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Objectives: To determine the prevalence of kidney disease of unknown etiology in banana, melon, and tomato workers in north-eastern Guatemala, and to evaluate the usefulness of a cystatin C blood test for early detection of renal disease. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, farm-based study of 462 agricultural workers conducted from June to September 2021. Epidemiological and demographic characteristics of the workers were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Blood samples were obtained to determine glucose, creatinine and cystatin C levels. Anthropometric and clinical data were also recorded. Results: The prevalence of kidney disease of unknown etiology was 3.03% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.36-4.70%) based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR-EPI) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, with a significantly higher prevalence in banana workers (5.67%; 95% CI: 2.16-9.18%) than melon workers (p = 0.009) and tomato workers (p = 0.044). Ten workers (2.16%) had reduced kidney function (GFR-EPI 60-90 mL/min/1.73 m2). The levels of cystatin C showed less variability (coefficient of variation 46.4%) than those of creatinine (coefficient of variation 67.0%), and cystatin C levels in cases with abnormal and reduced kidney function were significantly different from cases with normal kidney function (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Surveillance of the health of active farm workers and improvement of working conditions, such as sun protection, adequate hydration, and sufficient breaks, are recommended. The significant differences in cystatin C levels between cases with abnormal and reduced kidney function and those with normal kidney function suggest that cystatin C could be a useful measure for early detection of renal disease.

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ABSTRACT Objectives. To determine the prevalence of kidney disease of unknown etiology in banana, melon, and tomato workers in north-eastern Guatemala, and to evaluate the usefulness of a cystatin C blood test for early detection of renal disease. Methods. This was a cross-sectional, farm-based study of 462 agricultural workers conducted from June to September 2021. Epidemiological and demographic characteristics of the workers were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Blood samples were obtained to determine glucose, creatinine and cystatin C levels. Anthropometric and clinical data were also recorded. Results. The prevalence of kidney disease of unknown etiology was 3.03% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.36-4.70%) based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR-EPI) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, with a significantly higher prevalence in banana workers (5.67%; 95% CI: 2.16-9.18%) than melon workers (p = 0.009) and tomato workers (p = 0.044). Ten workers (2.16%) had reduced kidney function (GFR-EPI 60-90 mL/min/1.73 m2). The levels of cystatin C showed less variability (coefficient of variation 46.4%) than those of creatinine (coefficient of variation 67.0%), and cystatin C levels in cases with abnormal and reduced kidney function were significantly different from cases with normal kidney function (p < 0.001). Conclusions. Surveillance of the health of active farm workers and improvement of working conditions, such as sun protection, adequate hydration, and sufficient breaks, are recommended. The significant differences in cystatin C levels between cases with abnormal and reduced kidney function and those with normal kidney function suggest that cystatin C could be a useful measure for early detection of renal disease.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia de la nefropatía de etiología desconocida en el personal de los sectores de la banana, el melón y el tomate en el noreste de Guatemala, así como la utilidad de un análisis de la cistatina C en sangre para su detección temprana. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en 462 personas que trabajan en establecimientos agrícolas entre junio y septiembre del 2021. Se utilizaron cuestionarios rellenados por las propias personas encuestadas a fin de recopilar sus características epidemiológicas y demográficas. Se tomaron muestras de sangre para determinar las concentraciones de glucosa, creatinina y cistatina C. También se obtuvieron datos antropométricos y clínicos. Resultados. La prevalencia de la nefropatía de etiología desconocida, definida por una filtración glomerular (determinada con la fórmula GRF—EPI) <60 ml/min/1,73 m2, fue del 3,03% (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%: 1,36-4,70%); y la cifra fue significativamente mayor en el personal del sector de la banana (5,67%; IC 95%: 2,16-9,18%) que en el de los sectores del melón (p = 0,009) y del tomate (p = 0,044). Diez personas (2,16%) presentaron una reducción de la función renal (GRF—EPI 60—90 ml/min/1,73 m2). Se observó una menor variabilidad en las concentraciones de cistatina C (coeficiente de variación del 46,4%) que en las de creatinina (coeficiente de variación del 67,0%); asimismo, hubo una diferencia significativa (p <0,001) de las concentraciones de cistatina C entre las personas con un valor anormal o una reducción de la función y las que tenían una función renal normal. Conclusiones. Se recomienda la vigilancia de la salud del personal laboral del sector agrícola y la mejora de sus condiciones de trabajo, por ejemplo mediante la protección frente a la luz solar, una hidratación adecuada y un número suficiente de pausas en el trabajo. Las diferencias significativas en las concentraciones de cistatina C entre las personas con una función renal alterada o reducida y las personas con una función renal normal hacen pensar que la determinación de la cistatina C podría ser un parámetro útil para la detección precoz de la nefropatía.

