RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the etiologies of recurrent miscarriage in our hospital and whether its diagnostic approach followed the recommendations of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) guidelines published in 2012 and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines published in 2011. METHODS: This was a retrospective study. The medical records of 158 patients diagnosed with recurrent miscarriage between 2013 and 2018 at Santander University Hospital were reviewed. The Institutional Review Board of HUS approved the study in May 2020. RESULTS: The most common etiologies identified were protein S deficiency, thrombophilia, and cervical insufficiency, with incidence rates of 25.9%, 10.7%, and 3.8%, respectively. Moreover, the most frequently requested diagnostic tests were for protein S, protein C, and anti-phospholipid IgG. Abnormal results for protein S were obtained in 49% of the patients, whereas lupus anticoagulant was abnormal in 12.8%, and Factor V Leiden gene mutations in 8.5% of the patients. Three substantial deviations from the recommended diagnostic approach for recurrent miscarriage by international guidelines were identified in our population: the lack of request for cytogenetic analysis of pregnancy tissue, request for cytogenetic analysis for the parents in only 0.6% of the study sample, and the request for imaging tests to assess uterine anatomy in only 6.3% of the studied population. Both the ASRM and NICE guidelines were only partially followed with a combined adherence rate of 66.5%. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic approach for recurrent miscarriage poses important clinical challenges when compared to the recommendations of international guidelines. Therefore, the development of a local recurrent miscarriage assessment protocol is proposed in our institution.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Many pieces of literature have reported that inherited and acquired thrombophilia might be a risk factor for recurrent implantation failure (RIF), however, most studies have only focused on RIF patients and not their male partners. We studied the possible association of paternal thrombophilia with RIF risk. METHODS: Forty-two male partners aged 20-45 suffered from RIF compared with 42 males from couples with at least one successful pregnancy. All participants were investigated for thrombophilia markers. RESULTS: The prevalence of coagulation Factor V activity was significantly higher in the case group (42.9%) than in the control group (16.7%) (p=0.008) (OR=3.75; 95% CI, 1.38, 10.12). The prevalence of protein C and protein S deficiencies in RIF patients were 4.8% and 2.4%, respectively, and 0% in the controls. The prevalence of antithrombin III (ATIII) deficiency was significantly higher in the case group (19%) than in the control group (2.4%) (p=0.01). None of MTHFR C677T and MTHFR A1298C were statistically significant between the two groups. Combined thrombophilia was 45.2% in the men of the RIF group when compared with the control, 14.2% (p=0.001) (OR = 4.95; 95% CI, 1.75-13.86). CONCLUSIONS: Paternal thrombophilia may be related to recurrent implantation failure, so evaluation of this factor in RIF patients could be used to identify relevant risk groups and may help in the proper management of these cases to enhance the chance of implantation.
Assuntos
Trombofilia , Humanos , Masculino , Trombofilia/epidemiologia , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Implantação do Embrião , Adulto Jovem , Gravidez , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Resumen El sistema de coagulación mantiene la sangre en estado fluido en todo momento y, por tanto, está incesantemente activa durante toda la vida. Sin embargo, en el momento en que ocurre una lesión del sistema vascular, el sistema de coagulación inmediatamente gira 180° y transforma la sangre en un cuerpo sólido perfectamente localizado, al que llamamos coágulo. Este proceso, mediante el cual se forma un coágulo, se conoce como hemostasia, que es uno de los componentes del sistema de coagulación. La importancia de la mutación Leiden del factor V se basa en lo siguiente: el factor V de la coagulación es una proteína que se sintetiza en el hígado y el gen que lo codifica está situado en la región 23 del brazo largo del cromosoma 1, este factor circula en sangre periférica de manera inactiva hasta que interactúa con el factor X activado, formando un complejo que convierte al factor II (protrombina) en trombina, que va a tener su acción sobre el fibrinógeno convirtiéndolo en fibrina. La regulación del factor V activado se da por la actividad de la proteína C activada, cuando el factor V tiene una mutación (nombrada Leiden) que es ocasionada por el cambio de una adenina por una guanina en el nucleótido 1691 del factor V (G1691A), que causa que se sustituya una arginina por una glutamina en el residuo 506 de la proteína factor V; la proteína resultante es un factor V anómalo, mismo que no puede inactivarse por la proteína C activada, por lo que el factor V continúa activado y no puede impedir que el proceso de coagulación se detenga. En nuestro país (considerando varias afecciones) se ha descrito en diversas publicaciones de investigadores mexicanos que las mutaciones Leiden del factor V y la G20210A de la protrombina no son frecuentes, como lo son en los países europeos.
