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Domestic cat blastocysts cultured without the zona pellucida exhibit reduced implantation capacity. However, the protein expression profile has not been evaluated in these embryos. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protein expression profile of domestic cat blastocysts cultured without the zona pellucida. Two experimental groups were generated: (1) domestic cat embryos generated by IVF and cultured in vitro (zona intact, (ZI)) and (2) domestic cat embryos cultured in vitro without the zona pellucida (zona-free (ZF group)). The cleavage, morula, and blastocyst rates were estimated at days 2, 5 and 7, respectively. Day 7 blastocysts and their culture media were subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The UniProt Felis catus database was used to identify the standard proteome. No significant differences were found in the cleavage, morula, or blastocyst rates between the ZI and ZF groups (p > 0.05). Proteomic analysis revealed 22 upregulated and 20 downregulated proteins in the ZF blastocysts. Furthermore, 14 proteins involved in embryo development and implantation were present exclusively in the culture medium of the ZI blastocysts. In conclusion, embryo culture without the zona pellucida did not affect in vitro development, but altered the protein expression profile and release of domestic cat blastocysts.

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Neoplasms in wild felids are more frequently observed in captive animals, of which clinicopathological features of pulmonary tumors are not commonly described. This study aimed to describe the clinical and pathological aspects of a case of diffuse pulmonary acinar adenocarcinoma in a 23-year-old, captive lioness with clinical history of dyspnea, progressive weight loss and inappetence. At necropsy, the lungs were mildly pale, moderately firm, and the pleural surface was diffusely irregular with multifocal to coalescent, grey to white areas. No masses or superficial nodules were detected, but, on the cut surface, there were numerous, spherical, firm, white to yellow areas up to 0.5 cm in diameter affecting all pulmonary lobes. Histologically, in the lungs, there were extensive, non-delineated areas of neoplastic proliferation of columnar, ciliated epithelial cells arranged in irregular tubuloacinar structures. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed immunolabeling of neoplastic cells for pan-cytokeratin and thyroid transcription factor-1. Napsin-A exhibited only scarce and scattered immunolabeling in the neoplastic cells. The gross, histologic and immunohistochemical findings confirmed the final diagnosis of primary diffuse pulmonary adenocarcinoma.

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The in vitro culture of domestic cat embryos without the zona pellucida affects their implantation capacity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have an important role in embryo-maternal communication and implantation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of specific miRNAs in domestic cat blastocysts cultured without the zona pellucida. Two experimental groups were done: (1) domestic cat embryos cultured with the zona pellucida (zona intact control group, ZI); and (2) cultured without the zona pellucida (zona free group, ZF). The cleavage, morula and blastocyst rates were evaluated. The blastocysts and their spent medium were used for miRNA expression analysis using RT-qPCR (miR-21, miR-24, mi25, miR-29, miR-96, miR-98, miR-103, miR-191, miR-196, miR-199, miR-130, miR-155 and miR-302). The pre-mature microRNAs (pre-miRNAs) and miRNAs were evaluated in the blastocysts and only miRNAs were evaluated in the spent medium. No differences were observed in the cleavage, morula and blastocyst rates between the ZF and ZI groups (P > 0.05). For miRNAs analysis, miR-103 and miR-191 had the most stable expression and were selected as internal controls. ZF blastocysts had a higher expression of miR-21, miR-25, miR-29 and miR-199 and a lower expression of miR-96 than their ZI counterparts (P < 0.05). Furthermore, higher levels of miR-21, miR-25 and miR-98 were detected in the spent medium of ZF blastocysts (P < 0.05). In conclusion, in vitro culture of domestic cat embryos without the zona pellucida modifies the expression of miR-21, miR-25, miR-29, miR-199 and miR-96 at the blastocyst stage and the release of miR-21, miR-25 and miR-98.

