the procedures were inadequately described in the records. CONCLUSIONS: No standardized protocols or instruments for diagnosing mental health disorders or assessing use of psychoactive substances had been applied among the inpatients at these custodial institutions in Rio de Janeiro and the Federal District. The treatments that were prescribed to these inpatients consisted mainly of drugs.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The goal of the current study was to investigate the socio-demographic, psychiatric, and criminological characteristics of female violent offenders with mental disorders involuntarily committed to a forensic psychiatric hospital. The present study was a population-based retrospective case series including all female offenders with mental disorders found not guilty by reason of insanity by the criminal courts in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and involuntarily committed to a forensic psychiatric facility (n = 27). Patients were assessed with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. We found that most offenders were Afro-Brazilian, uneducated unmarried women. Schizophrenia with active psychotic symptoms was the most common clinical condition. Relatives were the frequent victims of aggressive behavior. Most patients had already been diagnosed with a mental disorder and placed under psychiatric treatment, but poor adherence and treatment dropout were common. Violent behavior in psychiatrically ill female patients is associated with a specific socio-demographic and clinical profile and is thus potentially amenable to prevention particularly if the mental health and social services are to provide the much-needed support for economically, socially, and psychologically vulnerable women.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Criminal responsibility assessment is undertaken by psychologists or psychiatrists to assess offenders' legal capacities, which vary among countries or regional legislations. There are two psychometric tools (i.e., checklists) validated for criminal responsibility assessment: the Roger Criminal Responsibility Scale, and the rating scale of criminal responsibility for mentally disordered offenders. Despite the existence of psychometric tools structured in clinical vignettes for evaluating legal capacities, none serve the purpose of assessing criminal responsibility. This study aims to validate a novel psychometric tool structured in vignettes for the assessment of criminal responsibility called the "Criminal Responsibility Scale." We applied the tool to 88 defendants referred for criminal responsibility assessment in a forensic medical institute in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from December 2017 to December 2018. The validity of the Criminal Responsibility Scale and subscales were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. The two-factor solution proved satisfactory and met the needs for practical application of the tool (Kaiser-Meyer-Oklin = 0.82; p < 0.001). Moreover, the inter-rater reliability was evaluated by comparing the tool's final score with that of the expert's conclusion in each case and was found to be satisfactory (k = 0.667-1.0), with a resulting cutoff point of 30.50 (±2) and a Youden index of 0.509. Hence, the Criminal Responsibility Scale is an effective psychometric tool for assessments of criminal responsibility that may encourage future research in assessments of legal capacity with clinical vignette-based psychometric instruments.

RESUMO

While the number of medical human rights programs has increased, there is substantial unmet need for forensic evaluations among asylum seekers throughout the United States. From September 2019 through May 2020, the Mount Sinai Human Rights Program has coordinated pro bono forensic mental health evaluations by telephone or video for individuals seeking protected immigration status who are unable to access in-person services. The national network clinicians conducted 32 forensic evaluations of individuals in eight U.S. states and Mexico seeking immigration relief. Remote forensic services have been a relevant solution for individuals in immigration detention, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Assuntos

RESUMO

RESUMEN Fundamento: la Psiquiatría Forense es la aplicación de los conocimientos psiquiátricos al proceso de administración de justicia. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de la reinserción social en la Unidad de Psiquiatría Forense de Sancti Spíritus. Métodos: se comunican los resultados del estudio del comportamiento de los asegurados en la Unidad de Psiquiatría Forense de Sancti Spíritus 2016 al 2018. Resultados: predomina el grupo etáreo entre 24 a 35 años, sexo masculino, la esquizofrenia paranoide con los neurolépticos atípicos como modalidad de tratamiento psico farmacológico más utilizado. Se lograron cambios positivos, que ayudó a la solicitud de cese de medida con su posterior reinserción social. Conclusiones: con la aplicación integral de terapias, se logran cambios que permiten la reinserción social, disminuye el riesgo de que puedan delinquir o violentarse en un futuro.