Abstract The coagulation system always keeps the blood in a fluid state and is therefore incessantly active throughout life. However, the moment an injury to the vascular system occurs, the coagulation system immediately rotates 180° and transforms the blood into a perfectly localized solid body, which we call a clot. This process, by which a clot forms, is known as hemostasis, which is one of the components of the coagulation system. The importance of the Leiden mutation of factor V is based on the following: coagulation factor V is a protein that is synthesized in the liver and the gene that encodes it is located in region 23 of the long arm of chromosome 1, this factor circulates in peripheral blood inactively until it interacts with activated factor X forming a complex that converts factor II (prothrombin) into thrombin, which will have its action on fibrinogen turning it into fibrin. The regulation of activated factor V is given by the activity of activated protein C, when factor V has a mutation (named Leiden) that is caused by the exchange of an adenine for a guanine in the nucleotide 1691 of factor V (G1691A), which causes arginine to be replaced by a glutamine in the 506 residue of the factor V protein, the resulting protein is an abnormal factor V, which cannot be inactivated by activated protein C, so factor V remains activated and cannot prevent the clotting process from stopping. In our country (considering several conditions) it has been described in various publications of Mexican researchers that Leiden mutations of factor V and G20210A of prothrombin are not frequent, as they are in European countries.
RESUMO
La trombosis arterial neonatal representa el 5,8% de todos los tipos de trombosis conocidos en recién nacidos, esto convierte a esta enfermedad en un punto de enfoque específico para su diagnóstico oportuno, y descifrar los factores congénitos de mayor recurrencia, se realizó una revisión sistemática PRISMA, donde se evaluaron 20 artículos de tipo observacional transversal, detallando los resultados obtenidos en cuanto al factor congénito más recurrente que en este caso es el sexo masculino, prematuridad y defectos genéticos se han mencionado además los marcadores bioquímicos y moleculares mayormente evaluados en esta muestra, demostrando que en estos casos los marcadores bioquímicos analizados con frecuencia son: antitrombina III, Proteína C y S, anticuerpos antifosfolípidos y homocisteína y como marcadores moleculares se evalúa con mayor recurrencia a: Factor V Leiden y el gen de la protrombina G20210A.
RESUMO
La trombosis arterial neonatal representa el 5,8% de todos los tipos de trombosis conocidos en recién nacidos, esto convierte a esta enfermedad en un punto de enfoque específico para su diagnóstico oportuno, y descifrar los factores congénitos de mayor recurrencia, se realizó una revisión sistemática PRISMA, donde se evaluaron 20 artículos de tipo observacional transversal, detallando los resultados obtenidos en cuanto al factor congénito más recurrente que en este caso es el sexo masculino, prematuridad y defectos genéticos se han mencionado además los marcadores bioquímicos y moleculares mayormente evaluados en esta muestra, demostrando que en estos casos los marcadores bioquímicos analizados con frecuencia son: antitrombina III, Proteína C y S, anticuerpos antifosfolípidos y homocisteína y como marcadores moleculares se evalúa con mayor recurrencia a: Factor V Leiden y el gen de la protrombina G20210A.
Neonatal arterial thrombosis represents 5.8% of all known types of thrombosis in newborns, this makes this disease a specific point of focus for its timely diagnosis, and to decipher the congenital factors of greater recurrence, a systematic review PRISMA was performed, where 20 articles of cross-sectional observational type were evaluated, detailing the results obtained in terms of the most recurrent congenital factor which in this case is male sex, prematurity and genetic defects have also been mentioned biochemical and molecular markers mostly evaluated in this sample, showing that in these cases the biochemical markers frequently analyzed are: Antithrombin III, Protein C and S, antiphospholipid antibodies and homocysteine and as molecular markers are evaluated with greater recurrence to: Factor V Leiden and the prothrombin gene G20210A.
RESUMO
Thrombophilic disorders are found in 50% of patients with venous thromboembolism, and factor V Leiden (FVL) is the most common genetic risk factor for the development of these conditions. FVL prevalence varies according to population group. In Europe, many countries have a high prevalence of the mutation, including Portugal, Germany, and Italy. Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil, was colonized by different European nations; most inhabitants are descendants of Portuguese, Italian, and German immigrants. There are, however, no data on the prevalence of FVL in the state. This study aimed to determine FVL prevalence in a healthy population in Santa Catarina and assess whether there is an association between the mutation and demographic characteristics, thereby contributing to the understanding of the heterogeneity of prevalence of this important VTE risk factor and racial or geographical differences in the incidence of thrombotic diseases. Analysis of the FVL mutation was performed on 400 blood donors using the PCR technique followed by enzymatic digestion. The findings show that 2.5% of the participants were heterozygous for FVL, and none were homozygous. No association was found between the presence of FVL in heterozygosis and individual characteristics. In conclusion, this study found a prevalence of FVL in heterozygosis of 2.5% among healthy individuals in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Further studies are needed to assess the prevalence of FVL in other regions of the country, determine the distribution of the mutation among population groups, and evaluate how these factors affect the incidence of thrombotic diseases.