RESUMO Objetivos. Determinar a prevalência de doença renal de etiologia desconhecida em trabalhadores que cultivam banana, melão e tomate no nordeste da Guatemala e avaliar a utilidade da dosagem sanguínea de cistatina C para detecção precoce de doença renal. Métodos. Estudo transversal realizado de junho a setembro de 2021 com 462 trabalhadores rurais em unidades produtoras agrícolas. As características epidemiológicas e demográficas dos trabalhadores foram coletadas por meio de um questionário autoadministrado. Foram obtidas amostras de sangue para dosagem de glicose, creatinina e cistatina C. Os dados antropométricos e clínicos também foram registrados. Resultados. A prevalência da doença renal de etiologia desconhecida foi de 3,03% (intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%: 1,36-4,70%), com base em uma taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG-EPI) < 60 mL/min/1,73 m2. A prevalência foi significantemente maior em cultivadores de banana (5,67%; IC de 95%: 2,16-9,18%) do que em cultivadores de melão (p = 0,009) e de tomate (p = 0,044). Dez trabalhadores (2,16%) tinham função renal reduzida (TFG-EPI 60-90 mL/min/1,73 m2). Os níveis de cistatina C foram menos variáveis (coeficiente de variação: 46,4%) que os de creatinina (coeficiente de variação: 67,0%). Os níveis de cistatina C foram significantemente diferentes entre casos com função renal alterada ou reduzida e casos com função renal normal (p < 0,001). Conclusões. Recomenda-se a vigilância da saúde dos trabalhadores rurais ativos e a melhoria das condições de trabalho, como proteção contra o sol, hidratação adequada e intervalos de descanso suficientes. As diferenças significantes nos níveis de cistatina C entre trabalhadores com função renal alterada ou reduzida e trabalhadores com função renal normal sugerem que a cistatina C poderia ser uma medida útil para a detecção precoce da doença renal.

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OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to study the role of occupational exposures in lung cancer risk in the French West Indies, with special attention to some specific activities, such as sugarcane work, that can only be studied in a limited number of populations. METHODS: We used data from a population-based case-control study that included 147 incident lung cancer cases and 405 controls. Smoking histories and detailed occupational histories with descriptions of tasks and substances were collected by questionnaire during face-to-face interviews. Odds ratios (OR) adjusted for sex, age, region, smoking status, and cigarette pack-years and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated by unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Significantly increased risks of lung cancer were found in sugarcane farm workers (OR = 2.7; 95% CI 1.1-6.6) and more generally in the sugarcane-growing sector (OR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.0-6.3) and to a lesser extent in rum production. Elevated risks of lung cancer were also observed among other agricultural workers, painters, warehouse porters, labourers, and maintenance and motor vehicle repair workers. Exposure to herbicides in sugarcane cultivation was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (OR = 2.6; 95% CI 0.9-7.6). CONCLUSION: These results show that occupational exposures contributed to lung cancer risk in the French West Indies, and highlighted the role of exposures related to sugarcane work.

