RESUMO
Relatively little is known about young people's interpretations of sexual behaviour in Latin America. In this study, we examine the most commonly perceived consequences of first sexual intercourse among Mexican middle and high school students, how perceived consequences differ by gender, and factors that may predict experiencing more positive or negative consequences. Sexually active Mexican students aged 12-19 years (n = 268) reported whether they had experienced each of 19 consequences following first intercourse. Both positive consequences, such as physical satisfaction and closeness to partner, and negative consequences, such as worry about STDs and pregnancy, were common. Sex with a non-relationship partner was associated with fewer positive and more negative consequences, with the effect for positive consequences being stronger for young women. Pressure to have sex was associated with fewer positive consequences of first intercourse, and pressure to remain a virgin was associated with more positive and negative consequences. These findings suggest that young people often report mixed feelings about their first sexual intercourse and that relationship context and sexual socialisation influence their perceptions of the event.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , Coito/psicologia , Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Assunção de Riscos , Fatores Sexuais , Parceiros Sexuais/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Objective. To investigate the possible association among MTHFR polymorfhisms, environmental factors and cervical cancer (CC) in the Mexican population. Methods. Seventy patients with CC and 89 control women were questioned about clinical data and their 677 and 1298 genotypes of MTHFR gene were analized. Results. Multipregnancies (0-2 vs. > 3, OR 2.1), an early age of first intercourse (IVS) (17 < vs. > 18 years, OR 4.3) or both factors (OR 3.5) were significantly associated with CC. MTHFR 677, 1298 polymorphisms and their combinations were not different between cases and controls. However, a significant association between pregnancies, TVS and MTHFR polymorphisms (presence of 1298C allele or 677TT genotype) was observed. The 1298C allele plus multipregnancies and IVS < 17 years, or both factors, increased 4.3, 5.3, and 11.8 times the risk for CC, respectively, while 677TT genotype changed the risk 2.0, 1.9, and 4.2 times, respectively. Conclusion. The 1298C allele increases the risk of CC strongly in women with multipregnancies and early age of IVS, while 677TT genotype has a lower risk without becoming a protection factor.
Objetivo. Buscar la asociación entre polimorfismos de la enzima metilentetrahidrofolato reductasa (MTHFR), factores ambientales y cáncer cérvico-uterino (CaCU) en mujeres del noreste de México. Métodos. Setenta pacientes con CaCU y 89 mujeres controles se sometieron a un interrogatorio clínico y a genotipificación de los polimorfismos 677C -> T y 1298A -> C del gen MTHFR. Resultados. La multigestación (0-2 vs.> 3, OR 2.1), un temprano inicio de vida sexual (IVS) (17 < vs. > 18 años, OR 4.3) o la combinación de ambos factores (OR 3.5), estuvieron asociados significativamente al CaCU. Los polimorfismos de MTHFR 677, 1298 y sus combinaciones no fueron diferentes entre casos y controles. Sin embargo, se observó una interacción significativa entre las gestaciones, el IVS y los polimorfismos de MTHFR (presencia del alelo 1298C o del genotipo 677TT). El alelo 1298C combinado con multigestación, con un IVS < 17 años, o con ambos factores, incrementó el riesgo para CaCU en 4.3, 5.3 y 11.8 veces, respectivamente, en tanto que el genotipo 677TT modificó este riesgo a 2.0, 1.9, y 4.2 veces, respectivamente. Conclusión. El alelo 1298C incrementa considerablemente el riesgo para CaCU en mujeres multigestas y con un IVS temprano, en tanto que el genotipo 677TT disminuye este riesgo, pero sin llegar a convertirse en un factor protector.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Coito , /genética , Paridade , Polimorfismo Genético , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/genética , Fatores Etários , MéxicoRESUMO
This article presents the results of three non experimental, correlational and crossectional studies. The studies respond to the questions that Vargas-Trujillo, Gambara and Botella (submitted for publication) proposed at the end of a meta-analytic review conducted to examine the difference in self-esteem between adolescents with high and low sexual risk activity. The results showed that self-esteem is not a relevant variable for prevention programs directed towards high school students in Colombia. In contrast, non virgin adolescents and those who have initiated sexual intercourse at early age are significantly different in levels of self-efficacy and perceived social norms than their non sexual activity counterparts.