Assuntos
Deficiência do Fator V/epidemiologia , Deficiência do Fator V/genética , Fator V/genética , Sistema ABO de Grupos Sanguíneos/genética , Adulto , Tipagem e Reações Cruzadas Sanguíneas , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Vigilância da População , Prevalência , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at evaluating the effect of thrombophilia on the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients undergoing any type of orthopedic surgery. BACKGROUND: Patients undergoing orthopedic surgery are at high risk for VTE. Although patients with thrombophilia have an increased risk of VTE, it is currently unclear whether there is a synergetic effect in patients with thrombophilia who undergo orthopedic surgery. METHODS: Data from a large population-based case-control study (the Multiple Environmental and Genetic Assessment [MEGA] of risk factors for venous thrombosis study) were used. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) (ORadj) were calculated for patients undergoing any orthopedic intervention. RESULTS: Of 4721 cases and 5638 controls, 263 cases and 94 controls underwent orthopedic surgery. Patients who had any orthopedic intervention in the year before the index date were at higher risk of VTE (ORadj 3.7; 95% CI, 2.9-4.8) than those who did not undergo any orthopedic surgery. There was an additionally increased risk in patients with factor V Leiden (OR 17.5, 95% CI, 4.1-73.6), non-O blood group (OR 11.2; 95% CI, 3.4-34.0), or elevated plasma levels of factor VIII (OR 18.6; 95% CI, 7.4-46.9) all relative to patients without these defects, not undergoing orthopedic surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with factor V Leiden, high levels of factor VIII, or blood group non-O were found to have a high risk of VTE after orthopedic surgery. Identification of these patients may enable individualized thromboprophylactic treatment to efficiently reduce VTE risk.
Assuntos
Procedimentos Ortopédicos , Trombofilia , Tromboembolia Venosa , Trombose Venosa , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Fator V/genética , Humanos , Procedimentos Ortopédicos/efeitos adversos , Fatores de Risco , Trombofilia/complicações , Trombofilia/diagnóstico , Tromboembolia Venosa/diagnóstico , Tromboembolia Venosa/epidemiologia , Tromboembolia Venosa/etiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Thrombophilia might increase the risk of suffering from obstetric complications by adversely affecting the normal placental vascular function. Our aim was to study the distributions of five thrombosis-associated genetic variants: factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A, -675 4G/5G PAI-1, 10034C/T gamma fibrinogen and 7872C/T factor XI and the frequencies of the deficiencies of protein C, S and antithrombin in Argentinian patients with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and, therefore, to analyse their association with the risk and timing of RPL and the risk of suffering other vascular obstetric pathologies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a case-control study that included 247 patients with idiopathic RPL (cases), 107 fertile controls and 224 subjects from general population (reference group). Cases were stratified according to the gestational time of the losses (early RPL, n = 89; late losses, n = 158; foetal losses, n = 107) and according to the type of vascular obstetric pathologies. RESULTS: No differences were found in the distribution of the genetic variants among RPL group vs. control/reference group (p >.05). Similarly, no differences were observed in their distributions when analysing RPL patients stratified according to gestational times or vascular obstetric pathologies (p >.05), except for the factor V Leiden carriage in patients with foetal growth retardation vs. controls (11.8%, 4/34 vs. 1.9%, 2/107; p = .04) (OR = 7.11 [1.24-40.93], p = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Factor V Leiden might have a significant impact on certain obstetric pathologies such as foetal growth retardation. The genetic variants, 10034C/T gamma fibrinogen and 7872C/T factor XI, associated with thromboembolic disease, would not have an impact on PRE.
Assuntos
Aborto Habitual/genética , Trombofilia/genética , Adulto , Antitrombinas/análise , Argentina , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos de Coortes , Fator V/genética , Fator XI/genética , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/genética , Fibrinogênios Anormais/genética , Genótipo , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/genética , Gravidez , Deficiência de Proteína C/diagnóstico , Deficiência de Proteína S/diagnóstico , Trombofilia/complicaçõesRESUMO
Abstract INTRODUCTION Corticosteroids and/or thalidomides have been associated with thromboembolism events (TBE) in multibacillary (MB) leprosy. This report aimed to determine genetic and laboratory profiles associated with leprosy and TBE. METHODS Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), coagulation-related exams, prothrombin and Leiden's factor V mutations, and ß2-glycoprotein-I (ß2GPI) Val247Leu polymorphism were assessed. RESULTS Six out of seven patients with leprosy were treated with prednisone and/or thalidomide during TBE and presented at least one positive aPL. All patients presented ß2GPI polymorphism, and one showed prothrombin mutation. CONCLUSIONS Corticosteroid or thalidomide adverse effects and aPL and ß2GPI polymorphisms may cause TBE in patients with MB leprosy.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Idoso , Talidomida/administração & dosagem , Síndrome Antifosfolipídica/genética , Síndrome Antifosfolipídica/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome Antifosfolipídica/sangue , Corticosteroides/administração & dosagem , Hanseníase Multibacilar/imunologia , Polimorfismo Genético , Talidomida/efeitos adversos , Fator V/análise , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Protrombina/análise , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Anticorpos Antifosfolipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Anticorpos Antifosfolipídeos/genética , Anticorpos Antifosfolipídeos/sangue , Corticosteroides/efeitos adversos , beta 2-Glicoproteína I/sangue , Tromboembolia Venosa/tratamento farmacológico , Hanseníase Multibacilar/genética , Hanseníase Multibacilar/tratamento farmacológico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , MutaçãoRESUMO
Las trombofilias hereditarias suponen un grupo de enfermedades que predisponen al desarrollo de enfermedad tromboembólica arterial y venosa, debido a déficit o ganancia de función de factores anticoagulantes o procoagulantes incrementando de manera significativa la morbilidad y mortalidad en la población adulta y pediátrica. La expresión y penetrancia genética de este grupo de enfermedades es diversa, y las formas de presentación clínica varía desde la purpura fulminans neonatal hasta episodios tromboembólicos recurrentes a edades tempranas y efectos adversos en el embarazo. El screening no es rutinario en pacientes con cuadros tromboembólicos y sus indicaciones son precisas, en especial personas menores a los 45 años, con cuadros recurrentes, y abortos o muertes fetales a repetición sin causa específica. El tratamiento es basado de acuerdo a la presentación del cuadro clínico, sin embargo la anticoagulación convencional es ampliamente utilizada en el manejo de este grupo de pacientes.