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Occupational exposure to pesticides has been identified as a major trigger of the development of cancer. Pesticides can cause intoxication in the individuals who manipulate them through either inhalation, ingestion, or dermal contact. Given this, we investigated the association between the incidence of cancer and occupational exposure to pesticides through a bibliometric analysis of the studies published between 2011 and 2020, based on 62 papers selected from the Scopus database. The results indicated an exponential increase in the number of studies published over the past decade, with most of the research being conducted in the USA, France, India, and Brazil, although a further 17 nations were also involved in the research on the association between cancer and pesticides. The principal classes of pesticides investigated in relation to their role in intoxication and cancer were insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. The types of cancer reported most frequently were multiple myeloma, bladder cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, prostate cancer, leukemia, and breast cancer. Despite the known association between pesticides and cancer, studies are still relatively scarce in comparison with the global scale of the use of these xenobiotic substances, which is related to the increasing demand for agricultural products throughout the world.

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Resumo O artigo discute conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas (CAP) de agricultores familiares brasileiros a respeito dos impactos na saúde e no ambiente gerados pelo uso de agrotóxicos. Trata-se de um estudo transversal misto, realizado em 2014 em São José de Ubá, RJ. A pesquisa é composta por uma etapa qualitativa, baseada em observações em campo e entrevistas com 25 participantes sobre CAP, no que se refere ao uso de agrotóxicos. A etapa quantitativa abrange avaliação sociodemográfica e de exposição aos agrotóxicos de 78 agricultores. Apesar de reconhecerem parcialmente os perigos dos agrotóxicos, os agricultores enfrentam os riscos da exposição e comumente adotam práticas laborais inadequadas. Fatores como a carência de apoio técnico e treinamento laboral, baixa escolaridade, dificuldade de compreensão das orientações de bulas e rótulos dos agrotóxicos, valor elevado e desconforto causado pelo equipamento de proteção individual (EPI), além da crença da dependência do uso de agrotóxicos, explicam parcialmente as atitudes não seguras. É preciso promover práticas agrícolas mais sustentáveis, fortalecer o apoio técnico e treinamento laboral, melhorar a comunicação e o gerenciamento dos riscos e reduzir as desigualdades de gênero entre os agricultores brasileiros, como a forma mais eficaz e imediata de prevenir os agravos relacionados ao trabalho com agrotóxicos.

Abstract This paper discusses the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of the Brazilian family farmers regarding the impact of pesticides on health and the environment. This mixed cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014 in São José de Ubá, Rio de Janeiro. It encompasses two stages: a qualitative one, based on field observations and interviews with 25 participants on KAP about the use of pesticides; and a quantitative one, assessing sociodemographic data and exposure to pesticides among 78 farmers. Despite partially recognizing the danger of pesticides, farmers face the risks of exposure and usually adopt inappropriate work practices. Lack of technical support and occupational training, low schooling, difficulty in understanding the instructions on pesticides labels and package inserts, high price and discomfort caused by the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), and the belief in the need for using pesticides, partially explain the unsafe attitudes. Effective and immediate prevention of pesticides-related injuries and diseases requires promoting more sustainable agricultural practices, strengthening technical support and occupational training, improving communication and pesticides risk management, and reducing gender inequalities among the Brazilian farmers.

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To determine occupational risk factors for coccidioidomycosis among adult Hispanic outdoor agricultural workers in California, USA, we conducted a case-control study of workers seen at the Kern County medical facility and referred to the public health laboratory for coccidioidomycosis serologic testing. Participants completed an interviewer-administered health and work questionnaire. Among 203 participants (110 case-patients with positive and 93 controls with negative serologic results), approximately half were women, and more than three quarters were born in Mexico. Associated with coccidioidomycosis were self-reported dust exposure and work with root and bulb vegetable crops. A protective factor was leaf removal, an activity associated with grape cultivation. We conclude that subjective dust exposure and work with root and bulb vegetable crops are associated with increased risk for coccidioidomycosis among Hispanic farm workers. The agricultural industry should evaluate and promote dust-reduction measures, including wetting soil and freshly harvested products.