Se presentan los resultados de tres estudios transversales, no experimentales, correlacionales que se realizaron para responder a las preguntas que proponen Vargas Trujillo, Gambara y Botella (sometido a publicación) al final del estudio meta-analítico que realizaron para examinar la relación de la autoestima con el inicio de actividad sexual en la adolescencia. Los hallazgos indican que en Colombia, al menos en el grupo de adolescentes vinculados al sistema educativo en Bogotá, la autoestima no es una variable relevante para los programas de prevención del inicio temprano de actividad sexual. Los análisis sugieren que la autoeficacia y el contexto normativo en el que se desarrollan los adolescentes sí establecen diferencias significativas en el estatus sexual y en la edad a la que se tienen relaciones sexuales por primera vez.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Autoimagem , Comportamento Sexual , Educação Sexual , AdolescenteRESUMO
To estimate trends and determinants of sexual initiation and contraceptive use among adolescent women in Northeast Brazil, multivariate logistic hazard models are used that draw on data from three Demographic and Health Surveys conducted there between 1986 and 1996. Educational attainment is among the variables found to be associated most consistently with differential risk of engaging in first intercourse during adolescence, including premarital intercourse, and of contraceptive use during sexual initiation. Greater frequency of attending religious services and greater exposure to television are also associated with lower rates of sexual initiation and higher use of contraceptives. Seemingly diminishing returns of education on delayed sexual activity may help explain, in part, observed increases in the absolute level of adolescent sexual experience across survey periods, however. Multilevel modeling techniques pointing to the existence of cluster-level random variances underline the need for further research into community influences on individual sexual activity.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , Anticoncepcionais/administração & dosagem , Comportamento Sexual , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Brasil , Criança , Coleta de Dados , Educação , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Gravidez na Adolescência , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , TelevisãoRESUMO
This study examines retrospective reports of factors anticipated to impact first intercourse in a random sample of 897 Jamaican women, and contributes to our understanding of the relationship between sexual risk, knowledge, and economic and demographic correlates of first intercourse. A relationship between initiation of intercourse prior to the age of consent (16 years) and factors occurring at or around the time of first intercourse was found. Early initiators were more likely to have had less early family stability and to have experienced menarche at a younger age than late initiators. Although early initiators of intercourse were more likely to report lower socioeconomic status, less STD knowledge, and greater numbers of pregnancies, they were no more likely to report more sexual partners than women who engaged in first intercourse after the age of consent, and had a greater number of long-term relationships. Regardless of age of first intercourse, women need to be made aware of the risks of sexual contact so that they can make informed decisions about the consequences of sexual activity. Overall, results are consistent with work conducted in other parts of the Caribbean and America regarding the age at which young women engage in first intercourse. Findings suggest the need for further work exploring expectations at first intercourse such as marriage, economic support, or relationship stability. Implications of these findings are discussed within the context of economic and structural factors that both increase and decrease risks.
PIP: This study examines retrospective reports of factors anticipated to impact first intercourse among 897 women selected randomly in Jamaica. Three groups of factors were associated with early vs. late initiation of intercourse. A significant association was noted between family structure in childhood and age of first intercourse. Women growing up in one-parent families were more likely to engage in intercourse before the age of 16. The age of menarche was also significantly associated with age of intercourse. The characteristics of the first sexual partner and the characteristics of the relationship were significantly associated with the age of intercourse. On the other hand, there are four sets of variables assessing current demographic characteristics, current relationship status, and factors such as religiosity and knowledge on sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). It was observed that early initiators of intercourse were more likely to report lower socioeconomic status, less STD knowledge, and a greater number of pregnancies. This study identifies some of the circumstances of first intercourse, which highlight the need to develop health and educational intervention programs that offer more options to young adolescents who may consider early childbearing to stabilize relationships.