Inherited thrombophilia represent a group of diseases that predispose to the development of arterial and venous thromboembolic disease due to deficiency or gain of function of anticoagulant or procoagulant factors, increasing significantly the morbidity and mortality in the adult and pediatric population. Expression and genetic penetrance to this group of diseases is diverse, and the form of clinical presentation varies from the neonatal purple fulminans to recurrent thromboembolic events at a young age and pregnancy with side effects. The screening is not routine in patients with thromboembolic condition and its indications are accurate, especially in younger people than 45, with recurrent episodes of abortions or fetal deaths without specific cause. Treatment is based according to the clinical presentation of the condition; however conventional anticoagulation is widely used in the treatment of this patient group.
Assuntos
Trombofilia , RevisãoRESUMO
Se describen los casos de tres pacientes de sexo femenino a quienes se les hizo diagnóstico de síndrome de Budd Chiari. En una paciente la presentación del síndrome fue subaguda, pudiendo ser manejada exitosamente con la colocación de TIPS. Otra con mutación del factor V Leyden asociada desarrolló disfunción hepática progresiva y requirió de trasplante hepático. En dos de los tres casos se identificó una enfermedad hematológica como trastorno de base, y en uno el uso de anticonceptivos orales como factor de riesgo. Las tres pacientes fueron sometidas a terapia anticoagulante y el manejo quirúrgico fue definido de acuerdo a su condición clínica. Sin embargo, en un caso la presentación fue aguda con falla hepática y muerte.
This article describes the cases of three female patients who were diagnosed with Budd-Chiari syndrome. One patient was subacute and could be successfully managed by placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent (TIPS). Another patient who had the Factor V Leiden mutation developed associated progressive liver dysfunction and required liver transplantation. A hematologic disease was identified as the underlying disorder in two of the three cases. For one patient, the use of oral contraceptives was a risk factor. Since all three patients were undergoing anticoagulant therapy, surgical management was determined according to each patients clinical condition. Nevertheless, the one patient who that presented acute hepatic failure did not survive.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Anticoagulantes , Síndrome de Budd-Chiari , Transtornos Mieloproliferativos , Derivação Portossistêmica Transjugular Intra-Hepática , Trombose , Angioplastia , Fator V , Transplante de Fígado , TrombofiliaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Prothrombin (factor II) is a thrombin precursor, which induces fibrin formation. A mutation in the prothrombin gene (G20210A) has been described, which is directly associated with high prothrombin levels, hence thrombophilia. G1691A mutation in the factor V Leiden (FVL) gene occurs on exon 10, one of the main cleavage sites for protein C activation, resulting in protein alteration. OBJECTIVE: To identify and estimate the genotype frequency of the three possible genotypes and the frequency of the two existing alleles in the FVL and prothrombin genes in patients with suspected thrombophilia in the state of Sao Paulo. This study may provide more literature and reference data on the incidence of prothrombin genotypes among individuals in Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of point mutation by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: We obtained a total of 100 individuals, from which 94% had the homozygous G genotype. Only 6% had heterozygous genotype and there was no individual with the homozygous genotype A for FVL gene. As to the prothrombin gene, the frequency was 97% for homozygous G genotype and 3% for the heterozygous genotype. There was no patient with the homozygous A genotype. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the genotype identification of these genes is advisable for patients with suspected thrombophilia in this region.
INTRODUÇÃO: A protrombina (fator II) é a precursora da trombina, que induz a formação de fibrina. Foi descrita uma mutação no gene da protrombina (G20210A), associado diretamente a altos níveis de protrombina no sangue e, consequentemente, a trombofilia. A mutação G1691A no gene do fator V de Leiden (FLV) localiza-se no éxon 10, resultando na alteração da proteína, um dos principais sítios de clivagem para ativação da proteína C. OBJETIVOS: Identificar e estimar a frequência genotípica dos três possíveis genótipos, assim como estimar a frequência dos dois alelos existentes no gene do FLV e na protrombina em pacientes com suspeita de trombofilia no estado de São Paulo. Este estudo poderá fornecer mais dados para a literatura e para consulta da incidência dos genótipos da protrombina em indivíduos no Brasil. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Análise de mutação pontual por reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (RT-PCR). RESULTADO: Obtivemos o número de 100 indivíduos e, desse total, 94% possuíam o genótipo para homozigoto G; apenas 6%, genótipo heterozigoto; nenhum indivíduo foi encontrado com genótipo homozigoto A no gene do FLV. No gene da protrombina, a frequência foi de 97% para o genótipo homozigoto G e 3% para o genoma heterozigoto; não foi encontrado nenhum indivíduo com o genoma homozigoto A. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo mostrou que é recomendável a identificação do genótipo para esses genes em pacientes com suspeita de trombofilia nessa região.
