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This study sought to explore the perspective of medical faculty on the mental health of their students. This qualitative study based on a focus group is part of a longitudinal research that studied the mental health of Brazilian students. One group was conducted with faculty employed at a medical school. Topics discussed covered the concept of mental health and medical education. Six professors participated in one group. The mental health of medical students is a construct that encompasses emotional aspects, ability to solve problems and multiple facets of a human being, according to the participants. Artistic practices, moments of socialization and leisure were perceived as stimulating students' good mental health. Excessive demands generate competitiveness and the teacher's expectation of the student's good performance based on their own experience can harm the student's mental health. Participants also highlighted that a pedagogical reformulation that makes sense for the student's learning process is necessary to update traditional curricula. Medical students' mental health is influenced by experiences and exchanges during the medical school, mainly between professor and student, understood as necessary and inherent to the process of becoming physician. The findings of this study show the need for curriculum changes in the medical education process and updating teacher training for good practices that reinforce good mental health.

Este estudio buscó explorar la perspectiva de los profesores de medicina sobre la salud mental de sus estudiantes. Este estudio cualitativo basado en un grupo focal es parte de una investigación longitudinal que estudió la salud mental de estudiantes brasileños. Un grupo se llevó a cabo con profesores empleados en una escuela de medicina. Los temas tratados abarcaron el concepto de salud mental y educación médica. Seis docentes participaron en un grupo. La salud mental de los estudiantes de medicina es un constructo que abarca aspectos emocionales, capacidad de resolución de problemas y múltiples facetas del ser humano, según los participantes. Las prácticas artísticas, los momentos de socialización y el ocio fueron percibidos como estimulantes de la buena salud mental de los estudiantes. Las exigencias excesivas generan competitividad y la expectativa del docente sobre el buen desempeño del estudiante basándose en su propia experiencia puede perjudicar la salud mental del estudiante. Los participantes también resaltaron que es necesaria una reformulación pedagógica que tenga sentido para el proceso de aprendizaje del estudiante para actualizar los currículos tradicionales. La salud mental de los estudiantes de medicina está influenciada por las experiencias y los intercambios durante la carrera de medicina, principalmente entre profesor y estudiante, entendidos como necesarios e inherentes al proceso de convertirse en médico. Los hallazgos de este estudio muestran la necesidad de cambios curriculares en el proceso de formación médica y de actualización de la formación docente hacia buenas prácticas que refuercen la buena salud mental.

Este estudo buscou explorar a perspectiva dos docentes de medicina sobre a saúde mental de seus alunos. Este estudo qualitativo baseado em grupo focal faz parte de uma pesquisa longitudinal que estudou a saúde mental de estudantes brasileiros. Um grupo foi conduzido com professores empregados em uma faculdade de medicina. Os temas discutidos abrangeram o conceito de saúde mental e educação médica. Seis professores participaram de um grupo. A saúde mental dos estudantes de medicina é um construto que engloba aspectos emocionais, capacidade de resolução de problemas e múltiplas facetas do ser humano, segundo os participantes. As práticas artísticas, os momentos de socialização e de lazer foram percebidos como estimuladores da boa saúde mental dos estudantes. Exigências excessivas geram competitividade e a expectativa do professor pelo bom desempenho do aluno com base na própria experiência pode prejudicar a saúde mental do aluno. Os participantes destacaram também que é necessária uma reformulação pedagógica que faça sentido para o processo de aprendizagem do aluno para atualizar os currículos tradicionais. A saúde mental dos estudantes de medicina é influenciada pelas experiências e trocas durante o curso de medicina, principalmente entre professor e aluno, entendidas como necessárias e inerentes ao processo de tornar-se médico. Os achados deste estudo mostram a necessidade de mudanças curriculares no processo de formação médica e de atualização da formação docente para boas práticas que reforcem a boa saúde mental.

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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to summarize the ICF foci, looking beyond body structures and function, and to analyze who has been assessed in research about adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with CP in the phase of transition to adulthood. METHOD: Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases were searched using terms related to cerebral palsy, adolescents/young adults, health development, participation, and independence. Studies including youth with CP (13-30 years old) published in English from 2014 to 2021 were considered. The methods of assessment reported in the included studies were used to identify the ICF foci and who was assessed. RESULTS: In this study, 86 studies were reviewed. The main ICF foci are activity and participation (51% of the studies), personal factors (23%), ICF not covered (14%), ICF not defined (9%), with environmental factors being the least focused ICF component (3%). Most studies assessed AYAs directly (49% of studies). CONCLUSIONS: Activity- and participation-related constructs are the leading research focus of studies, and more attention is needed concerning environmental factors. AYAs are the main source of information, and the perspectives of other key figures are also being valued. To bridge the gap between child and adult health care, a broader view of health development and approaches to explore AYA developmental issues must be taken.

