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BACKGROUND: Multifidus is an important lumbar muscle with distinct superficial and deep fibers responsible for torque production and stabilization, respectively. Its mechanical properties change when transitioning from lying to sitting positions, necessitating enhanced stability. It holds crucial clinical relevance to assess these layers separately, especially in the sitting posture, which demands increased neuromuscular control compared to the prone position. OBJECTIVE: To compare lumbar multifidus stiffness in lying versus sitting postures, analyzing both superficial and deep layers. METHODS: Supersonic Shear Imaging captured elastographic images from 26 asymptomatic volunteers in prone and seated positions. RESULTS: Left multifidus shear modulus in lying: 5.98 ± 1.80/7.96 ± 1.59 kPa (deep/superficial) and sitting: 12.58 ± 4.22/16.04 ± 6.65 kPa. Right side lying: 6.08 ± 1.97/7.80 ± 1.76 kPa and sitting: 13.25 ± 4.61/17.95 ± 7.12 kPa. No side differences (lying p= 0.99, sitting p= 0.43). However, significant inter-postural differences occurred. CONCLUSION: Lumbar multifidus exhibits increased stiffness in sitting, both layers affected, with superior stiffness in superficial versus deep fibers. Applying these findings could enhance assessing multifidus stiffness changes, for classifying tension-induced low back pain stages.

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OBJECTIVES: To analyze the association between occupational ergonomic risk, personal characteristics, and working conditions with the biomechanical properties of stiffness and muscular tone in the paravertebral muscles of electric pallet jack and forklift operators in the industrial sector. METHODS: A total of 75 industrial sector machine operators were evaluated in 2021. Personal characteristics and working conditions were assessed through a questionnaire. Ergonomic risk was assessed using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method, and biomechanical properties of stiffness and muscular tone were obtained using the Myoton Pro device. Stiffness in paravertebral muscles was compared based on the operated machine and observed ergonomic risk. A multilevel linear regression model was employed to quantify the relationship, with mean differences and 95% CI calculated. RESULTS: Very high ergonomic risk was found in 75% of the electric pallet truck drivers. In this group with the highest ergonomic risk, an association between biomechanical properties and older workers was observed. Additionally, among electric pallet truck drivers, stiffness (mean difference 335.9 N/m, 95% CI: 46.4 (3.4 to 110.0), P < 0.05) and paravertebral muscle tone (mean difference 17.5 Hz, 95% CI: 1.4 (0.1 to 3.4), P < 0.05) showed statistically significant differences in the very high ergonomic risk category compared to the high-risk category. No significant differences were observed in any of the analyzed variables among forklift drivers. CONCLUSIONS: Workers operating electric pallet trucks with very high ergonomic risk according to the REBA method and aged over 40 yr are associated with increased muscle stiffness and tone.

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BACKGROUND: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) encompass a range of conditions affecting muscles, tendons, and nerves. Visual diagrams are widely used to identify symptoms and to generate musculoskeletal discomfort metrics. However, there is no consensus on the number of discomfort dimensions that can originate from self-reported musculoskeletal symptoms by individuals. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to test the fit of WMSD symptom models from workers in two samples of different sizes. METHODS: A combination of Full-Information Item Factor Analysis (FIFA) and Item Response Theory (IRT) was utilized to analyze and test the models. The study was conducted in two samples of workers (n1 = 6944 and n2 = 420) who had their symptoms identified with the aid of a human body diagram. An analysis was conducted considering each sample's unidimensional and three multidimensional models. RESULTS: The unidimensional model (general musculoskeletal discomfort), bi-dimensional model (discomfort in upper and lower body), and tridimensional model (discomfort in the upper limbs, lower limbs, and trunk) showed good values of factor loading and communalities, along with satisfactory item discrimination ability. Regardless of sample size, parameter estimation for IRT and FIFA proceeded without issues, presenting suitable fit parameters. CONCLUSION: Three models were valid and reliable for more extensive and smaller samples. However, the tridimensional model was best for generating discomfort scores in body regions. Companies and safety professionals can use these findings to devise strategies to mitigate musculoskeletal pains based on perceived symptom locations.