Assuntos
Humanos , Fator V/classificação , Mutação , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Protrombina/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo RealRESUMO
O abortamento é considerado um problema multifatorial, cujas principais causas envolvidas na sua etiologia são os fatores ambientais (como exposição a substâncias tóxicas), genéticos, anatômicos, endócrinos, imunológicos, trombofílicos e doenças infecciosas (como toxoplasmose, rubéola). No entanto, os fatores genéticos são atribuídos principalmente aos abortamentos de primeiro trimestre da gestação. As alterações cromossômicas, o polimorfismo C677T, no gene da metilenotetrahidrofolato redutase (MTHFR677C>T); o polimorfismo G1691A, no gene do Fator V de Leiden (FVL1691G>A), e o polimorfismo G20210A, no gene da protrombina (PRT20210G>A), têm sido associados a problemas obstétricos, incluindo aborto recorrente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar associação entre as mutações relacionadas à trombofilia, presença de alterações cromossômican e a ocorrência de aborto espontâneo recorrente e avaliar possíveis interações entre as referidas mutações e as alterações cromossômicas. A casuística foi composta por 151 mulheres com história de aborto recorrente, 94 parceiros e 100 controles (mulheres sem histórico de aborto). A investigação das mutações foi realizada pela técnica de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase- Polimorfismo de Tamanho de Fragmento de Restrição. As alterações cromossômicas foram investigadas pela cariotipagem com bandaG. A frequência das alterações cromossômicas foi de 7,3% nas mulheres com abortamento recorrente e 1% nos controles (p=0,022), e de 2,1% nos parceiros. No entanto, a frequência dos alelos MTHR677C>T (23% versus 22,5%), FVL1691G>A (1,5% versus 1% ) e PRT20210G>A (1,45% versus 0%) foi similar entre casos e controles, respectivamente. No grupo investigado, foi observada associação entre aborto recorrente e alterações cromossômicas, mas não foi encontrada associação com os polimorfismos gênicos investigados.
Abortion is considered a multifactorial problem, the most important causes involved in its etiology are, environmental factors ( as exposure to toxic chemicals), genetic, anatomic, endocrine, immunological, thrombophilic and infectious diseases (such as toxoplasmosis, rubella). However, genetic factors are mainly attributed to abortions of the first trimester of pregnancy. Chromosomal abnormalities, MTHFR 677C>T, factor V Leiden 1691G>A and prothrombin 20210G>A mutations have been associated with obstetric problems, including recurrent miscarriage. The objective of this research was to investigate associations between mutations in three genes commonly associated to thrombophilic events, chromosomal abnormalities and the occurrence of recurrent miscarriage. As well evaluate possible interactions between these mutations and chromosomal abnormalities. The sample was comprised of 151 women with history of recurrent miscarriages, 94 partners and 100 control (women with no history of abortion). The investigation of the mutations was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)/ Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). Chromosomal aberrations were investigated by karyotyping with G-banda. The frequency of chromosomal abnormalities was 7.3% in women with recurrent miscarriage and 1% in controls (p = 0.022), and 2.1% in the partners. However, the frequency of allele MTHR677C> T (23% versus 22.5%), FVL1691G> A (1.5% vs. 1%) and PRT20210G> A (1.45% vs. 0%) was similar for cases and controls, respectively. In the investigated group was found association between recurrent miscarriage and chromosomal abnormalities, but no association was found with the genetic polymorphisms investigated.