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The objectives of this study were: a) To report anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) serum concentrations in neonatal, pre and postpubertal female cats. b) To establish the relationship between serum AMH with either age and estrous cycle c) To correlate the total number of different ovarian follicle types with AMH in adult queens. A single blood sample was collected from 10 neonates (including 5 male), 15 prepubertal and 48 postpubertal female cats to measure AMH. Eight, 10, and 18 of this latter group were in follicular (FP), luteal phase (LP), and anestrus (AN), respectively. The total number of each follicle type was histologically counted using the Gougeon and Chainy (1987) formula in a subgroup of 10 adult queens. Overall AMH mean of these the female cats was 6.31 ± 0.54 ng/mL. The neonatal females had lower AMH serum concentrations than their male littermates (2.56 ± 0.49 vs. >23 ng/mL; P < 0.01). Concentrations were also higher in prepubertal than in neonatal and postpubertal cats (11.79 ± 1.36 vs. 2.56 ± 0.49 vs. 4.87 ± 0.38 ng/mL; P < 0.01). Queens below 12 mo of age had the highest AMH levels (10.41 ± 1.16; P < 0.01). Age was inversely correlated with AMH (r = -0.5; P < 0.01). Animals in FP had lower AMH concentrations than AN females (2.51 ± 0.33 vs. 5.46 ± 0.76 ng/mL; P < 0.05). No difference in the total number of each follicle type were found between either ovary (P > 0.05). A high correlation was only found between small antral follicles and AMH concentrations (r = 0.85; P < 0.01). It was concluded, that AMH can provide an indirect, reliable marker for the assessment of ovarian follicle size and functionality. Age as well as pubertal state should be considered when evaluating AMH concentrations in this species.

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A male adult ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) kept under human care developed anuria, which progressed to death. Grossly, the urinary bladder was markedly dilated and filled with red discolored urine containing blood clots. In addition, the animal had a hepatoid cell adenoma adjacent to the urethra, which likely caused partial urethral occlusion. Microscopically, there was a predominantly neutrophilic, fibrinous and hemorrhagic urethritis, cystitis, and pyelonephritis with intralesional gram-positive cocci. Microbiologic culture followed by MALDI-TOF MS analysis resulted in the identification of isolates from the urine and urethra as Staphylococcus felis.(AU)

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A 3- to 4-mo-old male ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and a 6- to 8-mo-old female margay (Leopardus weidii) were brought in from the wild, held in captivity, and rehabilitated for 906 and 709 days, respectively, at the Rescate Wildlife Rescue Center in Costa Rica. During captivity, both cats were kept as isolated as possible from humans and fed appropriate live wild prey. After maturing and demonstrating the ability to capture and feed on live prey, the cats were radio-collared, released at a national wildlife refuge previously assessed for predator and prey occurrence, and monitored. After 54 days, the ocelot was trapped while preying on chickens in a nearby community, and after 20 days, the margay was found dead, likely due to ocelot predation. Avoiding habituation to humans, assuring hunting abilities, and assessing release sites likely is not sufficient to assure successful release of these species, and more experimental releases with innovative and detailed protocols and monitoring are needed.

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The jaguar, Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758), is the biggest felid in the Americas. Its range extends from the southwestern United States to northern Argentina. Herein, we present 5 nonfatal jaguar attacks that occurred in Brazil between March 2010 and November 2021. Most of the cases occurred when the victim encountered a jaguar guarding its food or cubs or devouring prey; none appeared to be the result of predatory behavior.