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INTRODUCTION: The intersecting vulnerabilities of migrant agricultural workers (MAWs) impact both their health and their access to health care in rural areas, yet rural clinicians' voices are rarely documented. The purpose of this study was to explore health professionals' perspectives on health care for MAWs in sending countries and rural Ontario, Canada. METHODS: Qualitative research design occurred over three distinct projects, using a multi-methodological approach including semi-structured interviews in Mexico, Jamaica and rural Ontario (n=43), and session field notes and questionnaires administered to healthcare providers (n=65) during knowledge exchange sessions in rural Ontario. A systematic analysis of these data was done to identify common themes, using NVivo software initially and then Microsoft Excel for application of a framework approach. RESULTS: Structural challenges posed by migrant workers' context included difficulties preventing and managing work-related conditions, employers or supervisors compromising confidentiality, and MAWs' fears of loss of employment and return to countries of origin prior to completing treatments. Structural challenges related to health services included lack of adequate translation/interpretation services and information about insurance coverage and MAWs' work and living situations; scheduling conflicts between clinic hours and MAWs' availability; and difficulties in arranging follow-up tests, treatments and examinations. Intercultural challenges included language/communication barriers; cultural barriers /perceptions; and limited professional knowledge of MAWs' migration and work contexts and MAWs' knowledge of the healthcare system. Transnational challenges arose around continuity of care, MAWs leaving Canada during/prior to receiving care, and dealing with health problems acquired in Canada. A range of responses were suggested, some in place and others requiring additional organization, testing and funding. CONCLUSION: Funding to strengthen responses to structural and intercultural challenges, including research assessing improved supports to rural health professionals serving MAWs, are needed in rural Canada and rural Mexico and Jamaica, in order to better address the structural and intersecting vulnerabilities and the care needs of this specific population.

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BACKGROUND: Pesticide use is increasing in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) including Costa Rica. This increase poses health risks to farm owners, farm workers, and communities living near agricultural farms. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to examine the health effects associated with occupational pesticide exposure in farm owners and workers from conventional and organic smallholder farms in Costa Rica. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 300 owners and workers from organic and conventional horticultural smallholder farms in Zarcero County, Costa Rica. During the baseline study visit, we administered a structured, tablet-based questionnaire to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, pesticide exposure, and health conditions (eg, respiratory and allergic outcomes and acute pesticide intoxication symptoms) and administered a neurobehavioral test battery (eg, Finger Tapping Test and Purdue Pegboard); we measured blood pressure, anthropometry (height, weight, and waist circumference), and erythrocytic acetylcholinesterase activity and also collected urine samples. In addition, a functional neuroimaging assessment using near-infrared spectroscopy was conducted with a subset of 50 study participants. During the follow-up study visit (~2-4 weeks after the baseline), we administered participants a short questionnaire on recent pesticide exposure and farming practices and collected hair, toenail, and urine samples. Urine samples will be analyzed for various pesticide metabolites, whereas toenails and hair will be analyzed for manganese (Mn), a biomarker of exposure to Mn-containing fungicides. Self-reported pesticide exposure data will be used to develop exposure intensity scores using an exposure algorithm. Furthermore, exposure-outcome associations will be examined using linear and logistic mixed-effects regression models. RESULTS: Fieldwork for our study was conducted between May 2016 and August 2016. In total, 113 farm owners and 187 workers from 9 organic and 83 conventional horticultural smallholder farms were enrolled. Data analyses are ongoing and expected to be published between 2019 and 2020. CONCLUSIONS: This study is one of the first to examine differences in health effects due to pesticide exposure between farm owners and workers from organic and conventional smallholder farms in an LMIC. We expect that this study will provide critical data on farming practices, exposure pathways, and how occupational exposure to pesticides may affect farm owners and workers' health. Finally, we hope that this study will allow us to identify strategies to reduce pesticide exposure in farm owners and workers and will potentially lay the groundwork for a future longitudinal study of health outcomes in farm owners and workers exposed to pesticides. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): DERR1-10.2196/10914.