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Introduction: Currently studies indicate the need to incorporate the user`s perspective in the testing of new assistive technologies. The objective of this paper is to test a baropodometric insole prototype for monitoring and treatment weight-bearing asymmetry, according to the Participatory Design. Methods: We used a qualitative case study approach during the testing phase of the baropodometric insole prototype. The focus group approach addressed topics related to the experience and accessibility of the potential user in conjunction with professionals, researchers, and physiotherapy students. Facilitators, barriers, and requirements for the device were collected through audio recordings of the discussions during and after prototype testing. Results: Key steps in the prototype testing process were divided into (1) Test of the prototype according to the Participatory Design, divided into Who, When, How, and Why the potential user was involved in the study; and (2) Facilitators, barriers and requirements to improve the prototype. Conclusions: The baropodometric insole prototype can be seen as a promising device for monitoring and treating weight-bearing asymmetry.

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INTRODUCTION: Comadronas attend most births in rural and urban Guatemala where the maternal mortality rate (MMR) is highest in Latin America. Information has been published regarding rural comadronas' response to obstetrical emergencies. Understanding urban comadronas' response to obstetrical emergencies is essential to addressing Guatemala's MMR. METHODS: A total of 17 urban comadronas participated in one, 34-min focus group to share their knowledge, practices, and attitudes regarding obstetrical emergencies. We used the long table to analyze the content to develop a matrix of themes. RESULTS: Five themes emerged. Urban comadronas receive consistent training, have hospital transportation, and feel confident in their knowledge, but they lack equipment and feel hospital providers disrespect them. Still, the joy of attending births outweighs the challenges they face. DISCUSSION: Urban comadronas described a different experience of responding to obstetrical emergencies than rural comadronas. Distinct approaches are needed to provide culturally congruent support for urban and rural comadronas when responding to obstetrical emergencies.

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Background: Many cities with traffic congestion lack accessibility assessments accounting for traffic congestion and equity considerations but have disaggregated georeferenced municipal-level open data on health services, populations, and travel times big data. We convened a multistakeholder intersectoral collaborative group that developed a digital, web-based platform integrating open and big data to derive dynamic spatial-temporal accessibility measurements (DSTAM) for haemodialysis services. We worked with stakeholders and data scientists and considered people's places of residence, service locations, and travel time to the service with the shortest travel time. Additionally, we predicted the impacts of strategically introducing haemodialysis services where they optimise accessibility. Methods: Cross-sectional analyses of DSTAM, accounting for traffic congestion, were conducted using a web-based platform. This platform integrated traffic analysis zones, public census and health services datasets, and Google Distance Matrix API travel-time data. Predictive and prescriptive analytics identified optimal locations for new haemodialysis services and estimated improvements. Primary outcomes included the percentage of residents within a 20-min car drive of a haemodialysis service during peak and free-flow traffic congestion. Secondary outcomes focused on optimal locations to maximise accessibility with new services and potential improvements. Findings were disaggregated by sociodemographic characteristics, providing an equity perspective. The study in Cali, Colombia, used geographic and disaggregated sociodemographic data from the adjusted 2018 Colombian census. Predicted travel times were obtained for two weeks in 2020. Findings: There were substantial traffic variations. Congestion reduced accessibility, especially among marginalised groups. For 6-12 July, free-flow and peak-traffic accessibility rates were 95.2% and 45.0%, respectively. For 23-29 November, free-flow and peak traffic accessibility rates were 89.1% and 69.7%. The locations where new services would optimise accessibility had slight variation and would notably enhance accessibility and health equity. Interpretation: Establishing haemodialysis services in targeted areas has significant potential benefits. By increasing accessibility, it would enhance urban health and equity. Funding: No external or institutional funding was received.

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BACKGROUND: Although comprehensive lifestyle habits are crucial for healthy aging, their adherence tends to decline as individuals grow older. Sustaining a healthy life over time poses a motivational challenge. Some digital tools, such as smartphone apps aimed at promoting healthy habits, have been used to counteract this decline. However, a more profound investigation is necessary into the diverse experiences of users, particularly when it concerns older adults or those who are unfamiliar with information and communications technologies. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to develop a mobile app focused on promoting the health of older adults based on the principles of software engineering and a user-centered design. The project respected all ethical guidelines and involved the participation of older adults at various stages of the development of the app. METHODS: This study used a mixed methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative methodologies for data collection. The study was conducted in Ribeirão Prêto, São Paulo, Brazil, and involved 20 older adults of both genders who were aged ≥60 years and enrolled in the Physical Education Program for the Elderly at the University of São Paulo. The research unfolded in multiple phases, encompassing the development and refinement of the app with active engagement from the participants. RESULTS: A total of 20 participants used a mobile health app with an average age of 64.8 (SD 2.7) years. Most participants had a high school education, middle-class status, and varying health literacy (mean score 73.55, SD 26.70). Overall, 90% (18/20) of the participants owned smartphones. However, 20% (4/20) of the participants faced installation challenges and 30% (6/20) struggled with web-based searches. The focus groups assessed app usability and satisfaction. Adjustments increased satisfaction scores significantly (Suitability Assessment of Materials: 34.89% to 70.65%; System Usability Scale: 71.23 to 87.14). Participant feedback emphasized font size, navigation, visual feedback, and personalization, and suggestions included health device integration, social interaction, and in-app communication support. CONCLUSIONS: This study contributes to the development of health care technologies tailored to the older adult population, considering their specific needs. It is anticipated that the resulting app will serve as a valuable tool for promoting healthy habits and enhancing the quality of life for older adults.