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Cytauxzoonosis is an acute and highly lethal tick-borne disease of wild and domestic cats, and is widely distributed in Africa, Asia, Europe, the USA and Brazil. So far, only two tick species present on the USA are experimentally confirmed in Cytauxzoon transmission however, in Brazil and other continents, the epidemiology of the disease remains unknown. Evidences points to Panthera onca as a possible reservoir, but there is no evidence to point the vector. Therefore, this study evaluates the presence of Cytauxzoon spp. in wild felids from areas with and without records of Amblyomma sculptum this ixodid for comparison. Overall, 53 blood samples of P. onca, Puma concolor, and Leopardus pardalis from the Midwest region (MR; region with A. sculptum) and 143 blood and/or spleen samples from Leopardus geoffroyi, Leopardus wiedii, Leopardus munoai, Leopardus guttulus, Herpailurus yagouaroundi, L. pardalis, and P. concolor from Rio Grande do Sul State (RS; without A. sculptum). Only one feline sample was negative for Cytauxzoon sp. from MR; no samples from RS were positive. In total, 507 ticks were identified from MR felids, with predominance of A. sculptum (69.23%). In RS, there were 93 ixodids, of which 90.32% were Amblyomma aureolatum. The difference in the tick fauna of the two regions studied (presence/absence of A. sculptum) reflects the results found. This study highlighted A. sculptum as a possible vector since this hemoparasite was abundantly observed in areas where it occurs, also, there was no evidence of Cytauxzoon spp. where it was absent. Additionally, the study supported the suggestion that P. onca is the reservoir for the agent in MR.

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Domestic cat embryos generated by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and cultured without the zona pellucida have a reduced implantation capacity after embryo transfer at the blastocyst stage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of trophectoderm markers in domestic cat blastocysts cultured without the zona pellucida. Two experimental groups were selected: (1) domestic cat embryos generated by IVF and cultured in vitro normally (zona intact group, ZI); and (2) domestic cat embryos generated by IVF and cultured in vitro without a zona pellucida (zona-free group, ZF). In the ZF group, the zona pellucida of the presumptive zygote was removed and these were cultured using the well of the well (WOW) system. In vitro culture was carried out for 7 days. The cleavage, morula and blastocyst rates were estimated. Finally, the relative expression levels of the trophectoderm markers TEAD4, YAP1, CDX2 and EOMES, the cell adhesion marker E-cadherin and the apoptosis marker CASP3 were evaluated by RT-qPCR in the blastocysts. The Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate differences (P < 0.05). No differences were observed in the cleavage, morula and blastocyst rates between the ZF and ZI groups. No differences were found in the expression of TEAD4, CDX2, E-cadherin and CASP3 between groups. The expression of YAP1 and EOMES was higher in ZF blastocysts than in ZI blastocysts. In conclusion, the in vitro culture without the zona pellucida generates an overexpression of YAP1 and EOMES in the domestic cat blastocysts. More studies are needed to confirm if this overexpression might affect in vivo development.

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We examined tick communities on wild felid hosts in three ecoregions of Mexico. We collected 186 ticks of 7 species from 10 pumas (Puma concolor) and 9 jaguars (Panthera onca). Tick community composition varied across the ecoregions, and across host species within each region. Overall, Ixodes affinis, Amblyomma ovale, and Amblyomma tenellum were the most abundant species; however, only the latter two ticks were distributed across all three ecoregions, while I. affinis, along with Ixodes spinipalpis, Amblyomma inornatum, and Amblyomma parvum were restricted to more limited geographical regions. Ixodes affinis occurred strictly in southern tropical rainforest ecoregions and was significantly more abundant in Selva Lacandona compared with the Yucatán Peninsula. Amblyomma ovale was significantly more common in the tropical dry forest in the Pacific coastal ecoregion. Amblyomma tenellum abundance tended to be higher on jaguars, while I. affinis abundance was higher on pumas. Regional distribution patterns of some tick species (e.g., I. affinis and I. spinipalpis) may be determined by off-host environmental conditions rather than host factors. In contrast, at the local scale, occurrence and abundance of some tick species (e.g., A. tenellum, A. ovale and Rhipicephalus microplus) might be driven by ecological-host factors, such as habitat use or predator-prey relationships.