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Immigrant legal status determines access to the rights and privileges of U.S. society. Legal status may be conceived of as a fundamental cause of health, producing a health disparity whereby unauthorized immigrants are disadvantaged relative to authorized immigrants, a perspective that is supported by research on legal status disparities in self-rated health and mental health. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on legal status disparities in physical health and examined whether a legal status disparity exists in chronic conditions and musculoskeletal pain among 17,462 Mexican-born immigrants employed as farm workers in the United States and surveyed in the National Agricultural Workers Survey between 2000 and 2015. We found that unauthorized, Mexican-born farm workers have a lower incidence of chronic conditions and lower prevalence of pain compared with authorized farm workers. Furthermore, we found a legal status gradient in health whereby naturalized U.S. citizens report the worst health, followed by legal permanent residents and unauthorized immigrants. Although inconsistent with fundamental cause theory, our results were robust to alternative specifications and consistent with a small body of existing research on legal status disparities in physical health. Although it is well known that Mexican immigrants have better-than-expected health outcomes given their social disadvantage, we suggest that an epidemiologic paradox may also apply to within-immigrant disparities by legal status. We offer several explanations for the counterintuitive result.

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Abstract Agriculture has the highest risk of accidents. In Brazil the reality of this situation is unknown owing to scarcity of studies and underreporting of workplace accidents in rural areas. This article aims to evaluate workplace accident prevalence and associated factors among tobacco farm in Sao Lourenco do Sul-RS, Brazil. Cross-sectional study with 488 tobacco farmers, assessing sociodemographic, behavioural, labour characteristics and association with workplace accidents occurring in their lifetime. The injury prevalence was 24%. Being male (PR 1.62; 95%CI 1.04-2.52), and tenant farmer (PR 1.87; 95%CI 1.29-2.72), bundling tobacco leaves (PR 2.00; 95%CI 1.14-3.52) and having minor psychiatric disorders (PR 1.58; 95%CI 1.06-2.35) were positively associated with accidents. 46% of serious injuries caused superficial lesions and 26% caused fractures. Rural workplace accident prevention policies need to be established, particularly for tobacco farming. Larger studies are needed to understand work process-related aspects that increase the risk of accidents.

Resumo A Agricultura concentra maior risco de acidentes ocupacionais, entretanto sua dimensão é desconhecida pela escassez de estudos brasileiros e subnotificação na área rural. O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados aos acidentes de trabalho em fumicultores em São Lourenço Sul-RS. Estudo transversal com amostra representativa de 488 fumicultores, avaliando características sociodemográficas, comportamentais, atividades laborais e associação com acidentes de trabalho na vida. Prevalência de acidentes na vida foi de 24%, encontrada associação positiva com sexo masculino (RP1,62IC-95%1,04-2,52), ser arrendatário (RP1,87IC-95%1,29-2,72), realização manocas (RP2,00IC-95%1,14-3,52) e problemas psiquiátricos menores (RP 1,58 IC-95%1,06-2,35). Dentre os acidentes graves, 46% foram superficiais e 26%, fraturas. Necessário implementar políticas preventivas de acidentes laborais na área rural e, em particular, na fumicultura brasileira; avançar na busca da compreensão dos aspectos relacionados ao processo de trabalho impactantes ao risco de acidentes.

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OBJECTIVE: Green Tobacco Sickness (GTS) is an occupational illness caused by dermal absorption of nicotine from tobacco leaves. It affects thousands of farm workers worldwide. Brazil is the second tobacco producer in the world; despite this, there are few studies on GTS among Brazilian harvesters. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of GTS among a population of tobacco workers from a producing area in northeastern Brazil and investigate whether the occurrence of the disease was influenced by factors such age, gender and smoking status. In addition, it was investigated if there was association between the onset of GTS and genetic polymorphisms in genes that encode some detoxification enzymes. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic, behavioral and occupational data from the referred workers. Polymorphisms were tested through the Polymerase Chain Reaction technique. RESULTS: The total prevalence of GTS found was 56.9%, with a significant difference between genders (71.7% for women and 35.3% for men, p < 0.0001). No association was identified between the investigated polymorphisms and GTS. This study confirms the occurrence of GTS among tobacco harvesters in Brazil with high prevalence. The investigation suggests the need to take preventive measures to protect tobacco workers against this disease.