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PURPOSE: This review aimed to estimate the prevalence of computer vision syndrome (CVS) in the general population and subgroups. METHODS: A search was conducted in the following the databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Web of Science until February 13, 2023. We included studies that assessed the prevalence of CVS in any population. The Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal tool was used to evaluate the methodological quality. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of CVS was done using a random-effects model, assessing the sources of heterogeneity using subgroup and meta-regression analyses. RESULTS: A total of 103 cross-sectional studies with 66 577 participants were included. The prevalence of CVS was 69.0% (95% CI: 62.3 to 75.3; I2: 99.7%), ranging from 12.1 to 97.3% across studies. Point prevalence was higher in women than in men (71.4 vs. 61.8%), university students (76.1%), Africa (71.2%), Asia (69.9%), contact lens wearers (73.1% vs. 63.8%) in studies conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic (72.8%), and in those that did not use the CVS-Q questionnaire (75.4%). In meta-regression, using the CVS-Q scale was associated with a lower prevalence of CVS. CONCLUSION: Seven out of ten people suffer from CVS. Preventive strategies and interventions are needed to decrease the prevalence of this condition which can affect productivity and quality of life. Future studies should standardize a definition of CVS.

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Introducción: A consecuencia de la emergencia sanitaria por el virus SARS-CoV2, las actividades académicas migraron de forma repentina a un entorno de trabajo remoto; esto provocó que los hogares de todo el mundo se convirtieran en el asentamiento urgente de las estaciones de trabajo académico. La ergonomia como disciplina científica cobra relevancia al ser un aliado subsanador para mitigar los riesgos asociados con la aparición de lesiones musculoesqueléticas. De acuerdo con la memoria estadística del Instituto Mexicano de Seguridad Social, IMSS1, en el primer año de pandemia de COVID-19 se registraron 30 860 atenciones por lesiones en la región de manos y muñecas, 9696 en la zona de cabeza y cuello, 6251 dorsopatías y 1673 atenciones por astenopia a jóvenes de entre 18 a 29 años que desarrollaban actividades escolares. Objetivo: En este sentido, se aborda la presente investigación para conocer la composición de los espacios de trabajo académico en casa y analizar si existen factores o elementos que incidan en el riesgo de lesiones musculoesqueléticas en los estudiantes del nivel superior. Metodología: A través de un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales que cuenta con el constructo latente de las posibles lesiones (PL) en manos, espalda, piernas, cabeza, vista, oído, agotamiento físico y la respiración, las variables observables se atribuyen a los espacios utilizados para las actividades académicas en casa, muebles y equipos, Condiciones y Medio Ambiente (CyMAT). Resultados y discusión: Se encontró que un mal diseño de la estación de trabajo académico en casa, aunado a la utilización inadecuada de los muebles y equipos, aumenta la posibilidad de presentar síntomas asociados con las LMEs y, por tanto, daños en la salud del estudiante. Conclusión: La mediación de las estaciones de trabajo a través de la implementación de elementos ergonómicos mejora de forma sustancial la calidad de trabajo académico en casa, y hace evidente la importancia de la ergonomía como disciplina científica.

Introduction: As a result of the health emergency of the SARS-CoV2 virus, academic activities suddenly migrated to a remote work environment, causing homes around the world to become the urgent settlement of academic workstations. Ergonomics as a scientific discipline becomes relevant as it is a healing ally to mitigate the risks associated with the appearance of musculoskeletal injuries. According to the statistical report of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, IMSS1, in the first year of the COVID 19 pandemic, 30,860 care for injuries in the hands and wrists region, 9,696 in the head and neck area, 6,251 dorsopathies and 1,673 care for asthenopia were registered to young people between 18 and 29 years old who develop school activities. Objective: In this sense, this research is addressed to know the composition of academic workspaces at home and analyze if some factors or elements affect the risk of musculoskeletal injuries in students of the higher level. Methodology: Through a structural equations model that has the latent construct of possible injuries (PL) in the hands, back, legs, head, eyesight, hearing, physical exhaustion, and breathing; the observable variables are attributed to the spaces used for academic activities at home, furniture and equipment, conditions and environment (CyMAT) Results and discussion: It is explored that a bad design of the academic workstation at home coupled with the inappropriate use of furniture and equipment increases the possibility of presenting symptoms associated with SCI and therefore, damage to the student's health. Conclusion: The mediation of workstations through the implementation of ergonomic elements substantially improves the quality of academic work at home, making evident the importance of ergonomics as a scientific discipline