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The jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi) is a small felid with a historical range from central Argentina through southern Texas. Information on the current distribution of this reclusive species is needed to inform recovery strategies in the United States where its last record was in 1986 in Texas. From 2003 to 2021, we conducted camera-trap surveys across southern Texas and northern Tamaulipas, México to survey for medium-sized wild cats (i.e., ocelots [Leopardus pardalis], bobcats [Lynx rufus], and jaguarundi). After 350,366 trap nights at 685 camera sites, we did not detect jaguarundis at 16 properties or along 2 highways (1050 km2) in Texas. However, we recorded 126 jaguarundi photographic detections in 15,784 trap nights on 2 properties (125.3 km2) in the northern Sierra of Tamaulipas, Tamaulipas, México. On these properties, latency to detection was 72 trap nights, with a 0.05 probability of detection per day and 0.73 photographic event rate every 100 trap nights. Due to a lack of confirmed class I sightings (e.g., specimen, photograph) in the 18 years of this study, and no other class I observations since 1986 in the United States, we conclude that the jaguarundi is likely extirpated from the United States. Based on survey effort and results from México, we would have expected to detect jaguarundis over the course of the study if still extant in Texas. We recommend that state and federal agencies consider jaguarundis as extirpated from the United States and initiate recovery actions as mandated in the federal jaguarundi recovery plan. These recovery actions include identification of suitable habitat in Texas, identification of robust populations in México, and re-introduction of the jaguarundi to Texas.

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In mammals, spermatogenesis is a complex and cyclic process in which a spermatogonia turns into a highly differentiated cell: the spermatozoa. Spermatogenesis comprises proliferation of spermatogonia (spermatocytogenesis), meiosis of spermatocytes and finally differentiation of spermatids into spermatozoa (spermiogenesis). This review summarizes the current knowledge on domestic cat spermatogenesis including its physiology, development, efficiency and pathologies as well as their novel non-invasive diagnostic methods. This information will provide a resource for further studies to achieve precise fundamental knowledge of key aspects that will facilitate breeding, management and contraception in this popular species.

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An adult female Leopardus pardalis from Jardín Botánico y Zoológico de Asunción, Paraguay was brought in from the wild, and inspected for a parasitic structure attached to the vulva. The parasite was removed and was identified as a Dioctophyme renale female. Blood samples and ultrasound did not show abnormalities in any organ, confirming the ectopic presentation of the parasite. This is the first report of D. renale in the L. pardalis and a first time for ectopic location in vagina and spontaneous elimination in a felid.

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate two-dimensional and Doppler ultrasonographic changes of the ovary and uterus during estrus and the early post-estrus period in domestic cats. METHODS: Two-dimensional and Doppler ultrasonographic evaluations of the ovaries and uterus were performed in seven queens on days 1, 3 and 5 of estrus, and 5 days after estrus (AE5). RESULTS: On day 1, 5.4 ± 0.5 follicles of 2.1 ± 0.1 mm were detected progressively increasing in number and size up to day 5 and then decreased on AE5 (P <0.05). A maximum follicular diameter of 4.1 ± 0.1 mm was achieved on day 5. Both during and after estrus, the uterus was generally hypoechoic compared with the surrounding tissues and delineated by a thin hyperechoic line corresponding to the serosa. In some animals, the uterine layers were distinguished during and after estrus. The blood flow waveforms of the intraovarian and uterine arteries were characterized by a systolic peak and diastolic flow extending throughout the remainder of the cardiac cycle to the next systole. In the uterine artery waveforms, the early diastolic notch was mild or absent during most estrous observations. The resistance index of the intraovarian arteries decreased up to day 5, and then increased on AE5 (P <0.05). The resistance index of the uterine arteries was lower during estrus than in the post-estrus period (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: It is concluded that in the domestic cat, follicular number and diameter as well as ovarian and uterine blood flow changed during and immediately after estrus. Doppler ultrasound proved suitable to evaluate the hemodynamic changes involved in the cyclic remodeling of ovarian and uterine tissues that occurs during and after follicular growth in domestic cats.