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This paper examines health care utilization among indigenous immigrants from Oaxaca, Mexico, who have settled in a farmworker community in southern California. In 2016, two trained Spanish-Mixteco and Spanish-Zapoteco bi-lingual interviewers conducted in-depth interviews with 44 indigenous women residing in Oxnard, California on issues that affect health care utilization. Interviews were conducted in Mixteco, Zapoteco and Spanish and were coded to identify structural, cultural, and provider-related barriers to health care utilization. Five bi-lingual Spanish-Mixteco indigenous interpreters employed at local clinics were also interviewed. Many women reported lack of health insurance, inability to pay, language barriers, long waiting times, rushed encounters with providers, and seeking western medical care only after home remedies did not work. However, several women were able to access routine health care services, often with support from indigenous interpreters employed at clinics. Interviews with five interpreters found that they provided assistance with interpretation during medical encounters and appointment making. They also educated patients about upcoming exams, identified low-cost services and insurance programs available to patients, assisted with paperwork and occasionally educated physicians on behalf of their patients. In addition to addressing barriers to health care access our findings suggest the importance of identifying and leveraging community assets, such as indigenous navigators, when developing programs for such underserved communities. Our findings can inform best practice in settings that provide health care to indigenous populations and may also apply to settings that provide health care to other immigrant communities that have very limited familiarity and contact with western health care.

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Historically, undocumented Mexican farm workers migrated circularly, leaving family behind in Mexico on short trips to the United States. Scholars have argued that border militarization has disrupted circular migration as the costs of crossing the border lead to longer stays, increased settlement, and changing transnational family practices. Yet, no study has explored changes in the transnational family structures of Mexico-U.S. migrants that span the era of border militarization. Using data from the National Agricultural Workers Survey, we document a dramatic shift away from transnational family life (as measured by location of residence of dependent children) among undocumented Mexican farm workers and a less dramatic shift among documented Mexican farm workers in the United States between 1993 and 2012. These trends are not explained by changes in the sociodemographic characteristics of farm workers or by changing demographic conditions or rising violence in Mexico. One-half of the trend can be accounted for by lengthened duration of stay and increased connections to the United States among the undocumented, but none of the trend is explained by these measures of settlement among the documented, suggesting that some Mexican farm workers adopt new family migration strategies at first migration. Increases in border control are associated with lower likelihood that children reside in Mexico-a finding that holds up to instrumental variable techniques. Our findings confirm the argument that U.S. border militarization-a policy designed to deter undocumented migration-is instead disrupting transnational family life between Mexico and the United States and, in doing so, is creating a permanent population of undocumented migrants and their children in the United States.

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This is an interview with Edgardo Garcia, Secretary General of the Association of Farm Workers in Nicaragua and Oscar Berríos from the Nicaraguan National Engineering University. The interview was conducted in Nicaragua in October 2013. Garcia and Berríos address the importance of organizing among formal workers and informal workers, and the shared conditions of both in Nicaragua. They highlight the history and context of the agricultural workers who began organizing during the national armed revolutionary war, the role of government to create conditions for healthy and safe work, and the need for workers to organize and advocate for themselves. Finally, they highlight the importance of solidarity among workers and the need for alliances with unions and technical assistance providers around the world.

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. Over the past decade, the New York State dairy industry has grown substantially, resulting in an increase in immigrant workers who speak languages other than English. Estimates suggest that over 50% of workers on large New York dairies are Spanish-speaking individuals who immigrated to the U.S. from Guatemala, Mexico, and other Latin American countries. With a growing population of Spanish-speaking workers, safety concerns on farms have become a prominent issue. This article reviews the development and evaluation of a basic dairy first aid curriculum, which is intended to educate Spanish-speaking immigrant dairy workers on emergency response and first aid. The materials developed are culturally relevant and can be easily understood by low-literacy, non-English-speaking workers. In evaluation of the materials using pre- and post-testing, a significant knowledge gain was identified in workers who participated in the training.

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This study aimed to investigate the relations among mental disorders, physical discomfort, household work and farm work among women. We conducted a cross-sectional study based on the administration of a structured questionnaire to 182 female farm workers. The data were analyzed by means of Poisson regression, where the significance level was set to 5%. Results indicated that 111 (61%) participants reported work-related mental disorders and physical discomfort was reported by 160 (87.9%). The participants with mental disorders and at least moderate levels of physical discomfort reported significantly higher levels of physical demand, time working (temporal demand), total effort and frustration with regard to farm work, in addition to significantly higher levels of frustration with regard to housework. Women with moderate or greater levels of both physical discomfort and frustration with farm work increased the chances of mental disorders. The results illustrate the complex challenge for health professionals in caring for women with mental disorders and physical discomforts related to their farm work, in the context of both the farm and domestic work demands these workers experience.