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Background: Surgical fatigue syndrome (SFS) is a frequent, but underestimated, entity that occurs during laparoscopic surgeries. It could impair surgical outcomes, patient safety, and surgeon health. Furthermore, current surgical education lacks effective interventions to avoid it. Discomfort represents the most common manifestation and includes musculoskeletal fatigue, numbness, or frank pain. The most common affected sites are the back neck, dominant hand shoulder, and high or low back. We propose an integral intervention (surgeon posture, instruments/devices design & use and discomfort improvement) that prevents or mitigates SFS. Methods: An experimental study was conducted on 57 general surgery residents and general surgeons. Participants in the experimental and control group executed standardized laparoscopic knots in a simulator and knowledge, body discomfort, and posture/ergonomic risk was evaluated before and after intervention application. Results: A statistically significant decrease in discomfort intensity was found in the experimental group. Also, discomfort presentation by the anatomic site diminishes and surgical performance improves. Conclusions: Intervention prevents or mitigates discomfort associated with muscle-skeletal component of SFS. ACGME competency: Practice Based-Learning and Improvement.

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BACKGROUND: There are companies that can be considered financially successful while creating negative externalities for their workers. This is the case of contact centers. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to investigate the challenges for a service company (such as a contact center) in reconciling its economic and financial objectives with the promotion of the work dimension, guaranteeing workers the possibility of professional, collective, and human development. METHODS: This research has a qualitative ethnographic approach. An activity-centered work analysis method, also known as "Ergonomic Work Analysis" (EWA), was carried out in one of the largest companies in the Brazilian contact center market. RESULTS: The case shows that the achievement of economic-financial objectives of the analyzed company is mainly done by harming the well-being of its workers. In particular, the work of the attendants did not bring any development perspective for them. The prevalence of instrumental rationality in decision-making processes and the asymmetry of power relations between stakeholders are the main reasons why workers' well-being is not considered. CONCLUSION: The discussion proposes that work-related sciences, such as ergonomics and psychodynamics of work, can bring another type of rationality to the decision-making processes of companies. The work also needs to be sustainable enough to allow the construction and development of professionals, and the health of working population, while improving the company's performance.

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Introduction: The relationship between sleep quality and rest location is rarely explored in the literature. In this context, ergonomic analysis instruments can contribute with information for a satisfactory rest environment throughout the work schedule. Objectives: To analyze the performance of an instrument based on Ergonomic Workplace Analysis for assessing rest locations. Methods: This study adapted an ergonomic instrument to a new purpose. To analyze its performance, we assessed the rest locations of truck drivers working for a large transportation company located in the state of São Paulo. Results: The variables adapted from the original Ergonomic Workplace Analysis were rest location, sequence of tasks, lighting, noise, indoor comfort, and thermal comfort. Photos and flowcharts were used to better describe the data. Conclusion: The new instrument was shown to be adequate for assessing rest locations. The drivers evaluated the accommodations more positively than the analyst, and truck sleepers and company accommodations were considered different both by the drivers and the analyst.

Introdução: A relação entre a qualidade do sono e o local de descanso é pouco explorada pela literatura. Nesse contexto, os instrumentos de análise ergonômica podem contribuir com informações para um ambiente de descanso satisfatório ao longo das jornadas de trabalho. Objetivos: Analisar o desempenho de um instrumento de avaliação de locais de descanso, desenvolvido a partir da ferramenta ergonomic workplace analysis (análise ergonômica do posto de trabalho). Métodos: O presente estudo se caracteriza por adaptar um instrumento ergonômico para uma nova finalidade. Realizou-se avaliação dos locais de descanso de motoristas de caminhão de uma empresa transportadora de grande porte, localizada no estado de São Paulo. Resultados: As variáveis adaptadas da versão original do ergonomic workplace analysis foram o local de descanso, a sequência de tarefas, a iluminação, o ruído, o conforto interno e o conforto térmico. As fotos e os fluxogramas foram utilizados para melhor descrever os dados. Conclusões: O novo instrumento se mostrou adequado para avaliar locais de descanso. Os motoristas avaliaram mais positivamente os dormitórios do que o analista, sendo que o local de descanso do caminhão e os alojamentos foram considerados distintos tanto para os motoristas quanto para o analista.