ABSTRACT Background: Forensic Psychiatry is the application of psychiatric knowledge to the justice administration process. Objective: to describe the behavior of social reintegration in the Forensic Psychiatry Unit of Sancti Spiritus. Methods: the results of the study of the behavior of the insured in the Forensic Psychiatry Unit of Sancti Spiritus 2016 to 2018 are communicated. Results: it predominates the age group between 24 to 35 years, male sex, paranoid schizophrenia with atypical neuroleptics as modality of most commonly used psycho-pharmacological treatment. Positive changes were achieved, which helped the request to cease the measure with its subsequent social reintegration. Conclusions: with the integral application of therapies, changes are achieved that allow social reintegration, reducing the risk that they may commit crimes or be violent in the future.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Objective To highlight the important role of Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) use on judicial interdiction assessments. Methods On this paper, we present a case in which we have used the Mini mental state examination (MMSE) for screening an initial dementia diagnosis, suggested by clinical and mental state examination. Results The relevance of using a screening test for demencial states on judicial interdictions assessments, as MMSE, in order to provide more objective findings to the court, has been demonstrated. Also, we review the current evidence for using MMSE on this setting and the importance of its use on demential interdiction exams in judicial proceedings. Conclusions Judicial evidence is a critical element in decision making. Judicial interdiction assessment is usually performed by expert psychiatrists. As psychiatric diagnosis relies on clinical history and mental state examination, it is composed of subjective elements, varying also according to the examiner's personal technical orientation and impressions. Neuroimaging exams are helpful on a minority of cases, in which specific findings are present. In such cases, clinical screening questionnaires play an important role - providing objective elements of neuropsychic functioning of an individual, thus limiting the subjective realm of the expert forensic report.

RESUMO Objetivo Destacar a importância do uso do Miniexame do Estado Mental (MEEM) nas perícias de interdição judicial por demência. Métodos Neste artigo, apresentamos um caso no qual aplicamos o MEEM para rastreamento de demência inicial, cujo diagnóstico foi sugerido por meio de história clínica e exame do estado mental. Resultados Foi demonstrada a importância de usar um teste de rastreamento para demência, no caso o MEEM, nas perícias de interdição por esse diagnóstico, a fim de fornecer elementos mais objetivos ao juízo. Ainda, fornecemos uma revisão das evidências atuais para a aplicação do MEEM nesse contexto, bem como a importância do uso dele nas perícias de interdição por demência. Conclusões A prova pericial é um elemento crítico para a tomada de decisão judicial. A perícia de interdição judicial por demência é usualmente realizada por especialistas em psiquiatria. Como o diagnóstico psiquiátrico baseia-se na história clínica e no exame do estado mental, é composto de elementos subjetivos, variando de acordo com a técnica e impressão individual do examinador. Exames de neuroimagem são úteis em uma minoria de casos, nos quais achados específicos estão presentes. Assim, questionários clínicos para rastreamento de doenças mostram-se importantes, pois fornecem elementos objetivos do funcionamento neuropsíquico do indivíduo, diminuindo o papel da subjetividade no laudo pericial.

RESUMO

Resumo Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura sobre institucionalização prolongada, transtornos mentais e violência. Uma busca sistematizada foi realizada nos principais bancos de dados e foram analisados trabalhos dos últimos 22 anos. Os resultados foram divididos em dois grupos: "Estudos relacionando fatores ligados à predição/risco de violência e institucionalização" e "Estudos relacionando risco de violência e desassistência/desinstitucionalização". Verificou-se que a doença mental isoladamente não é fator diretamente associado ao maior risco de violência, que fatores relacionados à própria institucionalização e à assistência com privação de liberdade influenciam a predição de violência. Conclui-se que abordagens humanizadas, multiprofissionais e com equipe treinada, aliadas ao gerenciamento dos reais fatores de risco de violência, contribuirão para uma melhor assistência e menor necessidade de institucionalização.

Abstract This study is a review of institutionalization, mental disorders and violence. A systematic search was performed in major databases, focusing on studies from the last twenty-two years. The results were divided into two groups: 'studies on factors related to the risk of violence/prediction and institutionalization' and 'studies on the risk of violence and deinstitutionalization/inadequate mental treatment'. We found that mental illness is not directly associated with high risk of violence. Specific details of the institutionalization and assistance with deprivation of liberty are related to violent behavior. We concluded that humanized, multiprofessional approaches and trained staff, combined with the management of real risk factors of violence can contribute to a better health assistance and reduce the need for institutionalization.