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INTRODUCTION: Exposure to pesticides has been associated with psychiatric problems among farm workers, although there is still controversy as to chemical types, intensity and forms of exposure that represent risk factors for neuropsychological problems. Furthermore, tobacco workers are exposed to dermal absorption of nicotine, although its effect on mental health has not yet been studied. OBJECTIVES: To identify the prevalence of minor psychiatric disorders (MPD) among tobacco farmers and associated factors, paying special attention to pesticide and nicotine exposure. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of tobacco growers, characterizing economic indicators of the farms, socio-demographic factors, lifestyle habits and occupational exposures. Multivariate analysis was performed using a hierarchical Poisson regression model. RESULTS: A total of 2400 tobacco farmers were assessed and MPD prevalence was 12%. MPD was higher among women (PR 1.4), workers aged 40 or over, tenants/employees (PR 1.8) and those who reported having difficulty in paying debts (PR 2.0). Low socioeconomic status was inversely associated with MPD prevalence. Tasks involving dermal exposure to pesticides showed risk varying between 35% and 71%, whereas tobacco growers on farms using organophosphates had 50% more risk of MPD than those not exposed to this kind of pesticide. The number of pesticide poisoning and green tobacco sickness episodes showed linear association with MPD. CONCLUSIONS: The study reinforces the evidence of the association between pesticide poisoning and mental health disorders. It also points to increased risk of MPD from low socioeconomic status, dermal pesticide exposure as well as from exposure to organophosphates. Furthermore, the study reveals intense nicotine exposure as a risk for tobacco farmers' mental health.

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Streptococcus suis represents a potential zoonosis risk in personnel working in close contact with swines. The purpose of this study was to evidence the human carrier status of S. suis in farm workers belonging to three different pig farms located in three different cities of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Cotton swab samples were taken from tonsils of 28 workers. The S. suis-like strains were identified by polymerase chain reaction, confirmed by sequencing and serotyped by coagglutination technique. For the first time in Brazil, one farm worker was identified as a human carrier of S. suis.

Streptococcus suis representa um potencial risco zoonótico para indivíduos que trabalham em contato intimo com suínos. O objetivo deste estudo foi evidenciar o estado de portador de S. suis em funcionários de granjas provenientes de três diferentes granjas suinícolas localizadas em três diferentes cidades do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram coletadas amostras de tonsilas de 28 funcionários. As linhagens suspeitas de S. suis foram identificadas por PCR, confirmadas por sequenciamento e sorotipificadas pela técnica de coaglutinação. Pela primeira vez no Brasil, um funcionário de granja foi identificado como portador de S. suis.

Streptococcus suis es un potencial riesgo de zoonosis para las personas que trabajan en contacto directo con cerdos. El propósito de este estudio fue detectar el estado de portador de S.suis en trabajadores de tres diferentes granjas porcinas ubicadas en tres ciudades diferentes en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Se recogieron muestras de amigdalas de 28 empleados. Las cepas sospechosas de S. suis fueron identificadas por PCR, confirmadas por secuenciación y serotipificadas mediante la técnica de coaglutinación. Esta es la primera vez en Brasil en que un empleado fue identificado como un portador de S. suis.