Assuntos
Coito/psicologia , Mulheres/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Feminino , Humanos , Jamaica , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores Sexuais , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
PIP: This article analyzes the social meaning assigned to virginity and sexual initiation in three areas of Mexico. The introduction: 1) notes that such a study may contribute to an understanding of constructs of sexuality, 2) reviews research in sexuality in Mexico, and 3) relates the current study to other qualitative studies of the cultural aspects of sexuality because it focuses on how sexual meanings are constructed. The next section explains how the study's conceptual foundation was influenced by social constructivist accounts of sex and sexuality and reviews the theory underlying the research process. The third section describes the field work conducted among an Indian community that is connected to the larger community, a rural subsistence agricultural village heavily influenced by Catholicism, and a working-class urban neighborhood. Data were gathered from 7 group discussions and in-depth individual interviews with 14 men and 13 women 15-30 years old. Next, the analysis is shown to have revealed recurrence of four major thematic categories that were analyzed in terms of narrative, metaphor, and rhetoric and in terms of dialogue and polyphony. An example is then provided to illustrate how deconstruction was used to interpret the dialogue. The discussion of findings points out that common constructions of meaning in the three communities proved to be as important as differences. The influence of Catholicism, urban culture, and formal education were recognizable and strong in all settings.^ieng
Assuntos
Coito , Comunicação , Modelos Teóricos , Abstinência Sexual , Sexualidade , Comportamento Social , América , Comportamento , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , México , América do Norte , Personalidade , Psicologia , Comportamento SexualRESUMO
Data from a 1993-1994 survey of 150 black and Hispanic teenagers were used to examine differences in HIV risk-related behavior between young women who have a first sexual partner three or more years older than themselves and those whose first partner is their age. Compared with teenagers whose first partner had been roughly their age, the 35% of adolescents with an older partner had been younger at first intercourse (13.8 years vs. 14.6) and less likely to use a condom at first intercourse (63% vs. 82%). They also were less likely to report having used a condom at last intercourse (29% vs. 44%) or having used condoms consistently over their lifetime (37% vs. 56%) or in the previous six months (44% vs. 66%). Some 38% of teenagers with an older first partner had ever been pregnant, compared with 12% of those with a peer-age first partner. The mean number of partners and history of sexually transmitted diseases did not differ between the two groups.
Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Hispânico ou Latino , Assunção de Riscos , Parceiros Sexuais , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Alabama/epidemiologia , Preservativos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Cidade de Nova Iorque , Gravidez , Gravidez na Adolescência , Porto Rico , Infecções Sexualmente TransmissíveisRESUMO
PIP: Colombia's population 10-19 years old numbers 7,500,000 and faces numerous problems related to drug addiction, delinquency, violence, alcoholism, smoking, and sexual abuse, as well as ignorance about sexuality and health. The Profamilia center for youth in Bogota carried out a study of sexual and reproductive health with the participation of young people, 13-19 years old, from different social classes. With regard to sexual matters most turned to their mothers and friends, while a substantial proportion did not consult anybody. Only 8% of the young men and 3% of female adolescents who were sexually active used contraceptives, thus the majority risked an unwanted pregnancy. 13.4 years was the age for sexual debut for boys and 14.8 years for girls. It was estimated that each year 78/1000 adolescents had a child in the country. The opinions of young people in the 7th to 10th grade about the prevention of pregnancy were varied. Among 1317 boys 441 cited the condom first followed by oral contraceptives with the condom (322), and abstinence (243). Among 818 girls 252 cited abstinence followed by oral contraceptives (227), and the condom (153). The mentioning of the condom by boys in the first place was probably influenced by publicity, while abstinence considered by girls in the first place was attributable to traditional values. Only 5.1% of the respondents considered sex education as an important matter, indicating a need to promote sex education as fundamental. Profamilia services to young people include sex education, counseling, and advice about reproductive health. For adolescents injectables, the IUD, coitus interruptus, and the rhythm method are not recommended.^ieng
Assuntos
Adolescente , Atitude , Coito , Comportamento Contraceptivo , Aconselhamento , Conhecimento , Medicina Reprodutiva , Comportamento Sexual , Fatores Etários , Instituições de Assistência Ambulatorial , América , Comportamento , Colômbia , Anticoncepção , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , América Latina , Organização e Administração , População , Características da População , Psicologia , América do SulRESUMO