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Background/purpose: Ergonomics in dentistry encourages the work to be in an organized manner, where a dentist achieves highest performance with maximum comfort and minimum physical and psychological effort. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ergonomic sitting position of dental students from third, fourth and fifth year undergraduate programs while they prepared teeth 46 and 27 as Black Class I preparation for amalgam using dental simulators. Materials and methods: Ten students were randomly selected from each year for this study. Photos and videos were taken from them to record their sitting position as they performed a Black Class I amalgam preparation in Nissin simulators. Results: It was found that more students had a poor ergonomic sitting position while working in mandibular area (60%, torso and neck angle; 53% knee-angle; 50% elbow-angle). When comparing the average score between maxilla and mandible within students of the same year, fourth year students had a significant difference in their average, with a better performance in maxilla (P ≤ 0.01). They also showed better performance in maxillary area compared to fifth-year students (P ≤ 0.008). The main reasons that the students presented as justification for their bad posture were little work time, lack of knowledge, not knowing how to use indirect vision, and poor comfort. Conclusion: Every undergraduate year had a compromised sitting position, with the exception of fourth-year students when working in maxillary area. No correlation between undergraduate year and performance was found.

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Objetivo ­ Devido ao crescimento desenfreado das grandes metrópoles, o mundo do trabalho vem sofrendo com o forte desemprego, fazendo com que a população recorra a outras fontes de renda. Os mototaxistas estão fazendo cada dia mais parte do cotidiano dos brasileiros. Porém esses trabalhadores enfrentam riscos em meio ao trânsito caótico das cidades como acidentes de trânsito, a exposição excessiva aos fatores ambientais como a radiação solar, chuva, barulhos, ruídos, cansaço e estresse, além de queixas de dor em algumas regiões do corpo, principalmente na coluna. Com isso, a Ergonomia entra como uma boa ferramenta para melhorar as condições de trabalho e promover o aumento de produtividade trabalhista desses trabalhadores. Métodos ­ O presente artigo abordou o relato de caso de um mototaxista de Belém-PA. As ferramentas Whoqol-Bref, IDE'S, diagrama de Corlett-Manenica, REBA e o Termo-HigroDecibelímetro-Luxímetro-Anemômetro foram utilizados para a coleta de dados. Discussão ­ As avaliações de temperatura (28ºC33,3ºC), ruídos (77-83,1dB) e luminância (650-5.900lux) apresentam inconformidades de acordo com as normas ergonômicas estabelecidas pela NR-17. Conclusão ­ Os resultados levaram à conclusão que a temperatura, os ruídos e a luminosidade excessiva podem ser fatores ambientais de risco para a saúde do mototaxista, assim como a presença de algias e alterações biomecânicas nas regiões cervical, torácica e lombar. Sendo assim, a atividade de mototaxista foi classificada como alto risco ergonômico pelo método REBA. Descritores: Avali

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This article evaluates a hip joint socket design by finite element method (FEM). The study was based on the needs and characteristics of a patient with an oncological amputation; however, the solution and the presented method may be generalized for patients with similar conditions. The research aimed to solve a generalized problem, taking a typical case from the study area as a reference. Data were collected on the use of the current improving prosthesis-specifically in interaction with its socket-to obtain information on the new approach design: this step constituted the work's starting point, where the problems to be solved in conventional designs were revealed. Currently, the development of this type of support does not consider the functionality and comfort of the patient. Research has reported that 58% of patients with sockets have rejected their use, because they do not fit comfortably and functionally; therefore, patients' low acceptance or rejection of the use of the prosthesis socket has been documented. In this study, different designs were evaluated, based on the FEM as scientific support for the results obtained, for the development of a new ergonomic fit with a 60% increase in patient compliance, that had correct gait performance when correcting postures, improved fit-user interaction, and that presented an esthetic fit that met the usability factor. The validation of the results was carried out through the physical construction of the prototype. The research showed how the finite element method improved the design, analyzing the structural behavioral, and that it could reduce cost and time instead of generating several prototypes.