Assuntos
Humanos , Aborto Induzido/tendências , Cromossomos/efeitos da radiação , Cromossomos/fisiologia , Cromossomos/genética , Cromossomos/imunologia , Cromossomos/metabolismo , Genética/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A mutação no fator V de Leiden é a anormalidade genética predisponente mais comum para tromboembolismo venoso (TEV). Sua forma heterozigótica é encontrada em 5% da população e a forma homozigótica em 1% da população. A alta prevalência da doença de Leiden na população em geral correlacionada com níveis relativamente baixos de TEV sugere que a mutação produz um risco moderadamente aumentado de trombose, e que existe combinação com outros fatores de risco, dentre eles, o uso de anticoncepcional oral (ACO). Pouco se conhece sobre o risco de TEV em pacientes com síndrome de Down (SD). O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o caso de paciente portadora de SD, fazendo uso de ACO, que apresentou acidente vascular encefálico isquêmico (AVEi) e trombose venosa profunda (TVP), bem como realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os eventos tromboembólicos acometendo os portadores de SD. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 17 anos, portadora de SD, em tratamento com levotiroxina sódica, obesa, após um ano do início de ACO apresentou quadro compatível com AVEi, e dois dias após, TVP de membro inferior esquerdo,sendo diagnosticada com mutação do fator V de Leiden. CONCLUSÃO: Devido à maior incidência de obesidade, sedentarismo e hipotireoidismo nos pacientes com SD, pode-se considerar que o uso de ACO venha a ser um fator adicional para a ocorrência de eventos tromboembólicos nestes pacientes. No entanto, até o momento não há dados que apontem maior prevalência de mutação do fator V de Leiden nos portadores de SD. Propõem-se novos estudos clínicos para avaliar os distúrbios da hemostasia nos pacientes com SD.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The most common clotting abnormality associated with venous thromboembolism is a reduced inactivation of coagulation factor V. This abnormality has a prevalence of 1% to 7% in the general population and 20% to 30% of patients with thrombosis. The high prevalence of the mutation in factor V in the general population, correlated with relatively low levels of venous thromboembolism suggests that the mutation produces a moderately increased risk of thrombosis, and there is a combination with other risk factors such as the use of oral contraceptives (OCA). The risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with Down syndrome (DS) isn't well known, and the benefit on using OCA in this population it is questionable. The objective is describing the case of a patient with DS who had an ischemic stroke and deep vein thrombosis. CASE REPORT: Female patient, 17 years-old, with DS, 17 years old, treated with levothyroxine, obese, one year after the start of OCA presented clinically compatible with ischemic stroke, and two days later, deep vein thrombosis in left lower limb. After laboratory tests, was diagnosed with mutation of factor V Leiden. CONCLUSION: Due to a higher incidence of obesity, sedentary lifestyle and hypothyroidism in patients with DS, we can consider that the use of OCA will be an additional factor for the occurrence of thromboembolic events in these patients. We propose the evaluation of coagulation tests and research for congenital disorders of hemostasis in patients with DS before the beginning of OCA use.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Adolescente , Anormalidades Congênitas , Síndrome de Down/complicações , Tromboembolia VenosaRESUMO
Introducción: Las mutaciones Leiden y Cambridge del factor V de la coagulación y la resistencia a la proteína C activada (RPCA) son alteraciones que se relacionan con trombosis venosa y arterial. En este trabajo se analizó si la RPCA está asociada con las mutaciones Leiden y Cambridge, y la frecuencia de éstas en población mestiza mexicana. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 150 pacientes mexicanos con trombofilia primaria y 100 sujetos sanos. Se determinó la RPCA empleando método comercial y los genotipos factor V Leiden y factor V Cambridge mediante PCR-RFLPs. Resultados: La RPCA fue positiva en cuatro pacientes y en un individuo control; sin embargo, no se encontró la mutación Leiden o Cambridge en la población estudiada, por lo que la RPCA no se correlacionó con ninguna de las mutaciones investigadas. Conclusiones: Los resultados indican que existen otras causas primarias o secundarias diferentes a las analizadas, que condicionan la RPCA. Además, la frecuencia obtenida para la RPCA en nuestra población trombofílica mestiza mexicana fue menor comparada con la obtenida en población caucásica, quizá por tratarse de poblaciones genéticamente diferentes.
BACKGROUND: Leiden and Cambridge factor V coagulation mutations and activated protein C resistance (RaPC) are alterations related with vein and artery thrombosis. In this study we aimed to determine whether RaPC is associated with the presence of Leiden and Cambridge mutation and the frequency of these mutations in the racially mestizo Mexican population. METHODS: We included 150 Mexican patients with primary thrombophilia and 100 healthy subjects in this study. RaPC was determined using commercial methods and genotypes FV Leiden and FV Cambridge with PCR-RFLPs. RESULTS: RaPC was positive in four patients and in one control individual; however, there was no presence of Leiden or Cambridge mutation in the studied group; thus, RaPC was not correlated with the presence of any of the studied mutations. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that there are other primary or secondary causes different from those studied, which condition the presence of RaPC. Furthermore, the frequency obtained for RaPC in our thrombophilic population of racially mixed Mexicans is lower compared to that obtained in the Caucasian population, most probably because they are genetically different populations.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Fator V/genética , Mutação , Resistência à Proteína C Ativada/genética , Trombofilia/genética , México , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
A freqüência dos haplótipos beta S e beta C do gene da globina e a prevalência de talassemia alfa e de mutações nos genes da metilenotetrahidrofolato redutase (MTHFR-C677T), do fator V de Leiden e da protrombina (G20210A) foi estudada em crianças com doença falciforme do Rio de Janeiro. O haplótipo Bantu foi o mais freqüente (65,9 por cento), 21,2 por cento das crianças (18 por cento heterozigotas e 3 por cento homozigotas) apresentam talassemia com mutação alfa 3.7kb, ao contrário da mutação alfa 4.2kb que não foi encontrada. Os alelos 677CT e 677TT da MTHFR foram observados em 20,2 por cento e 4,8 por cento, respectivamente. Os haplótipos Camarões, Árabe-Indiano e Senegal não foram detectados na amostra estudada, bem como mutações no gene do fator V de Leiden e da protrombina. Somente o haplótipo beta C CI foi observado. Esse é o primeiro estudo realizado em uma amostra proveniente do Programa de Triagem Neonatal para Hemoglobinopatias do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Apesar do Rio de Janeiro ser a segunda maior cidade brasileira e seus habitantes expressarem o elevado grau de miscigenação ocorrida no país, nossos resultados ainda coincidem com os registros históricos dos fluxos migratórios do gene beta S para o Brasil, bem como refletem a forte influência de indivíduos de origem africana na população do Rio de Janeiro.