Male freshmen (N = 268) at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) in the state of Sao Paulo in Brazil responded to a questionnaire concerning aspects of their sexuality from the onset of adolescence. Topics such as physical changes, first ejaculation, masturbation, homosexual manifestations, and sexual practices were investigated, as well as present attitudes toward virginity, intercourse, birth control, abortion, and prevention of AIDS. The quality of the relationship established with parents and the possibilities for dialogue about sex in the family circle were also surveyed. The majority of the subjects revealed satisfactory development in most areas of their sexuality, as well as a good relationship with their parents. Nevertheless, great difficulty was found in dialogue about sex within the family circle. Of these young men, 32% were still virgins at the end of their freshman year, but a considerable number of those already sexually active reported behavior which was inappropriate for the prevention of pregnancy and AIDS. The results are analyzed using psychoanalytic theories of psychosexual development.
PIP: A random sample of 268 male freshmen of mean age 19.6 years at the State University of Campinas in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, responded to a questionnaire in 1990 on aspects of their sexuality from the beginning of their adolescence. Topics such as physical changes, first ejaculation, masturbation, homosexual manifestations, and sexual practices were investigated, as well as present attitudes toward virginity, intercourse, birth control, abortion, and AIDS prevention. The quality of their relationships with parents was also surveyed. The sample comprised 31% of the entering students for that year. 32% were living with their parents. Most respondents reported satisfactory development in most areas of their sexuality, as well as a good relationship with their parents. However, they found it very difficult to discuss sex within their family circles. 32% were still virgins at the end of their freshman year. 28% and 20% had homosexual manifestations during childhood/early adolescence and currently, respectively, including fantasies, attraction to men/boys, physical contact with men/boys, and sexual intercourse with men/boys. 38% of the sexually active men reported taking no measures to prevent pregnancy and HIV transmission.
Assuntos
Comportamento Sexual , Estudantes/psicologia , Adulto , Brasil , Família/psicologia , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Psicologia do Adolescente , Desenvolvimento Psicossexual , Inquéritos e Questionários , UniversidadesRESUMO
PIP: A two-day seminar/workshop on the Behavior of Young People in the Dominican Republic was organized by Profamilia, the Mexican Family Planning Foundation (MEXFAM), the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and JOICFP. The seminar was attended by more than 200 people including government officials and representatives of international organizations, youth groups, and nongovernmental organizations. Results were presented from the first national survey of adolescent behavior in the Dominican Republic. The survey was conducted by Profamilia and the CDC from 1992, and documented the early initiation of sexual activity, a high proportion of unwanted pregnancies, and the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases. Similar issues affect youths throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. International Planned Parenthood Federation statistics indicate that 5-10% of all girls aged 15-19 become pregnant. Participants were accordingly urged to more realistically accept that youth people are already sexually active. Mexico's experiences in the adolescent health field were presented during the second day of the seminar. Animated, educational adolescent health films produced by MEXFAM and JOICFP were discussed along with insights on how lessons learned may be used in other countries. Feedback from politicians suggests that survey findings may be called upon during the development of related policy.^ieng
Assuntos
Adolescente , Coito , Coleta de Dados , Educação em Saúde , Filmes Cinematográficos , Organizações , Gravidez não Desejada , Pesquisa , Educação Sexual , Comportamento Sexual , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Fatores Etários , América , Comportamento , Região do Caribe , América Central , Comunicação , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , República Dominicana , Educação , Fertilidade , Infecções , América Latina , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , México , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Estudos de AmostragemRESUMO
Freshmen women (N = 240) at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil responded to a questionnaire concerning several aspects of their sexuality from the beginning of adolescence. Topics such as body changes during puberty, menarche, menstruation, masturbation, sexual identity, virginity, sexual relations, maternity, contraceptives, abortion, and attitudes toward AIDS were investigated, as well as the level and sources of information about sex and the quality of the subjects' relationships with their parents. The majority of the subjects revealed satisfactory development in most of the aspects surveyed, as well as in their relationships with their parents except where sexual issues were concerned. Nevertheless, most of the students reported menstrual disturbances, and a significant number of the sexually active reported inappropriate behavior in relation to contraception and AIDS prevention. The results of the research are analyzed using psychodynamic theories of sexual development.