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Mexican adolescents' diet and physical activity levels fall short of recommendations for health. The aim of this study was to explore Mexican adolescents' perceived barriers and facilitators of physical activity and healthy eating. Twelve single-sex focus groups were conducted in six secondary schools in Mexico City during three months from October 2016. Data were analysed via inductive thematic analysis. Three themes were identified, namely: understanding the health-behaviour link, the impact of a restricted life, and social support. Participants understood how physical activity contributes to multiple dimensions of health, and how diet contributes to physical health. They also identified so-cialising, having fun, and stress relief as facilitators of PA, and knowledge and the desire for healthy food as facilitators for healthy eating. Barriers included inadequate facilities, insufficient time within current school structures, and inadequate social support from teachers. Context-specific physical activity barriers of neighbourhood safety concerns, and limited family support were also reported. Participants had a basic knowledge of healthy eating but showed little motivation to improve their diet. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that improvement of opportunities for safe outdoor time, social support, and availability of healthy food would be useful to explore to promote the health behaviours of Mexican adolescents.

A dieta e os níveis de atividade física dos adolescentes mexicanos estão aquém das recomendações para a saú-de. O objetivo deste estudo foi explorar as barreiras percebidas por adolescentes mexicanos e facilitadores da atividade física e da alimentação saudável. Doze grupos focais unissexuais foram realizados em seis escolas secundárias na Cidade do México durante três meses a partir de outubro de 2016. Os dados foram analisados por meio da Análise Temática Indutiva. Foram identificados três temas: compreensão do nexo saúde-comportamento, impacto da restrição de vida e apoio social. Os participantes compreenderam como a atividade física contribui para múltiplas dimensões da saúde e como a dieta contribui para a saúde física. Identificaram a socialização, a diversão e o alívio do estresse como facilitadores da atividade física, e o conhecimento e o desejo por alimentos saudáveis como facilitadores para uma alimentação saudável. As barreiras incluíram instalações inadequadas, tempo insuficiente dentro das estruturas escolares atuais e apoio social inadequado dos professores. Barreiras de atividade física específicas do contexto de preocupações com a segurança da vizinhança e suporte familiar limitado também foram relatados. Os participantes tinham um conhecimento básico sobre alimentação saudável, mas mostraram pouca motivação para melhorar sua dieta. Em conclusão, os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a melhoria das oportunidades de tempo seguro ao ar livre, apoio social e disponibilidade de alimentos saudáveis seria útil para explorar para promover os comportamentos de saúde de adolescentes mexicanos.

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Objective: evaluate medical students' perceptions regarding implementing Telemedicine teaching during their undergraduate studies. Methods: this is a cross-sectional qualitative study with 30 medical students. Three focus group sessions were conducted, and the data were analyzed using a content analysis approach. Results/Discussion: the students recognized the importance of digital health strategies and digital information and communication technologies (ICTs) for the healthcare ecosystem. However, some students pointed out that this area is still challenging for some doctors who oppose Telemedicine. They reported a need for training professionals and students, emphasizing the need to improve skills and competencies for teleconsultation and other Telemedicine modalities. They stated that these experiences helped them enhance their empathy skills for establishing a good doctor-patient relationship. When referring to the negative aspects of the experiences, they mentioned the dependence on reliable internet connection and digital tools. Another limitation mentioned was the difficulty in conducting specific physical examination components. Conclusions: the students experienced Telemedicine activities in a safe healthcare environment, learning about the bioethical principles for responsible teleconsultations, understanding the limiting factors of the method, and having the opportunity to improve skills and competencies for their future professional practice.