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Introducción: los desórdenes músculoesqueletales tienen una alta prevalencia en la población general y en particular, en el área salud, los profesionales de la odontología representan una población altamente vulnerable, debido a características particulares del ejercicio de su profesión. Es creciente el estudio de diferentes intervenciones ergonómicas y el impacto que estas pueden tener sobre la reducción de la sintomatología muscular y en el desarrollo y/o la perpetuación de estos cuadros disfuncionales. Materiales y método: se realizó una revisión, de tipo narrativa, entre los meses de abril de 2022 y agosto de 2022. Se consultaron base de datos tales como MedLine/PubMed y Scielo, incluyendo artículos publicados en los últimos diez años. Resultados: se obtuvieron un total de 71 artículos, de los cuales, se excluyeron 30 trabajos, resultando en 41 los artículos incluidos en la presente síntesis cualitativa. Conclusiones: las intervenciones ergonómicas están dirigidas básicamente, a cambios en los ambientes de trabajo de los profesionales y/o a la implementación de programas que tienen como objetivo instruir y concientizar a los profesionales sobre criterios ergonómicos para su incorporación en el desempeño de su trabajo. Ambos enfoques intervencionistas, han sido evaluados con herramientas validadas de autopercepción, exámenes clínicos y evaluaciones instrumentales. Las estrategias que focalizan el problema, en los espacios de trabajo, y aquellas que, incluyen educación y formación en ergonomía, disminuyen el impacto de los desórdenes músculoesqueletales en esta población. Estas últimas, tienen la potencialidad de provocar cambios en los hábitos de los profesionales, con conductas que se mantienen a mediano plazo.

Introduction: musculoskeletal disorders have a high prevalence in the general population and in particular, in the health area, dental professionals represent a highly vulnerable population, due to the particular characteristics of the practice of their profession. The study of different ergonomic interventions and the impact they can have on the reduction of muscular symptomatology and on the development and/or perpetuation of these dysfunctional conditions is growing. Method: a narrative review was carried out between April 2022 and August 2022. Databases such as MedLine/PubMed and Scielo were consulted, including articles published in the last ten years. Results: a total of 71 articles were obtained, of which 30 were excluded, resulting in 41 articles included in this qualitative synthesis. Conclusions: ergonomic interventions are basically aimed at changes in the working environments of professionals and/or the implementation of programs aimed at instructing and making professionals aware of ergonomic criteria for their incorporation in their work performance. Both interventionist approaches have been evaluated with validated self-perception tools, clinical examinations and instrumental evaluations. Strategies that focus the problem in the workplace and those that include education and training in ergonomics reduce the impact of musculoskeletal disorders in this population. The latter have the potential to provoke changes in the habits of professionals, with behaviors that are maintained in the medium term.

Introdução: os distúrbios músculo-esqueléticos são altamente prevalentes na população em geral e, em particular, na área da saúde, os profissionais da odontologia representam uma população altamente vulnerável, devido às características particulares do exercício de sua profissão. O estudo de diferentes intervenções ergonômicas e o impacto que elas podem ter na redução dos sintomas musculares e no desenvolvimento e/ou perpetuação dessas condições disfuncionais está crescendo. Materiais e métodos: foi realizada uma revisão narrativa entre abril de 2022 e agosto de 2022. Bases de dados como MedLine/PubMed e Scielo foram consultadas, incluindo artigos publicados nos últimos dez anos. Resultados: foram obtidos um total de 71 artigos, dos quais 30 foram excluídos, resultando em 41 artigos incluídos nesta síntese qualitativa. Conclusões: as intervenções ergonômicas visam basicamente a mudanças nos ambientes de trabalho dos profissionais e/ou a implementação de programas que visam instruir e conscientizar os profissionais sobre critérios ergonômicos para sua incorporação em seu trabalho. Ambas as abordagens intervencionistas foram avaliadas com ferramentas validadas de autopercepção, exames clínicos e avaliações instrumentais. As estratégias que visam o problema no local de trabalho e aquelas que incluem educação e treinamento em ergonomia reduzem o impacto dos distúrbios músculo-esqueléticos nesta população. Estes últimos têm o potencial de provocar mudanças nos hábitos dos profissionais, com comportamentos que são mantidos a médio prazo.

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Many industrial sectors still lack automation resources to optimize their production processes, aiming to make manufacturing leaner and offer better working conditions to operators. Without these improvements, workers can suffer physical and even psychological damage from the ergonomic risks of the activities performed. Thus, the aim of this paper is to present the ergonomic evaluation of packaging tapes workstation before and after the implementation of an automatic packaging machine, called Guzzetti. In the Guzzetti context, the paper shows the implementation of an electrical system based on controlling a mechanical device powered by servomotors and controlled by a PLC is necessary. For ergonomic evaluation, the paper presents the application of three methods: Suzanne Rodger, Strain Index, called Moore and Garg and REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment). With the results collection, was possible to obtain improvements in ergonomic risks that changed from the intermediate level to low level in all methods.