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Objetivos: En este trabajo se determinaron los niveles de residualidad de plaguicidas organoclorados y organofosforados en muestras de sangre periférica de trabajadores agrícolas –fumigadores– en el municipio de Barcelona, Quindío, Colombia. Método: Los trabajadores fueron escogidos al azar dentro de los principales cultivos abastecedores de frutas y verduras de la región. Para la extracción y determinación de los analitos en sangre, se usó la técnica de micro-extracción en fase sólida en modo head space y cromatografía de gases capilar dotado con un detector de micro captura de electrones. Resultados: Como resultado se encontraron residuos de 21 plaguicidas de tipo organoclorados y organofosforados; la mayoría de estos en alta concentración (>0.01 ppm) y prohibidos por la legislación nacional e internacional, sugiriendo que aún siguen siendo utilizados ilegalmente. De la residualidad encontrada, los plaguicidas más representativos fueron: beta-BHC y endosulfan, hallados en el 50 por ciento de las personas evaluadas. Asimismo, se descubrió que entre el 20 y 40 por ciento de las personas tenían residuos de endrin aldehído, forato, sulfotep, disulfoton y thionazin, en circunstancia que la mayoría de estos son de categoría toxicología I y II, comprobando el alto riesgo al que se exponen constantemente los individuos que aplican estos compuestos y la falta de atención e información por parte de las entidades responsables de autorización y fiscalización de su uso. Conclusiones: En este sentido, los resultados encontrados en este trabajo demuestran la importancia de continuar con los estudios de monitoreo y control de calidad de los principales alimentos, fuentes hídricas y trabajadores agrícolas, para así informar a la población acerca de los riesgos a los que está expuesta.

Aim: To determine the levels of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in peripheral blood samples of farm-workers in Barcelona, Quindío, Colombia. Methods: Farm-workers were randomly chosen to cover the major suppliers of fruits and vegetables crops in the region. Solid phase micro extraction in head space mode and capillary gas chromatography with a micro electron capture detector were used for extraction and determination of analytes from blood. Results: Twenty-one pesticides residues among organochlorine and organophosphorusclasses were found. Most of these pesticides were at high concentrations (>0.01 ppm) and represented concentrations forbidden by national and international legislation. Beta-BHC and endosulfan were found in 50 percent of persons tested. Residues of endrinaldehyde, phorate, sulfotep, disulfoton and thionazinwere found amongst 20-40 percent of the persons tested. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the high risks that farm-workers are exposed to, suggesting poor attention and provision of information by entities responsible for permits and supervision. Furthermore, we highlight the need for monitoring and quality control of food, water sources and farm-workers, and the necessity to inform workers and the community of the risks to which they are exposed.

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Enteric parasitosis remains an important public health problem in many areas around the world including in Brazil, and it is frequently associated with poverty and lack of sanitation facilities. Research carried out over the course of a year revealed that 96.6% (28/29) of children randomly selected from a 'landless farm workers' settlement in Araras, São Paulo, aged 4 - 15 years, presented Giardia intestinalis cysts. After referral to the neighborhood Health Office, all the children received tinidazole, given as a single dose of 50 mg/kg and 12 months later, new fecal samples were collected and analyzed. Despite the low adherence to the study, a high percentage (64.3% - 9/14) of the children remained positive for the parasite. This study showed a high positivity of giardiasis in child residents of the settlement, even after treatment; adults were not sensitized to the study and did not collected and/or deliver children fecal samples. The precarious living conditions are consistent with a high susceptibility to parasitic diseases, suggesting that the treatment of the infected individuals without identifying and eradicating the means of contamination is simply a palliative measure.

Enteroparasitoses continuam a ser um importante problema de saúde pública em muitas áreas ao redor do mundo, bem como no Brasil, e está frequentemente associada com a pobreza e à falta de saneamento básico. Pesquisa realizada em um ano revelou que 96,6% (28/29) das crianças com idades entre quatro e 15 anos, recrutadas aleatoriamente no Assentamento Sem Terra em Araras, São Paulo, apresentaram cistos de Giardia intestinalis. Após o encaminhamento ao Posto de Saúde do bairro, todos receberam tinidazol, dose única de 50 mg/kg. Após 12 meses, novas amostras de fezes foram coletadas e analisadas. Apesar da baixa adesão ao estudo, um percentual elevado (64,3% - 9/14) de crianças permaneceu positivo para o protozoário. Este estudo mostrou alta positividade de giardíase nas crianças moradoras do assentamento, mesmo após o tratamento; indivíduos adultos não se mostraram sensibilizados com o estudo e não coletaram e/ou entregaram amostras fecais dos filhos; e o tratamento dos indivíduos infectados, sem identificação e erradicação das formas de contaminação, só funciona como medida paliativa.

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