PIP: A survey of 240 randomly selected female students (average age, 19.9 years) at the State University of Campinas in Sao Paulo, Brazil, provided comprehensive information about the physical, psychological, and psychosexual dimensions of adolescence. Over half reported negative feelings or indifference to body changes associated with puberty and 54% stated they did not receive information on sexual development from their parents. The average age at menarche was 12.3 years. 79% reported persistent menstruation-related discomfort (e.g., cramps, moodiness). Virginity until marriage was considered essential by 14%; to 42%, it made no difference in the context of a loving relationship. 44% of female students had experienced intercourse; the average age at initiation of sexual relations was 17.6 years. 78% stated the idea of having a child was fundamental or agreeable. 84% of sexually active students were using contraception (including unreliable methods such as rhythm). Although 65% viewed abortion as a theoretically acceptable option, only 8% indicated they would make this choice and just 6% had had an abortion. 6% of students considered themselves at risk of AIDS. Most students characterized their relationship with their parents as good, yet they preferred to talk to friends or siblings about sexual matters. Although these students appear to have satisfactorily negotiated most of the developmental tasks of adolescence, there was some evidence of failure to resolve independence-dependence conflicts.
Assuntos
Psicologia do Adolescente , Desenvolvimento Psicossexual , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Adulto , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Menarca/fisiologia , Menarca/psicologia , Educação Sexual , Comportamento Sexual , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
PIP: The finding that adolescents comprised 16.4% of 2588 cases of women with post-abortion complications treated at a Sao Paulo, Brazil, hospital during 1978-92 led to an analysis of the biological and demographic factors associated with induced abortion among women under 20 years of age. Compared to abortion patients 20 years of age and above, adolescents in this study were more likely to be single, work in domestic service, to opt for abortion rather than pregnancy continuation, and to delay abortion to 14-20 weeks of gestation. The average age at menarche in the study population as a whole was 13.4 years, with a range of 9-19 years. 81.4% initiated sexual intercourse before the age of 14 years (range, 10-39 years). The average difference between age at menarche and age at first intercourse was 2.8 years for adolescent abortion seekers compared to 5.9 years for older women, while the difference between age at first intercourse and age at onset of first pregnancy was 1.3 years among adolescents compared to 4.8 years for older women. The finding that young women are at risk of an unwanted pregnancy soon after menarche should be considered in the design of adolescent health care services.^ieng
Assuntos
Aspirantes a Aborto , Aborto Induzido , Adolescente , Coito , Menarca , Gravidez na Adolescência , Comportamento Sexual , Estatística como Assunto , Fatores Etários , América , Comportamento , Brasil , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Fertilidade , América Latina , Menstruação , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Reprodução , Pesquisa , América do SulRESUMO
In order to learn the natural expectancy period of first pregnancy as well as the influences of some biosocial variables, a clinical-retrospective study was performed within 1120 gravida I women. All of them attended the major institutes of health care in Mexico City (IMSS, ISSSTE, SS and DDF). Data were obtained by means of predetermined questions from subjects after the first postpartum hours. None of them had previously used any contraceptive method. Results showed age at the first pregnancy: 21.6 +/- 3.8 (years); gestational interval 22.1 +/- 19.9 (months) and a 67% achievement rate the following twelve months of sexual activity. Eutocia was seen in 54% of these population and significant linear correlation was attained between age of the patient and the gestational interval. It seems that this is the first information regarding the fertility critical period within our society.