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BACKGROUND: The need for participative approaches in design is a key concern for Ergonomics. There exists a vast array of philosophies and techniques which may come under the heading of participation, but several of these methods are indeed not really participatory in the real sense of the concept. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to reveal the elements that allow an ergonomic simulation approach to be applied as a design process method centered on the work perspective and anchored on the participation concept. METHODS: This study is centered on the subsequent analysis of a case study: the design of an Onshore Collaborative Center (OCC), in the context of Integrated Operations (IO) of the oil industry. The simulation sessions were filmed and recorded, and a logbook of the progress of the design process was produced daily in order to preserve the memory of the case. RESULTS: The main result of the research highlights that simulation is a method capable of presenting work as an important factor in the transformation of the project, as well as in technical choices, in addition to opening space for different participants and their various perspectives. However, for it to be an effective method of participation, there is the need for a "back and forth" process between work analysis and simulation during the ergonomic simulation approach. CONCLUSION: This study showed which elements support the construction of ergonomic simulation as a method capable of structuring the participation in design process. For this, the simulation must be based on work analysis and articulate the knowledge of different actors for decision-making to allow for new developments while promoting the vision of work as an important decision variable in the design process.

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BACKGROUND: Ergonomics is increasingly gaining ground in projects in the energy sector, as well as in the continuous process industry, although the discipline is still framing its space in this milieu. This issue emerges from the designers' lack of familiarity with ergonomics work, especially in engineering design projects, combined with the usual expectations of organizations regarding the participation of ergonomists and the deliverables they ought to develop throughout the project. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to report the participation of a team of ergonomists in an oil platform basic design, discussing ergonomics structuring as an emerging design discipline. METHODS: This qualitative study used participant observation as a methodology approach aligned with the theoretical framework of Activity Ergonomics (AE). The data collection occurred between October 2018 and June 2020 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. RESULTS: The results show the challenges faced by the ergonomics team and strategies adopted in order to create technical specifications (TS), which will determine the work conditions in the future platforms. An evolution in relation to the practice of Ergonomics during this project can be pointed out, even though part of its scope of action remains to be better understood among the design team. CONCLUSION: Considering oil platform project contexts, this work highlights how ergonomics can help integrate the different rationalities that compose the design process.

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BACKGROUND: Currently, there is a need for models, methods, and tools that allow ergonomics/human factor (E/HF) practitioners to assess the level of E/HF integration into organizations from a macroergonomics perspective. OBJECTIVE: This paper aims to propose the Ergonomic Maturity Model (EMM) and the tools for its application as a framework for integrating E/HF in organizations. METHODS: The EMM is a macroergonomic tool that allows stakeholders to evaluate the degree of development and integration of E/HF in the organization based on a participatory and macroergonomic approach. The EMM classifies organizations into five gradual levels of maturity: Ignorance, Understanding, Experimentation, Regular use, and Innovation. RESULTS: In this paper, we provide a three-stage procedure for guiding the application of the EMM: preparation of the evaluation, evaluation, and improvement plan and implementation. We include four tools developed specifically for applying EMM in organizations: evaluation matrix, weighting questionnaire, quick questionnaire, and prioritization matrix. Also, we present a Colombian floriculture company's case study to exemplify the use of the EMM. CONCLUSIONS: The EMM provides a framework for integrating E/HF into organizations from the macroergonomics approach. E/HF practitioners can find in the EMM a tool to help them channel the actions taken by the different organizational actors to improve the safety, health, well-being, and performance of work systems. Finally, it should be noted that further studies on the reliability and validity of the EMM are needed, which would contribute to demonstrating that the EMM can effectively and successfully guide change in E/HF maturity levels in organizations.