RESUMO
Introdução: Complicações tromboembólicas são importantes fatores de risco para perda do enxerto e pior evolução após o transplante renal. pacientes com defeito trombofílico apresentam maior risco de complicações tromboembólicas. Foram analisados, entre receptores de transplante renal, a prevalência de defeito trombofílico e o risco atribuído a esta condição para a perda do enxerto e para o desenvolvimento de tromboses intravasculares. Métodos: estudo do tipo coorte incluindo 388 receptores adultos analisados quanto à presença de trombofilia de acordo com a pesquisa de anticorpos anticardiolipidina (aCL) por ELISA e das mutações G1691A no gene do fator V (FV) e G20210A no gene da protrombina (PT) por PCR multiplex. Resultados: Defeito trombofílico foi identificado em 25,8% dos pacientes. As taxas de sobrevida de 2 anos do enxerto foram semelhantes entre os pacientes com e sem defeito trombofílico (94%, p=0,53), bem como a sobrevida dos enxertos livres de tromboses intravasculares (97% versus 97%, p=0,83). pacientes com defeito trombofílico apresentaram prevalência de tromboses intravasculares semelhante à do grupo-controle (3% versus 3,5%, p=0,82). O transplante renal anterior foi associado a maior risco de perda de enxerto (OR 20,8, p<0,001) e de ocorrência de trombose intravasculares (OR 6,8, p=0,008). Conclusões: As prevalências das mutações FVG1691A e PTG20210A na população estudada foram semelhantes às da população geral não transplantada, e a prevalência de anticorpos aCL superou a observada entre os indivíduos sadios. Não houve associação entre os marcadores de trombofilia estudados e a sobrevida em médio prazo do transplante renal.
Introduction: Thromboembolic complications are important risk factors for graft loss and poor outcome after renal transplantation. patients with thrombophilic defects are at increased risk of thromboembolic complications. Were analyzed, among kidney transplant recipients, the prevalence of thrombophilic defects and the risk attributed to this condition for graft loss and the development of intravascular thrombosis. Methods: A cohort study including 388 adult recipients analyzed for the presence of thrombophilia according to anticardiolipidina antibodies (aCL) by ELISA and gene mutations G1691A in factor V (FV) and prothrombin gene G20210A (PT) by multiplex PCR. Results: thrombophilic defect was identified in 25.8% of patients. The survival rates of two years of the graft were similar between patients with and without thrombophilic defect (94%, p = 0.53), and the survival of free grafts of intravascular thrombosis (97% versus 97%, p = 0 , 83). patients with an increased prevalence of thrombophilic defect intravascular thrombosis similar to the control group (3% versus 3.5%, p = 0.82). Previous renal transplantation was associated with increased risk of graft loss (OR 20.8, p <0.001) and intravascular thrombosis (OR 6.8, p = 0.008). Conclusions: The prevalence of mutations and FVG1691A PTG20210A in this study were similar to those of the general population not transplanted, and the prevalence of aCL antibodies exceeded that observed among healthy individuals. There was no association between markers of thrombophilia studied and medium-term survival in renal transplantation.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Anticorpos Anticardiolipina/análise , Anticorpos Anticardiolipina/genética , Fator V/genética , Modelos Logísticos , Análise de Sobrevida , Trombofilia/complicações , Trombofilia/diagnóstico , Trombofilia/patologia , Transplante de RimRESUMO
Introducción. Una de las alteraciones genéticas que predisponen a trombosis, y que ha sido ampliamente estudiada, es la mutación C677T en el gen que codifica para la enzima 5,10 metilentetrahidrofolato reductasa (MTHFR). Así también, la presencia de la mutación A1298C en el mismo gen es considerada como un factor genético que predispone a trombosis. Métodos. Estudio realizado a 9 pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico de trombofilia, 7 de sexo masculino y 2 del femenino, con edades de 1 mes a 13 años, a los cuales se les realizó, mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real, el estudio de las mutaciones C677T y A1298C en la enzima MTHFR, la mutación G1691A (Leiden) del factor V y la mutación G20210A de la protrombina. Por métodos convencionales se realizó el fenómeno de resistencia a la proteína C activada (RPCa) y las proteínas C y S de la coagulación, así como la antitrombina (AT). Resultados. Todos los pacientes presentaron la coexistencia de las mutaciones C677T y A1298C en la MTHFR; solamente uno de ellos presentó un estado homocigoto para C677T y heterocigoto para A1298C, los otros 8 pacientes presentaron estados heterocigotos para ambas mutaciones; en los 9 pacientes no se demostró la presencia de las mutaciones G1691A del factor V (Leiden) y la G20210A de la protrombina, ni alteraciones en la RPCa, AT y las proteínas C y S de la coagulación. Conclusiones. La coexistencia de las mutaciones C677T y A1298C debe considerarse para su investigación en todos los pacientes que presenten un estado de trombofilia.