Objetivo: avaliar a percepção dos estudantes de Medicina quanto à implementação do ensino da Telemedicina durante a graduação. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo qualitativo transversal com 30 alunos do curso de Medicina. Foram realizadas três sessões de grupos focais e os dados foram analisados através de uma abordagem de análise de conteúdo. Resultados/Discussão: os estudantes reconheceram a importância das estratégias de Saúde Digital e das Tecnologias Digitais de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) para o ecossistema de saúde. Contudo, alguns estudantes apontaram que esta área ainda é um desafio para alguns médicos que se opõem à prática da Telemedicina. Relataram a necessidade de capacitação de profissionais e estudantes, enfatizando a necessidade de aprimoramento de habilidades e competências para teleconsultas e outras modalidades de Telemedicina. Afirmaram que as vivências os ajudaram a melhorar as suas capacidades de empatia para estabelecer uma boa relação médico-paciente. Ao se referirem aos aspectos negativos das atividades, mencionaram a dependência de conexão confiável à internet e de ferramentas digitais. Outra limitação citada foi a dificuldade na realização de etapas específicas do exame físico. Conclusões: os estudantes vivenciaram as atividades de Telemedicina em um ambiente de saúde seguro, conhecendo os princípios bioéticos para a prática de teleconsultas responsáveis, compreendendo os fatores limitantes do método e tendo a oportunidade de aprimorar habilidades e competências para a sua futura prática profissional.

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Este estudo avalia a percepção de docentes de uma universidade pública brasileira sobre educação interprofissional (EIP). Professores de Medicina, Odontologia e Enfermagem participaram de grupos focais on-line síncronos refletindo sobre os seguintes tópicos: (1) disciplinas em comum; (2) projetos interprofissionais de pesquisa e extensão; (3) atenção aos determinantes sociais nos planos de tratamento aos usuários; e (4) práticas colaborativas durante a pandemia de Covid-19. Foi usada análise interpretativa descritiva para avaliar quatro grupos focais (n = 10) utilizando instrumento estruturado com 17 itens acerca dos quatro tópicos mencionados. Segundo os docentes, não existem disciplinas comuns entre os cursos da Saúde. Projetos de extensão e de pesquisa com abordagem interprofissional acontecem somente por poucas iniciativas individuais de professores. Segundo os participantes, os alunos consideram os determinantes sociais nos planos de tratamento. Ocorreram poucas práticas colaborativas durante a pandemia. Observou-se a necessidade de orientações sobre EIP para graduação.(AU)

Este estudio evalúa la percepción de docentes de una universidad pública brasileña sobre educación interprofesional (EIP). Profesores de Medicina, Odontología y Enfermería participaron en grupos focales on-line síncronos reflexionando sobre tópicos: (1) asignaturas en común, (2) proyectos interprofesionales de investigación y extensión, (3) atención a los factores determinantes sociales en los planes de tratamiento a los usuarios, y (4) prácticas colaborativas durante la pandemia de Covid-19. Se utilizó el análisis interpretativo descriptivo para evaluar cuatro grupos focales (n=10) utilizando instrumento estructurado con 17 ítems sobre los 4 tópicos mencionados. Según los docentes, no existen asignaturas comunes entre los cursos de la salud. Los proyectos de extensión y de investigación con abordaje interprofesional constituyen unas pocas iniciativas individuales de profesores. Según los participantes, los alumnos consideran los factores determinantes sociales en los planes de tratamiento. Hubo pocas prácticas colaborativas durante la pandemia. Se observó la necesidad de orientaciones sobre EIP para graduación.(AU)

This study evaluates the perception of professors on interprofessional education (IPE) from a public university in Brazil. Professors of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing participated in synchronous online focus groups reflecting on topics: (1) common disciplines, (2) interprofessional research and extension projects, (3) attention to social determinants in user treatment plans, and (4) collaborative practices during the Covid-19 pandemic. An accurate focus group transcription and interpretative descriptive analysis were used to assess four focus groups (n=10) using a structured instrument with 17 items about the 4 topics mentioned. According to professors, there are no common disciplines among health courses. Extension and research projects with an interprofessional approach are only individual initiatives by professors. According to participants, students consider social determinants in treatment plans. There were few collaborative practices during the pandemic. There was a need for IPE guidelines for graduation.(AU)

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Resumo Introdução: O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) destaca-se por ser um dos maiores programas do mundo de alimentação escolar, contemplando o Direito Humano à Alimentação Adequada a estudantes brasileiros. Entretanto, alguns estudos têm observado baixa aceitabilidade e adesão à alimentação escolar. Objetivo: Analisar a percepção de merendeiras e escolares acerca da aceitabilidade e adesão à alimentação escolar. Metodologia: Pesquisa qualitativa realizada através de grupos focais com merendeiras de três escolas e escolares do sexto ao nono ano de escola pública de Sumidouro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os grupos focais foram realizados utilizando-se roteiros semiestruturados e gravados em áudio e vídeo, posteriormente transcritos e analisados por Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: Foram identificados seis temas: autoconhecimento, adesão, aceitabilidade, preparo e distribuição da alimentação escolar, cardápio e ambiente. Conclusão: O emprego de esforços na melhoria da infraestrutura e aspecto do ambiente alimentar, com a aquisição de utensílios adequados, alteração no modelo de serviço de distribuição e no modo de preparo das refeições, resultando em cardápios variados, são estratégias que podem contribuir para melhorar a adesão e aceitabilidade à alimentação escolar. Essas mudanças favorecem a promoção de saúde no espaço escolar, com foco em políticas públicas saudáveis.