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Introdução: Os trabalhadores que exercem actividades de escritórios usando computadores como principal instrumento, estão sujeitos ao desenvolvimento de distúrbios músculo- esqueléticos devido a posição sentada adotada prolongadas horas nesses ambientes. Objectivo: Avaliar os fatores de riscos ergonómicos e a prevalência de distúrbios músculo esqueléticos em trabalhadores dos escritórios da empresa de segurança G4S Secure Solutions Moçambique. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 58 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, com idade compreendidas entre 20 e 55 anos. Foi usado uma ficha para o registo das conformidades ergonómicas dos materiais dos escritórios bem como avaliar a postura do trabalhador por meio de observação, posteriormente estimadas as probabilidades de ocorrência e a severidade dos riscos. Os dados relativos a ocorrência dos DME foi obtida com recurso ao questionário Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Resultados: Os principais riscos ergonómicos observados foram o posicionamento material informático em relação ao trabalhador, a postura destes durante o trabalho e por fim o estado do mobiliário. E os relacionados com ajustamento do monitor e a postura da cabeça e pescoço foram os que tiveram maior índice de severidade. A maioria relatou ter sentido desconforto músculo-esquelético em pelo menos uma região do corpo, tendo grande parte se queixado das regiões cervical, lombar, punhos/mão e região torácica. Conclusões: Com base nos resultados da presente pesquisa pode se afirmar que nos escritórios da empresa estudada existem riscos ergonómicos a ter em conta, principalmente os relacionados com a organização de material do trabalho e a postura dos trabalhadores sendo evidente pela elevada prevalência de distúrbios músculo-esquelético.

Introduction: Workers who perform office activities using computers as their main instrument are exposed to the development of musculoskeletal disorders due to the sitting position adopted for prolonged hours in these environments. Objective: To assess ergonomic risk factors and the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in office workers of the security company G4S Secure Solutions Mozambique. Methods: 58 individuals of both sexes participated in the study, aged between 20 and 55 years. A form was used to record the ergonomic compliance of office materials as well as to evaluate the posture of the worker through observation, later estimating the probabilities of occurrence and the severity of the risks. Data on the occurrence of MSDs was obtained using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Results: The main ergonomic risks observed were the positioning of the computer material in relation to the worker, their posture during work and, finally, the condition of the furniture. And those related to monitor adjustment and head and neck posture were the ones with the highest severity index. Most reported having felt musculoskeletal discomfort in at least one region of the body, with most complaining of cervical, lumbar, wrists/hand and thoracic regions. Conclusions: Based on the results of the present research, it can be stated that in the offices of the studied company there are ergonomic risks to be taken into account, mainly those related to the organization of work material and the posture of the workers, which is evident due to the high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders.

Introducción: Los trabajadores que realizan actividades de oficina utilizando ordenadores como herramienta principal, están sujetos al desarrollo de trastornos musculoesqueléticos debido a la posición sentada adoptada durante horas prolongadas en estos entornos. Objetivo: Evaluar los factores de riesgo ergonómico y la prevalencia de los trastornos musculoesqueléticos en los trabajadores de oficina de la empresa de seguridad G4S Secure Solutions Mozambique. Métodos: 58 individuos de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre los 20 y los 55 años, participaron en el estudio. Se utilizó un formulario para registrar las conformidades ergonómicas de los materiales de oficina, así como para evaluar la postura del trabajador a través de la observación, posteriormente se estimó la probabilidad de ocurrencia y la severidad de los riesgos. Los datos relativos a la aparición de EMD se obtuvieron mediante el Cuestionario Musculoesquelético Nórdico. Resultados: Los principales riesgos ergonómicos observados fueron la colocación del material informático en relación con el trabajador, su postura durante el trabajo y, por último, el estado del mobiliario. Y los relacionados con el ajuste del monitor y la postura de la cabeza y el cuello fueron los que presentaron el mayor índice de gravedad. La mayoría declaró haber sentido molestias musculoesqueléticas en al menos una región del cuerpo, y la mayoría se quejaba de las regiones cervical, lumbar, muñeca/mano y torácica. Conclusiones: En base a los resultados de esta investigación se puede afirmar que en las oficinas de la empresa estudiada existen riesgos ergonómicos a tener en cuenta, especialmente los relacionados con la organización del material de trabajo y la postura de los trabajadores quedando patente por la alta prevalencia de trastornos musculoesqueléticos.