PIP: The interval between first intercourse and pregnancy and the influence on it of various biosocial variables were studied in 1120 women who gave birth in maternity centers in Mexico City belonging to the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), the Institute of Social Security Services for State Workers (ISSSTE), the Secretariat of Health (SS), and the Medical Services of the Department of the Federal District (DDF). Women who had used contraceptives or who had a history of infertility or of endocrine or metabolic diseases were excluded. Data were obtained by means of questionnaires administered postpartum. The average age of the women was 22 + or - 4 years. 60% were married and 40% single. 41% were housewives and 59% were employed. 2% were illiterate, 22% had primary educations, 48% had secondary educations, and 8% were professionals. The average age at menarche varied from 12 to 13 years. Average age at first intercourse was 20 + or - 4 for the IMSS, 22 + or - 4 for the ISSSTE, 18 + or - 3 for the SS, and 17 + or - 2 for the DDF subsamples. The average age at first pregnancy was 21.6 + or - 2.8 years, and the average gestational interval was 22.1 + or - 19.9 months. But 67.5% of the total sample became pregnant in the 12 months following first intercourse, as did 82.9% of the SS and 86.3% of the DDF subsamples. The interval between first intercourse and first pregnancy was 8 years or more for 1-2% of the sample in each institution. 36% of women in the IMSS group, 73% in the SS and DDF groups, and 77% in the ISSSTE group had normal vaginal deliveries. 18% in the ISSSTE, 21% in the SS and DDF, and 51% in the IMSS groups had Cesarean deliveries.
Assuntos
Fertilidade/fisiologia , Paridade , Resultado da Gravidez , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Gravidez , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
PIP: The Gente Joven project of the Mexican Foundation for Family Planning (MEXFAM) trains young volunteers in 19 cities to spread messages about sexually transmitted diseases and population growth to their peers. They also distribute condoms and spermicides. It also uses films and materials to spread its messages. The project would like to influence young men's behavior, but the Latin image of machismo poses a big challenge. It would like to become more responsible toward pregnancy prevention. About 50% of adolescents have sexual intercourse, but few use contraceptives resulting in a high adolescent pregnancy rate. Many of these pregnant teenagers choose not to marry. Adolescent pregnancy leads to girls leaving school, few marketable skills, and rearing children alone. Besides women who began childbearing as a teenager have 1.5 times more children than other women. Male involvement in pregnancy prevention should improve these statistics. As late as 1973, the Health Code banned promotion and sales of contraceptives, but by 1992 about 50% of women of reproductive age use contraceptives. The Center for the Orientation of Adolescents has organized 8 Young Men's Clubs in Mexico City to involve male teenagers more in family planning and to develop self-confidence. It uses a holistic approach to their development through discussions with their peers. A MEXFAM study shows that young men are not close with their fathers who tend to exude a machismo attitude, thus the young men do not have a role model for responsible sexual behavior. MEXFAM's work is cut out for them, however, since the same study indicates that 50% of the young men believe it is fine to have 1 girlfriend and 33% think women should earn more than men. A teenager volunteer reports, however, that more boys have been coming to him for contraception and information than girls in 1992 while in other years girls outnumbered the boys.^ieng
Assuntos
Adolescente , Atitude , Coito , Comunicação , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Pai , Fertilidade , Planejamento em Saúde , Relações Interpessoais , Grupo Associado , População , Gravidez na Adolescência , Comportamento Sexual , Pessoa Solteira , Voluntários , Fatores Etários , América , Comportamento , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Características da Família , Relações Familiares , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , América Latina , Estado Civil , Casamento , México , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , Pais , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , PsicologiaRESUMO
Data from three fertility surveys are used to examined the probabilities and determinants of adolescent births among Dominican and Puerto Rican women. Young women in the Dominican Republic are the most likely to have had a child by each year of age from 14 through 24, followed by young women on the Island of Puerto Rico; the probability of an early birth is lowest for Puerto Rican women on the U.S. mainland. Eighteen percent of Dominican women have had a child before their 18th birthday, compared with 13% of women living in Puerto Rico, and 10% of Puerto Rican women in metropolitan New York. The cumulative probabilities that Puerto Rican women will have borne a child before their 20th birthday are almost identical, whether the women live on the island or the U.S. mainland, but the difference between Puerto Rican and Dominican women widens. The order is reversed, however, in the analysis of premarital births: The probability of a premarital birth during adolescence is highest for Puerto Rican women in New York, and lowest for Dominican women. In a separate logistic regression analysis, education and age at first sexual intercourse are shown to be important determinants of adolescent fertility in all three populations.