Abstract Introduction: National School Feeding Program (PNAE) stands out for being one of the largest school feeding programs in the world, contemplating the Human Right to Adequate Food for Brazilian students. However, some research works have observed low acceptability and adherence to school meals. Objective: To analyze the perception of school lunch ladies and students about acceptability and adherence to school meals. Methodology: Qualitative research carried out through focus groups with lunch ladies from three schools and students from the sixth to the ninth grade of a public school in Sumidouro, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The focus groups were carried out using semi-structured scripts and recorded in audio and video, later transcribed and analyzed by Content Analysis. Results: Six themes were identified: self-knowledge, adherence, acceptability, preparation and distribution of school meals, menu and environment. Conclusion: The use of efforts to improve the infrastructure and aspect of the food environment, with the acquisition of adequate utensils, change in the distribution service model and in the way of preparing meals, resulting in varied menus, are strategies that can contribute to improve adherence and acceptability to school meals. These changes favor the promotion of health in the school environment, focusing on healthy public policies.

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Introducción: Varios miembros del Departamento de Investigaciones en Adicciones de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana participaron en el 2020 y 2021 como docentes, asesores y directores de tesis en dos programas de formación académica de estudiantes ecuatorianos: especialización en Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria y maestría en Psicología Clínica (mención en Salud Mental Comunitaria). Objetivo: Describir los resultados del estudio y las investigaciones concluidas en ambos programas de formación académica. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal basado en el análisis de los 69 proyectos de investigación desarrollados. Para la descripción de los resultados se realizó el análisis de contenido del 20 por ciento de las investigaciones. Resultados: El 63,8 `por ciento de los estudios fueron investigaciones biomédicas, y el 36,1 por ciento fueron estudios psicosociales. En ambos casos, el contexto social en las comunidades fue de (84,7 por ciento). Entre las investigaciones médicas predominaron las dirigidas al paciente con hipertensión arterial (39,1 por ciento) centradas en la adherencia terapéutica (32,6 por ciento). En los estudios psicológicos predominaron los dirigidos a niños y adolescentes (23,0 por ciento) y a profesionales sanitarios (23,0 por ciento) centradas en las afecciones mentales (19,2 por ciento). Conclusiones: Los proyectos desarrollados concluyeron resultados satisfactorios, se describió con mayor sistematicidad el enfoque comunitario en las investigaciones biomédicas. Se abordaron contenidos relativos a la adherencia terapéutica y las afectaciones a la salud mental. El impacto de la COVID-19 fue valorado como generador de dificultades en niños y adolescentes, profesionales sanitarios y en la población(AU)

Introduction: In 2020 and 2021, the Department of Research on Addiction of Havana University of Medical Sciences participated as teachers, advisors and thesis directors in two academic training programs for Ecuadorian students: specialization in Family and Community Medicine and master's degree in Clinical Psychology with a mention in Community Mental Health. Objective: To describe the results of the study and the research concluded in both academic training programs. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out based on the analysis of the sixty nine research projects established. The content analysis of 20 percent of the investigations was carried out to describe the results. Results: 63.8percent of the studies were biomedical research and 36.1 percent were psychosocial studies. In both cases, communities was the social context (84.7percent). Among the medical investigations, those aimed at the patient with hypertension (39.1percent) focused on therapeutic adherence (32.6percent) predominated. In the psychological studies, those intended at children and adolescents (23.0percent) and health professionals (23.0percent) focused on mental disorders (19.2percent) prevailed. Conclusions: These projects yielded satisfactory results. The community approach in biomedical research was more systematically described. Contents related to therapeutic adherence and the effects on mental health were addressed. The impact of COVID-19 was assessed as generator of difficulties in children and adolescents, health professionals, and in the population(AU)

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Autobiographical memory and personal life stories are typically conceived as memories about the self. However, personal life stories often contain information about important events from other people's lives. Sometimes those memories become an important part of our own life stories, illuminating the role that other people play in remembering our personal past. In this study, we examined the extent to which memories of important life story events are self-focused (e.g., I moved to Japan) or other-focused (e.g., My child graduated from college). Participants from Mexico, Greenland, China, Denmark and the United States recalled and dated seven autobiographical memories of important personal life story events. Participants also rated the memories for importance and emotional valence. The memories were coded as self- or other-focused. Participants recalled mainly self-focused memories. However, Danish and Chinese participants recalled about 20% other-focused memories. Danish participants recalled negative events about their parents, whereas Chinese participants recalled positive events about their children. Self-focused and other-focused memories differed in their emotional valence and lifespan distribution, but not in importance. The findings show that individuals remember other-focused memories and also incorporate them into their own personal life stories. Conceptual implications for autobiographical memory are discussed.