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Mesoteliomas são neoplasias malignas que causam lesões graves e extensas em peritônio, pleura, pericárdio e órgãos adjacentes. O presente estudo de caso discorre sobre o óbito de uma onça-pintada (Panthera onca) mantida sob cuidados humanos em um zoológico do estado de São Paulo, com idade estimada de 19 anos, que apresentou aumento de volume abdominal, ascite, diminuição de deslocamento pelo recinto, inapetência e polidipsia. O paciente foi submetido a exames clínicos, laboratoriais e de diagnósticos por imagem, e em curto espaço de tempo foi a óbito. Os resultados anatomopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos indicaram o diagnóstico conclusivo de mesotelioma peritoneal, com metástase em linfonodo mesenterico.(AU)

Mesotheliomas are malignant neoplasms and cause severe and extensive lesions in the peritoneum, pleura, pericardium and adjacent organs. The present case study discusses the death of a jaguar (Panthera onca) kept under human care in a zoo in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, with an estimated age of 19-years-old. He presented increased abdominal volume, ascites, decreased displacement by the enclosure, inappetence and polydipsia. The patient underwent clinical, laboratory and diagnostic imaging tests and died after a short period of time. The anatomopathological results indicated the diagnosis of peritoneal mesothelioma, with metastasis in the mesenteric lymph node.(AU)

Los mesoteliomas son neoplasias malignas y provocan lesiones graves y extensas en el peritoneo, pleura, pericardio y órganos adyacentes. El presente estudio de caso presenta la muerte de un jaguar (Panthera onca) mantenido bajo cuidado humano en un zoológico en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil, con una edad estimada de 19 años. El animal presentó aumento de volumen abdominal, ascitis, disminución del desplazamiento por el recinto, inapetencia y polidipsia. Al paciente se le realizaron pruebas clínicas, de laboratorio y de diagnóstico por imágenes, pero en poco tiempo falleció. Los resultados anatomopatológicos indicaron el diagnóstico de mesotelioma peritoneal, con metástasis en el ganglio mesenterico.(AU)

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Background: Ex situ breeding programs are essential to establish genetic resource banks and produce offspring to strengthen the in situ conservation of endangered species. However, many programs fail to maintain viable ex situ populations due to reproductive problems, including dystocia in pregnant females. Dystocia encompasses different emergency obstetric situations for the lives of dams and fetuses that require urgent intervention. This condition has been studied in domesticated species but published records in wildlife, specifically in felines species, are scarce. Case Description: An adult female ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) was referred to the wildlife hospital of the Universidad San Francisco de Quito after being attacked by dogs (Canis familiaris). Neurological tests revealed traumatic spinal cord injury at a thoracolumbar level. Complementary tests (laboratory exams, radiographs, and ultrasound) revealed a full-term pregnancy, failure in the labor progress, and critical fetal stress. A cesarean section was performed, and the newborns received resuscitation care after assessing their viability using the Apgar score system. The neonate with the lowest Apgar score died within the first hour after birth, while the second one showed an increase in Apgar score after resuscitation care and survived the procedure. Conclusion: We provide new obstetric data that could be relevant to save the lives of dams and newborns in related cases for ocelots and other species of wild felids. Furthermore, this study confirms the adverse effects that domestic dogs have on wildlife species.

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Pulmonary adenocarcinoma is a malignant epithelial neoplasia that usually arises from conducting airways or alveolar parenchyma. It has rarely been described in wild felids, with no previous reports in ocelots. In domestic cats it is a very aggressive neoplasm with a high metastatic rate that usually evolves to death. This report aimed to describe a pulmonary adenocarcinoma in a captive and senile ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), with a thorough morphologic and immunophenotypically characterization, evidencing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenomenon in a high metastatic carcinoma, an important feature rarely described in veterinary medicine, even in domestic cats.(AU)

O adenocarcinoma pulmonar é uma neoplasia epitelial maligna originada do epitélio respiratório das vias aéreas inferiores e do parênquima alveolar. É uma neoplasia raramente descrita em felinos selvagens, sem nenhum relato em jaguatiricas. Em gatos domésticos, é uma neoplasia muito agressiva, com alta taxa de metástase, e geralmente evolui para o óbito do paciente. O presente relato objetiva descrever um adenocarcinoma pulmonar em uma jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis) senil de cativeiro, com detalhada caracterização morfológica e imunofenotípica, evidenciando o fenômeno de transição epitelial-mesenquial (TEM) em um carcinoma altamente metastático, uma característica importante, com escassos relatos na medicina veterinária, mesmo em gatos domésticos.(AU)