Introduction. One of the thrombophilic conditions that has been widely studied is the C677T mutation in the gene encoding the 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme. The presence of mutation A1298C in the same gene is also considered as one factor that predisposes thrombosis. Methods. We report on 9 pediatric patients diagnosed with thrombophilia, 7 males and 2 females with ages ranging from 1 month to 13 years. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed along with the study of the C677T and A1298C mutations in the MTHFR enzyme, G1691A mutation (Leiden) and factor V, prothrombin mutation G20210A. Conventional methods were used for activated protein C (APC) resistance and protein C and S coagulation, as well as antithrombin (AT). Results. All patients had coexisting mutations C677T and A1298C in MTHFR. Only 1 patient was homozygous for C6 7 7T and heterozygous for A1298C. The other 8 patients presented heterozygous mutations and in the 9 patients the presence of mutations of G 1691A factor V (Leiden) and G20210A prothrombin was not demonstrated, as well as alterations in APC, AT and proteins C and S. Conclusions. Coexistence of the C677T and A1298C mutations should be considered for investigation in all patients presenting thrombophilia.
RESUMO
A incidência de trombose venosa profunda (TVP) em crianças (0 a 18 anos) é baixa. O objetivo desse trabalho é estudar uma criança de 12 anos que, após um trauma, apresentou TVP. Atividades de proteína C, proteína S, antitrombina e resistência à proteína C ativada (RPCA) foram analisadas em coagulômetro. O fator V de Leiden (FVL) foi pesquisado. O paciente e seu pai (assintomático até o momento) foram heterozigotos para FVL e sua mãe foi homozigota normal. Concluímos que o FVL associado a outras condições clínicas tende a ser multiplicativo para a ocorrência de trombose, que é multifatorial.
The incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in children (0-18 years old) is low. The aim of this study was to investigate the case of a 12 year-old child that had DVT after a trauma. Protein C and protein S activities, antithrombin and resistance to activated protein C were analyzed in coagulometer. Factor V Leiden (FVL) was studied. The patient and his father were heterozygotes for FVL. His mother was normal homozygote. We concluded that the presence of FVL associated with other medical conditions tends to multiply the occurrence of thrombosis, which is a multifactorial disease.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Criança , Fator V/genética , Resistência à Proteína C Ativada/genética , Trombose Venosa/genética , MutaçãoRESUMO
A trombose é reconhecidamente uma doença de caráter multifatorial. Sua ocorrência está intimamente relacionada à presença de fatores genéticos e adquiridos que concorrem isoladamente ou em associação para o seu desencadeamento. No entanto, a frequência dos fatores genéticos pode variar de acordo com a origem étnica e com outros aspectos epidemiológicos dos grupos de indivíduos e populações estudadas. No Brasil, dados referentes a indivíduos brasileiros e em especial do estado de Minas Gerais são escassos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a frequência das mutações fator V Leiden e G20210A no gene protrombina em 1.103 indivíduos com suspeita clínica de trombofilia, empregando a técnica da reação em cadeia da polimerase seguida de restrição enzimática (PCR-RFLP). Os dados foram analisados usando-se o programa Epi Info versão 6.04. A amostra consistiu de 76,16 por cento mulheres e 23,84 por cento homens, com média de idade de 43,06± 14,65. A mutação fator V Leiden foi observada em heterozigose em 7,52 por cento dos indivíduos e em 0,36 por cento em homozigose. A mutação G20210A no gene da protrombina apresentou-se em heterozigose em 5,90 por cento dos indivíduos e em homozigose em 0,18 por cento. O presente trabalho mostra a importância dos testes genéticos conforme o perfil da população analisada, ressaltando informações epidemiológicas da população brasileira e benefícios clínicos.
Thrombosis is known to be a multifactorial disease. Its incidence is directly related to the presence of genetic and acquired factors that concur separately or in association to its appearance. However, the frequency of genetic factors can vary according to ethnic background and with other epidemiological aspects of populations. Data from Brazilian individuals and especially those from the State of Minas Gerais are scarce. The present study aims at investigating the frequencies of the factor v Leiden and the G20210G prothrombin gene mutations of 1103 individuals with clinical suspicion of thrombophilia employing the Polymerase Chain Reaction technique followed by enzymatic restriction (PCR-RFLP). The data were analyzed using the Epi Info computer program version 6.04. The sample constituted of 76.16 percent women and 23.84 percent men, with an average age of 43.06 ± 14.65 years. The factor V Leiden mutation was observed as heterozygosis in 7.5 percent of individuals and as homozygosis in 0.36 percent. The G20210A prothrombin gene mutation appeared as heterozygosis in 5.90 percent of the individuals and as homozygosis in 0.18 percent. The present study shows the importance of genetic tests taking into account the profile of the studied population, and stressing the epidemiological information of the Brazilian population and the clinical benefits.