PIP: Researchers analyzed 1980s data on female adolescents including Puerto Ricans in the New York metropolitan area, those in Puerto Rico, and Dominicans in the Dominican Republic to determine the probabilities and determinants of adolescent births among these women. Female adolescents from the Dominican Republic had the highest probability of having delivered an infant by each year from 14-24 years followed by those in Puerto Rico and then Puerto Rican immigrants in the US. For example, the cumulative hazard rate at age 24 was .65 for the Dominicans compared to 0.5 for Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico and in the US. Moreover 18% of Dominicans delivered an infant before 18 years old whereas this figure for the 2 Puerto Rican groups was 13% and 10% respectively. Further the cumulative probabilities that Puerto Rican female adolescents will have had a child before 20 years old were essentially equal (37.4% and 37.3% respectively) compared to 56.1% for the Dominicans. On the other hand, the order was opposite for premarital births. Puerto Rican women living in metropolitan New York were at greatest risk of having a premarital birth (cumulative hazard rate at age 24=.2) then those living in Puerto Rico (.1) followed by Dominican women (.05). Age at 1st intercourse was the strongest determinant of adolescent birth in all 3 countries (p=.001). Indeed the younger the adolescent was at 1st intercourse, the greater the likelihood she would deliver a child while an adolescent. Another strong determinant of adolescent birth was dropping out of school (p=.001 in US and Puerto Rico; p=.01 in the Dominican Republic). The fact that most women did not use contraceptives before 1st birth was only significant for the women not living in the US (p=.001). Further research is needed to identify regional and cohort differences in contraceptive use and attitudes toward early sexual activity and childbearing.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , Fertilidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Dispositivos Anticoncepcionais/estatística & dados numéricos , Comparação Transcultural , Demografia , República Dominicana , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Casamento , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Porto Rico , Comportamento Sexual , Estados UnidosRESUMO
PIP: Infertility is a problem for many couples who wish to conceive and bear children. This paper investigates the relationships of educational status, age, onset of menarche, first sexual intercourse, menstrual cycle, gestational interval, and coital frequency to infertility in 509 Mexican women who were not exposed to any contraceptive method. This study was conducted to gain insight into when infertility studies should commence during the course of a woman's sexual life. Two thirds of the women were married. On average, menarche took place at age 13 years, first intercourse at age 20, and they had sexual intercourse 9 times/month. 68% of women became pregnant within the first 12 months of sexual activity; earliest pregnancy was at age 14 and the latest was at age 44. A significant linear correlation was observed between chronological age and gestational interval with the achievement of first pregnancy significantly related to age and coital frequency. Overall, first pregnancy was achieved in almost 90% of monthly menstruating women. Significant estimated risk of sterility exists for older women and when periods of expectancy for pregnancy are longer than 1 year.^ieng