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O crescimento neoplásico é definido como proliferação autônoma e progressiva das células, que na maioria dos casos está correlacionada à presença de massa ou tumor. As neoplasias são pouco relatadas em felinos silvestres e a indicação quase sempre é a exérese da neoformação. Há um significativo aumento na incidência de neoplasias em animais silvestres mantidos sob cuidados humanos, provavelmente relacionadas ao aumento da taxa de longevidade dos animais em zoológicos. Um exemplar de jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis) apresentou aumento de volume do testículo direito e foi submetido a exames de imagens e laboratoriais. O exame citológico e histopatológico foi conclusivo para seminoma, e o paciente foi submetido a orquiectomia unilateral. O felino apresentou recuperação satisfatória e será acompanhado pelos próximos anos para o monitoramento da neoplasia no organismo. Esse é o primeiro relato de seminoma em jaguatirica.

Neoplastic growth is defined as an autonomous and progressive proliferation of cells which, in most cases, is correlated with the presence of a mass or tumor. Neoplasms are rarely reported in wild cats and the indicated treatment is almost always the excision of the new formation. There is a significant increase in the incidence of neoplasms in wild animals under human care, probably related to the increase in the longevity rate of animals kept in zoos. A specimen of ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) showed an increase in the volume of the right testicle and the patient was submitted to imaging and laboratory tests. The diagnosis was conclusive for seminoma and the patient underwent a unilateral orchiectomy. The patient has recovered well and will be followed-up over the next few years to monitor the presence of neoplasm in the body. This is the first report of seminoma in an ocelot.

El crecimiento de una neoplasia se caracteriza por la proliferación autónoma y progresiva de las células, que en la mayoría de los casos está relacionada con la presencia de una masa o un tumor. Existen pocos relatos de tumores en felinos salvajes, en los que está indicada casi siempre su extirpación. Se ha comprobado un aumento significativo de las neoplasias en animales salvajes bajo cuidados humanos, probablemente relacionado con la mayor longevidad de esos animales en zoológicos. Un ocelote (Leopardus pardalis) presentó aumento de volumen del testículo derecho. Fueran realizados exámenes de laboratorio y de imágenes. Los exámenes tológicos e histopatológicos evidenciaron la presencia de un seminoma, por lo que fue realizada una orquiectomía unilateral. El felino tuvo una recuperación satisfactoria y será controlado durante los próximos años ante la eventual aparición de otros tumores, recidiva o metástasis. Este es el primer relato de un seminoma en un ocelote.

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O crescimento neoplásico é definido como proliferação autônoma e progressiva das células, que na maioria dos casos está correlacionada à presença de massa ou tumor. As neoplasias são pouco relatadas em felinos silvestres e a indicação quase sempre é a exérese da neoformação. Há um significativo aumento na incidência de neoplasias em animais silvestres mantidos sob cuidados humanos, provavelmente relacionadas ao aumento da taxa de longevidade dos animais em zoológicos. Um exemplar de jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis) apresentou aumento de volume do testículo direito e foi submetido a exames de imagens e laboratoriais. O exame citológico e histopatológico foi conclusivo para seminoma, e o paciente foi submetido a orquiectomia unilateral. O felino apresentou recuperação satisfatória e será acompanhado pelos próximos anos para o monitoramento da neoplasia no organismo. Esse é o primeiro relato de seminoma em jaguatirica.(AU)