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Objective. This work sought to know the view of Nursing professors and students about the competencies the faculty staff must have to deploy their educational function with maximum quality and efficiency. Methods. Descriptive qualitative study through focus groups conducted with professors, students and recent Nursing career graduates from universities in Spain. Results. The importance of the proposed teaching competencies was delved into, highlighting the importance of professors knowing the context in which they teach, having the ability to self-evaluate their activity, and having adequate interpersonal communication skills, and deploy the teaching-learning process by performing proper planning, using new technologies, and knowing how to engage in teamwork. Moreover, a small discrepancy was detected in relation to disciplinary competence, which students felt was of importance, but which academics indicated is taken for granted in nursing professors; competencies directly related to the act of teaching must be enhanced. Conclusion.Practical unanimity was found between academics and students in affirming that the competencies investigated are important for adequate development of the teaching activity in nursing professors. In all cases, the urgent need was highlighted for nursing professors to have adequate teaching training to provide their students with formation of the highest quality.

Objetivo. Conocer la visión de profesores y alumnos de Enfermería acerca de las competencias que deben presentar los docentes para desplegar su función educativa con la máxima calidad y eficacia. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo cualitativo a través de grupos focales realizados con profesores, alumnos y recién egresados del Grado en Enfermería de universidades de España. Resultados. Se profundizó en la importancia de las competencias docentes propuestas, destacando la relevancia de que los profesores conozcan el contexto en el que desarrollan la docencia, tengan la habilidad de autoevaluar su actividad, dispongan de unas adecuadas habilidades de comunicación interpersonal, y desplieguen el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje realizando una correcta planificación, empleando las nuevas tecnologías y sabiendo trabajar en equipo. Por otro lado, se detectó una pequeña discrepancia con relación a la competencia disciplinar, a la que los estudiantes brindaron una gran importancia, pero que los académicos indicaron que se da por supuesta en los profesores enfermeros, debiendo ser potenciadas las competencias directamente relacionadas con el acto docente. Conclusión. Se ha hallado una práctica unanimidad entre académicos y estudiantes en afirmar que las competencias investigadas son importantes para un adecuado desarrollo de la actividad docente en los profesores de Enfermería. En todos los casos, se destacó la imperiosa necesidad de que los profesores de Enfermería dispongan de una adecuada capacitación docente para poder brindar a sus estudiantes una formación de la máxima calidad.

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Introduction: Learning style (LS) frameworks have been implemented by educators to promote participatory learning in order to strengthen learner engagement and to enhance learning outcomes. Self-efficacy has been shown to have an association with learning style and is a predictor of clinical performance and other qualities in medical students. This study examined the perspectives of second and final year medical students in a Caribbean-based medical school, relative to their learning approaches, teaching exposures and preparation for assessments. Methods: An interpretivist qualitative approach was used to analyze data from two focus groups, conducted as part of a sequential mixed-methods study (November 2018-February 2019) with medical students in the second and final year of study. Discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and inductively coded with in-depth thematic analysis assisted by NVivo software. Results: Six Year 2 (Female: Male = 5:1) and seven Year 5 (Female: Male = 5:2) participants, ranging between 18 and 34 years and with a range of LS were recruited into the study. Analysis and data reduction produced three organizing themes: "Dynamics of information delivery and acquisition", "Pivoting", and "LS identification, awareness and mutability", and the global construct "Individual and environmental factors modulate the influence of LS preference in triggering self-efficacy". In managing information received in class, students used textbooks, YouTube videos, and collaborative learning to augment perceived gaps in lectures and their personal notes. Learning style self-awareness is useful for facilitating self-efficacy throughout medical school, especially at points of transition within the programme of study. Conclusion: LS theory and testing appear to be useful for student and teacher awareness. In practice, honing students' adaptability to varying learning settings may be more relevant in helping students achieve self-efficacy.

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RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es describir el proceso de diseño y validación de los mensajes de las guías alimentarias escritas bajo el sistema de lecto escritura braille dirigido a personas con discapacidad visual. El proceso involucró las siguientes etapas: i) diseño y elaboración del material con el contenido de mensajes de las guías alimentarias, así como, la adecuación del formato; ii) validación técnica con representantes del Consejo Nacional para la Integración de la Persona con Discapacidad (CONADIS); y iii) validación operativa mediante grupos focales con niños, adolescentes y adultos con discapacidad visual que saben leer braille. Los participantes confirmaron la legibilidad, claridad y comprensión de los mensajes y aprobaron el formato del material diseñado. Finalmente, se destaca que la participación de informantes claves y personas con discapacidad visual en todas las etapas resultó relevante para la elaboración de un material informativo con los mensajes de alimentación saludable en braille.

ABSTRACT This article aims to describe the design and validation process of food guideline messages written in the braille reading and writing system for people with visual impairment. The process involved the following stages: i) design and elaboration of the material containing the food guideline messages, as well as its adaptation to the format; ii) technical validation with representatives of the National Council for the Integration of Persons with Disabilities (CONADIS); and iii) operational validation through focus groups with children, adolescents and adults with visual disabilities who can read braille. The participants agreed on the legibility, clarity and comprehension of the messages and approved the format of the material. Finally, it should be noted that the participation of key informants and people with visual impairment in all stages was important for the development of an informative material with healthy eating messages in braille.