Assuntos

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The World Health Organization (WHO) has made substantial changes to the classification of paraphilic disorders for the Eleventh Revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11), recently approved by the World Health Assembly. The most important is to limit paraphilic disorders primarily to persistent and intense patterns of atypical sexual arousal involving non-consenting individuals, manifested through persistent sexual thoughts, fantasies, urges, or behaviors, that have resulted in action or significant distress. AIM: To analyze the legal, regulatory, and policy implications of the changes in the ICD-11 classification of paraphilic disorders for forensic practice, health systems, adjudication of sex offenders, and the provision of treatment in Mexico. METHODS: An expert Mexican advisory group was appointed to conduct this evaluation following an assessment guide provided by the WHO. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The WHO assessment guide covered (i) laws related to sexual behaviors; (ii) the relationship between legal and clinical issues for non-forensic health professionals; (iii) implications of mental disorder classification for forensic practice; (iv) other implications of ICD-11 paraphilic disorders proposals; and (v) contextual issues. RESULTS: A variety of factors in Mexico make it highly unlikely that appropriate, evidence-based treatments for paraphilic disorders will be provided to those who need them, even if they seek treatment voluntarily and have not committed a crime. Mexican law focuses on the punishment of specific sexual behaviors rather than on underlying disorders. A paraphilic disorder would not be considered sufficient grounds for exemption from criminal responsibility. The application and scope of mental health evaluations in Mexican legal proceedings are quite limited, and individuals who commit sexual crimes almost never undergo forensic evaluations to establish the presence of paraphilic disorders. Psychiatric services may be mandated for sex offenders in highly specific circumstances but cannot exceed the duration of the criminal sentence. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Evaluation and treatment guidelines should be developed based on international evidence and standards and promulgated for use with individuals with paraphilic disorders in forensic and non-forensic poopulations. The much greater specificity and operationalization of the ICD-11 guidelines as compared with the ICD-10 guidelines provide a better basis for identification and case formulation. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS: Major strengths of this analyses were that it was conducted to facilitate international comparability across several participating countries and the fact that it was conducted by a diverse multidisciplinary group representing various relevant legal, forensic and and clinical sectors. A limitation was that it was only possible to examine relevant federal laws and those of Mexico City rather than those of all 32 Mexican states. CONCLUSION: The descriptions of paraphilic disorders in the ICD-11 could support substantial improvements in the treatment of individuals with paraphilic disorders and the adjudication of sex offenders in Mexico, but specific changes in Mexican law would be required. Martínez-López JNI, Robles R, Fresán A, et al. Legal and Policy Implications in Mexico of Changes in ICD-11 Paraphilic Disorders. J Sex Med 2019;16:1623-1637.

Assuntos

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The World Health Organization (WHO) Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse appointed a Working Group on Sexual Disorders and Sexual Health in order to revise and propose changes to ICD-10 categories. AIM: Analyze ethical and legal implications in Brazil of the proposed ICD-11 diagnostic criteria for paraphilic disorders. METHODS: A forensic working group of Brazilian experts in collaboration with representatives of WHO reviewed the proposed modifications to the classification of Disorders of Sexual Preference in ICD-10 (F65), which is recommended to be replaced by Paraphilic Disorders in ICD-11. Proposals were reviewed through a medicolegal lens, using a legal and policy analysis guide put forth by WHO. The premise of this review was to understand that, although the ICD classification is intended to provide a basis for clinical and statistical health interventions, medical diagnostics may also be entangled in the complex legal, normative, and political environment of various countries. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The most important proposed change to this section is to limit the concept of paraphilic disorders primarily to patterns of sexual arousal involving a focus on others who are unwilling or unable to consent, but this change has not affected the ethical and legal aspects of psychiatric functioning in the Brazil. RESULTS: Because Brazilian criminal law is directed toward criminal behavior and not to specific psychiatric diagnoses, the changes proposed for ICD-11 are not expected to create obstacles to health services or to modify criminal sentencing. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Although ICD-11 has a number of changes in its content, there are no significant clinical implications in the Brazilian context, but a better clarity of conceptual definitions and diagnostic criteria. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS: The study is conducted with people from different Brazilian states, which is important for a comprehensive view. On the other hand, considering that it is a very heterogeneous country, there is the limitation that an even wider scope of the study is not possible. CONCLUSION: In the Brazilian context, the new guidelines for paraphilic disorders contribute to clinical utility and are not expected to create difficulties related to the legal, social, and economic consequences of sexual offenses in the country. Abdalla-Filho E, de Jesus Mari J, Diehl A, et al. Forensic Implications of the New Classification of ICD-11 Paraphilic Disorders in Brazil. J Sex Med 2019; 16:1814-1819.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The article is aimed to offer an approach of the state of the art of the practices in legal ability determination proceedings in people affected by psychotic disorders and their competency to vote. Therefore, we offer a revision of the subject with special emphasis in the contribution from psychiatry, linked with capacity evaluation models for the decision-making process, and the report of a brief descriptive study based on the results of legal proceedings carried on by a Family Court in Buenos Aires Province from March 2014 to December 2016.