Neoplastic growth is defined as an autonomous and progressive proliferation of cells which, in most cases, is correlated with the presence of a mass or tumor. Neoplasms are rarely reported in wild cats and the indicated treatment is almost always the excision of the new formation. There is a significant increase in the incidence of neoplasms in wild animals under human care, probably related to the increase in the longevity rate of animals kept in zoos. A specimen of ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) showed an increase in the volume of the right testicle and the patient was submitted to imaging and laboratory tests. The diagnosis was conclusive for seminoma and the patient underwent a unilateral orchiectomy. The patient has recovered well and will be followed-up over the next few years to monitor the presence of neoplasm in the body. This is the first report of seminoma in an ocelot.(AU)

El crecimiento de una neoplasia se caracteriza por la proliferación autónoma y progresiva de las células, que en la mayoría de los casos está relacionada con la presencia de una masa o un tumor. Existen pocos relatos de tumores en felinos salvajes, en los que está indicada casi siempre su extirpación. Se ha comprobado un aumento significativo de las neoplasias en animales salvajes bajo cuidados humanos, probablemente relacionado con la mayor longevidad de esos animales en zoológicos. Un ocelote (Leopardus pardalis) presentó aumento de volumen del testículo derecho. Fueran realizados exámenes de laboratorio y de imágenes. Los exámenes tológicos e histopatológicos evidenciaron la presencia de un seminoma, por lo que fue realizada una orquiectomía unilateral. El felino tuvo una recuperación satisfactoria y será controlado durante los próximos años ante la eventual aparición de otros tumores, recidiva o metástasis. Este es el primer relato de un seminoma en un ocelote.(AU)

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ABSTRACT Inactivity is a common daytime behavior expressed by wild cats in zoos. It is not clear whether this inactivity is due to the constraints of the captive environment or is a result of a more natural behavior by these animals. Therefore, this work evaluated the behavior of two Panthera onca captive specimens, including their inactivity, during the evening/night period. The jaguars were filmed individually in different days, starting at 5:30 pm and finishing between 7:00 pm and 1:30 am, including non-feeding and feeding days. Regardless of whether they were fed or not, both jaguars expressed a significant rate of inactivity. In addition, when fed, one of the jaguars increased its movements and active behaviors, although its inactivity remained high, while the other jaguar further reduced the expression of such behaviors. Therefore, this work concludes that these jaguars were just as inactive during the evening/night period as they were during daytime. Excessive inactivity might be regarded as a negative behavior; with its highest expression being an effect of the captive environment, which might compromise the welfare of the assessed jaguars and possibly of other wild cats. In addition, since the behavioral expression varied between the studied jaguars, depending on the feeding or non-feeding status, we recommend that futures studies should taking into account the individual variations, especially when there are differences in age, health, and management conditions between the specimens.

RESUMEN La inactividad es un comportamiento común expresado por gatos salvajes en los zoológicos durante el día. No está claro si esta inactividad es un efecto de las restricciones del ambiente de cautiverio o si puede representar un comportamiento más natural en estos animales. Por lo tanto, el comportamiento de dos Panthera onca cautivos, incluida la inactividad, se evaluó durante los períodos de tarde / noche. Los jaguares fueron filmados individualmente en diferentes días a partir de las 5:30 pm y terminando entre las 7:00 pm y la 1:30 am, incluidos los días en que fueron alimentados y los días en que no lo fueron. Independientemente de que se alimentaran o no, ambos jaguares expresaron una frecuencia significativa de inactividad. Además, cuando se alimentó, uno de los jaguares incrementó el movimiento y las conductas activas de pie, aunque su inactividad siguió siendo alta, mientras que el otro redujo aún más la expresión de tales conductas. Se concluye que estos jaguares son tan inactivos durante los períodos de tarde / noche, como lo son durante el día. La excesiva inactividad puede considerarse un comportamiento negativo y su alta expresión parece ser un efecto de las condiciones de cautiverio, las cuales podrían perjudicar el estado de bienestar de los jaguares evaluados y posiblemente de otros gatos salvajes. Además, como las expresiones de comportamiento variaron entre los jaguares, dependiendo de la alimentación o no, se recomienda que se considere la variabilidad individual de la respuesta en estudios futuros, especialmente cuando existen diferencias de edad, salud y condiciones de manejo.