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Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer si la temporalidad subjetiva -perspectiva y foco temporales- y la capacidad de autocontrol e impulsividad repercuten en el malestar psicológico, en particular durante la pandemia por COVID-19. La conjetura teórica es que el tiempo psicológico está estrechamente vinculado a la autorregulación, que influye en el desarrollo de la impulsividad y el autocontrol e impacta en el malestar psicológico. Se diseñó un modelo y se realizó un estudio empírico cuantitativo, no experimental y transversal (. = 279; 78 % mujeres; ME = 30.14 años; DE = 11.21). Los resultados del análisis de correlación mostraron relaciones significativas entre las variables de interés. Para determinar las variables predictoras del malestar psicológico se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple. El 48 % de la varianza del malestar psicológico fue explicado por el pasado negativo, autocontrol e impulsividad, y focos temporales futuro y presente. Finalmente, se probó el modelo teórico diseñado para analizar los efectos directos e indirectos del malestar psicológico a través de un análisis de senderos que presentó un buen ajuste a los datos, ya que explicó el 50 % de la varianza de aquel. La perspectiva y el foco temporal explicaron el 53 % de la variabilidad del autocontrol, y presentaron efectos indirectos sobre el malestar psicológico a través del autocontrol. El autocontrol influyó de manera inversa en el malestar. Los hallazgos indican que el tiempo subjetivo y el autocontrol sirven para explicar estados psicológicos, incluso en pandemia, lo cual confirma estudios previos que muestran la importancia de las variables de personalidad -además de las biológicas y contextuales- en la aparición de malestar psicológico.

Abstract Psychological time is an essential aspect of humans. Two of the most important notions of subjective temporality are time perspective and temporal focus. Time perspective is a process by which the flow of personal and social experiences are framed in five different temporal categories: past negative, past positive, present hedonistic, present fatalistic and future. Temporal focus refers to the attention people devote to thinking about the past, present, and future. Previous research shows there is a strong relation between psychological time and self-regulatory processes, specifically self-control and impulsivity. Self-control is the ability to inhibit impulsive behaviors or reactions that can keep the person from pursuing the proposed goals. On the other hand, impulsivity refers to a short attention span and a tendency to engage in risky behaviors, and to prefer immediate rewards. Both subjective temporality and self-regulatory processes influence behaviors and psychological states such as psychological distress. In particular, the objective of this study was to find out if subjective temporality -time perspective and temporal focus-- and self-control and impulsivity have repercussions on psychological distress, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, in an Argentinian sample. The theoretical conjecture is that subjective temporality is closely linked to self-regulation, which influences the development of impulsivity and self-control, and impacts psychological distress. A quantitative, non-experimental, and cross-sectional empirical study was carried out (. = 279; 78 % women; ME = 30.14 years old; SD = 11.21). Firstly, the results of the correlational analysis showed significant relations between the variables. Then, to facilitate further analyses, an index variable of self-control was created, which included the scores of self-control and three dimensions of impulsivity. An optimal parallel analysis was performed. It indicated the existence of a single dimension. Then a semi-confirmatory factor analysis was ran, which showed acceptable results (KMO = .68; X. (6) = 198.8, . < .001; GFI = .99; RMSR = 0.03). Thirdly, to determine the predictive variables of psychological distress, a multiple linear regression analysis was performed. It was found that 48 % of the variance of psychological distress was explained by negative past, self-control index, and future and present temporal focuses (. (4, 266) = 64.66, . < .001, R. = .49, R. adjusted = .48). The best predictor variable was past negative. Afterwards, a theoretical model was tested to explain the direct and indirect causes of psychological distress. It presented a good fit (X./gl = 1.63; GFI = .99; RMSEA = .04). Time perspective and temporal focus explained 53 % of the variability of self-control and presented indirect effects on psychological distress through self-control. Self-control inversely influenced psychological distress; more self-control generates less psychological distress. The model explained half of the variance of psychological distress (R. = .50). The findings indicate that subjective temporality and self-control explain psychological states, even during a pandemic, which confirms previous studies that show the importance of personality variables -in addition to biological and contextual variables- in the manifestation of psychological distress. The results support the theory that psychological time can be considered as a personality trait underlying self-control and psychological distress. A theoretical and practical discussion of the results is presented.