El objetivo del presente artículo es ofrecer una aproximación al estado de la cuestión de la actuación en los procesos judiciales de determinación de la capacidad jurídica en personas afectadas por trastornos psicóticos y su competencia para votar. Para ello se ofrece centralmente una revisión de la temática con especial énfasis en los aportes desde la psiquiatría, vinculados entre otros aspectos a los modelos de evaluación de capacidad para toma de decisiones, y la comunicación de un breve estudio descriptivo de los resultados obtenidos en procedimientos realizados en un Juzgado de Familia de la Provincia de Buenos Aires en el período comprendido desde marzo de 2014 a diciembre de 2016.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Objetivo: Determinar el perfil epidemiológico, clínico-psiquiátrico y legal del interno recluido por delitos sexuales, Establecimiento Penitenciario Lurigancho -de varones-, Lima, 2017. Materiales y métodos: Estudio con diseño observacional, descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo. La muestra estuvo compuesta por la totalidad de los informes para los trámites del beneficio penitenciario de redención de pena de los internos sentenciados por algún delito sexual que pasaron por la evaluación psiquiátrica en el año 2017. Se utilizó la ficha de recolección de datos de elaboración propia validada por el juicio de expertos. Resultados: Se evaluaron 76 informes, el perfil general del interno recluido por delito sexual fue: de 30-49 años (28,9%), procedente de Lima (56,6%) o la sierra peruana (30,3%), con grado de instrucción secundaria (64,5%) o superior (21%), de ocupación obrero o técnico (85,5%), casado o conviviente (57,9%), con hijos (67,1%), sin ningún trastorno mental identificado según CIE-10 (82,9%), sin antecedentes psiquiátricos (89,5%) ni de consumo de drogas (84,2%). Solo 13 internos (17,1%) tuvieron un diagnóstico psiquiátrico. En un solo caso (1,3%) se detectó trastorno de la preferencia sexual. Conclusiones: El perfil del agresor sexual no cuenta con rasgos específicos que lo diferencien claramente de la población en general, como, por ejemplo, la presencia de algún trastorno mental característico. Se requieren mayores estudios para estandarizar adecuadamente la atención psicológica y psiquiátrica, proponer las actualizaciones a la legislación penal y las medidas preventivas de la comisión del delito.

Objective: To determine the epidemiological, clinical-psychiatric, and legal profile of persons convicted for sex offenses in the Lima Lurigancho Male Correctional Facility, during 2017. Materials and methods: This is a study with an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, and retrospective study. The sample included all reports submitted for obtaining penalty reductions in those inmates sentenced because of sexual offenses and who underwent psychiatric evaluation during 2017. A data collecting form designed by the investigators and validated by an expert committee was used. Results: Seventy-six reports were assessed, the general profile of inmates sentenced because of sexual offenses was as follows: age, 30-49 years (28.9%), coming from Lima (56.6%) or from the Peruvian highlands (30.3%), having gone to high school (64.5%) or college (21%), being workers or technicians as their main occupation (85.5%), being married or living with a steady partner (57.9%), having children (67.1%), with no mental disorder diagnosed according to the ICD-10 (82.9%), not having any past history of a psychiatric illness (89.5%) or illicit drug abuse (84.2%). Only 13 inmates (17.1%) had a diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder. In just a single case (1.3%) a disorder of sexual preference was detected. Conclusions: The profile of sexual offenders does not show specific features that may clearly differentiate them from the general population; such as the presence of a given typical mental disorder. Further studies are needed in order to adequately standardize psychological and psychiatric care, for proposing updated for the current legal regulations, and for trying to set up preventative measures against such offenses.