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BACKGROUND: The present study analyzed a gymnastics program offered by the Department of Sports and Leisure at a Brazilian city hall, representing an example of an effective and consolidated public policy. MAIN OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to understand the reasons for enrollment/joining (adhesion) and permanence (adherence) among female students in gymnastics groups in order to understand why this public policy has been taking place uninterruptedly for over thirty years and to characterize the quality of life of female gymnastics students. METHODS: This is a case study that used mixed methods. As a quantitative method, the Portuguese version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Abbreviated Version (WHOQOL-bref) questionnaire was used. As a qualitative method, the focus group technique was used. Thus, 239 women aged between thirty-five and seventy-four years old, who were students of the gymnastics program, participated in this research by answering the WHOQOL-bref questionnaire. Two classes were selected using the socioeconomic criterion of social classes in inverse situations to carry out one focus group session; then, twenty students belonging to the two classes were randomly selected. RESULTS: It was verified that the public policy studied has led to an improvement in the quality of life of the students, with the benefits extending beyond physical health, and that in both groups adhesion occurred mainly due to the indication of students who already practiced, or due to medical indications. It was also found that, in both groups, the main reason for long-term adherence was the understanding of the gymnastics class as a space for sociability and a moment of leisure. CONCLUSION: Physical activity is an important health promotion strategy. In addition to its biological benefits, which are necessary for the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases, it also improves health and quality of life through social and psychological benefits, characterizing it as an effective health care strategy from a biopsychosocial perspective.

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The prevalence of chronic medical conditions is associated with biological, behavioral, and social factors. In Puerto Rico (PR), events such as budget cuts to essential services in recent years have contributed to deepening health disparities. This study aimed to explore community perceptions, opinions, and beliefs about chronic health conditions in the southern region of Puerto Rico. Framed by a Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) approach, this qualitative study developed eight focus groups (n = 59) with adults (age of 21 or older) from southern Puerto Rico, in person and remotely, during 2020 and 2021. Eight open-ended questions were used for discussions, which were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed via computer analysis. Content analysis revealed four main dimensions: knowledge, vulnerabilities, barriers, and identified resources. Relevant topics included: concerns about mental health-depression, anxiety, substance use, and suicide; individual vulnerabilities-risk behaviors, and unhealthy habits; economic factors-health access and commercialization of health. Resource identification was also explored, and participants discussed the importance of alliances between public and private sectors. These topics were addressed across all focus groups, with various recommendations. The results highlight the importance of prioritizing identified community needs, evaluating available resources, and promoting tailored-made interventions to reduce risk factors for chronic health conditions.

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Objectives: This study aimed to understand the teaching-learning experience in the Communication in Healthcare class among students, teaching assistants, and health professionals, as well as its applications to professional practice. Methods: This is a qualitative study with a theoretical approach based on Gadamer's Philosophical Hermeneutics and a methodological framework based on Minayo and Bardin's thematic content analysis. Communication in Healthcare is an elective multiprofessional class, which lasts one semester and is offered regularly. All former students (n = 368) were invited to participate by email, and 30 participated in these focus groups (13 students, 8 teaching assistants, and 9 health professionals). The online focus groups took place on an online platform, and they were video-recorded and subsequently transcribed. Through cross-sectional and vertical analysis, the main themes were identified. Results: The Communication in Healthcare class was an important step for personal, professional, and interprofessional formation and development of communication competence. The following dominant themes were identified: 1) motivation for signing up, 2) prior expectations, 3) meaning of the experience and shaping moments, 4) how the teaching-learning experience was retained and what was retained, 5) repercussions in relation to self, others, and professional life, and 6) reflections about the curriculum, interprofessional dialogue, and formation. Conclusions: The teaching-learning experience was important for the formation of communicational competence. This research contributes to medical education and opens teaching-learning paths for communication skills, empathy, dialogue, and interprofessionalism. Future studies with a philosophical hermeneutic framework and online focus groups are indicated for the comprehension of educational interventions in health.

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The purpose of this study was to describe the psychosocial factors influencing participation in colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) among Puerto Rican men and women. We conducted seven focus groups in metropolitan and rural areas of Puerto Rico (PR) with men and women (using gender specific groups) aged 50 to 80 years (n = 51) who were non-adherent to CRC guidelines. The focus group guide included questions related to colorectal cancer (CRC) and CRC screening knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs. We analyzed data using a modified grounded theory approach to identify emergent themes. Focus groups revealed seven major themes that represented barriers to CRCS: (1) lack of CRC knowledge, (2) lack of knowledge about colorectal cancer screening tests as well as the required preparation, (3) embarrassment, (4) low perceived benefit of CRCS and sense of fatalism, (5) transportation (mostly among participants in rural areas), (6) lack of time, and (7) financial burden. All participants understood the benefits of CRCS once the procedure was explained. Additionally, participants reported a lack of provider recommendation for CRCS. In this group of Puerto Rican participants who were non-adherent to CRCS, there were misconceptions about CRC, screening tests available, and preparation and testing procedures. Participants' low levels of knowledge and negative attitudes concerning CRCS and low reported provider recommendation were important deterrents to screening. These findings suggest the need for educational efforts to increase knowledge and attitudes about CRCS and improved patient-provider communication to reduce missed opportunities to recommend.

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