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RESUMEN Introducción: El trabajo en instituciones hospitalarias de varios países es realizado en condiciones laborales inadecuadas. En el caso de las ergonómicas esta situación acarrea enfermedades en los trabajadores, como son las lesiones osteomusculares, con su consiguiente ausentismo por licencias médicas. Objetivo: Describir la ocurrencia de lesiones osteomusculares y de ausentismo-enfermedad y las condiciones laborales que ocasionó la solicitud de licencias prolongadas en el personal de salud. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal en 23 profesionales de Enfermería con licencia de larga duración, de una institución pública en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina, en el periodo septiembre-octubre de 2021. Se utilizó el Cuestionario Nórdico Estandarizado y el Cuestionario de Situación Ergonómica del Ambiente de Trabajo. Fueron analizadas las variables: condiciones del entorno laboral, riesgos ergonómicos y riesgos laborales, síntomas osteomusculares, ausentismo, postura corporal según posición de columna vertebral y brazos. Resultados: El 60,9 % de los encuestados perteneció al sexo femenino. La edad promedio fue de 35,9 años, moda de 39 y la desviación estándar de 9,2 años. Prevalecieron las lesiones en espalda alta y baja, cuello y ambos hombros. En cuanto a la satisfacción respecto a la postura corporal adoptada y las condiciones ergonómicas del mobiliario, el 73,9 % refirió que era poco satisfactorio. Conclusiones: Los riesgos ergonómicos que influyen en el personal de Enfermería de esta institución ocasionan daños físicos y mentales al personal debido a la sobrecarga del aparato músculo-esquelético y la función cognitiva que tienen que desempeñar para realizar sus actividades diarias.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Works in hospital institutions in several countries is performed under inadequate working conditions. Concerning the ergonomic risk, this situation leads to illnesses in workers, such as musculoskeletal injuries, causing absenteeism in workers due to medical exemption certificates. Objective: To describe the arising musculoskeletal injuries and absenteeism-illness, also the working conditions that caused on the health personnel request for extended medical exemption certificates. Method: An observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was carried out, during the period September throughout October 2021, on 23 nursing professionals with extended medical exemption certificates, all of them associated to a public institution at the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The Standardized Nordic Questionnaire and the Questionnaire of Ergonomic Situation for working environment were used. The following variables were analyzed: working environment conditions, ergonomic risks and occupational hazards, musculoskeletal symptoms, absenteeism, body posture according to the spine and arms position. Results: The 60.9% of personnel surveyed were female. The mean age was 35.9 years, mode ≈39 and standard deviation 9.2 years. Injuries at the upper and lower back, neck and both shoulders prevailed. Concerning satisfaction on the ergonomic conditions of the furniture and the adopted body posture, 73.9% reported that it was not very satisfactory. Conclusions: The ergonomic risks that impact the nursing staff at this institution cause physical and mental damage due to the overload of the musculoskeletal apparatus and the cognitive function they have to perform in order to carry out their daily activities.

RESUMO Introdução: O trabalho em instituições hospitalares em vários países é realizado em condições inadequadas de trabalho. No caso da ergonomia, essa situação leva a doenças nos trabalhadores, como lesões musculoesqueléticas, com consequente absenteísmo por licença médica. Objetivo: Descrever a ocorrência de lesões musculoesqueléticas e absenteísmo-doença e as condições de trabalho que levaram ao pedido de afastamento prolongado do pessoal de saúde. Método: Estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal, realizado em 23 profissionais de Enfermagem com licença de longa duração, de uma instituição pública da Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina, no período de setembro a outubro de 2021. O Questionário Nórdico Padronizado e o Questionário de Situação Ergonômica do Ambiente de Trabalho. As variáveis analisadas foram: condições do ambiente de trabalho, riscos ergonômicos e ocupacionais, sintomas osteomusculares, absenteísmo, postura corporal de acordo com a posição da coluna e dos braços. Resultados: 60,9% dos entrevistados eram do sexo feminino. A média de idade foi de 35,9 anos, a moda de 39 e o desvio padrão de 9,2 anos. Lesões na parte superior e inferior das costas, pescoço e ambos os ombros prevaleceram. Em relação à satisfação com a postura corporal adotada e as condições ergonômicas do mobiliário, 73,9% relataram que era insatisfatória. Conclusões: Os riscos ergonômicos que influenciam a equipe de Enfermagem desta instituição causam danos físicos e mentais à equipe devido à sobrecarga do aparelho musculoesquelético e da função cognitiva que têm que desempenhar para realizar suas atividades diárias.

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Throughout history there have been epidemics and pandemics of all kinds, however the most recent ones have been respiratory diseases that have had a significant effect on the society and that have caused high mortality rates. The preventive measures to minimize the risk of contagion by contact with infected surfaces include ergonomic accessories including personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent hands to be in contact with surfaces that could be infected by viruses, bacteria, fungi, etc., thus avoiding infection by the usual entry routes (mouth, nose, and eyes) to the human body of highly contagious diseases such as COVID-19. The collaborative manufacture of these safety accessories at the site of consumption is a current option that minimizes infectious diseases and reduces costs. Accessories such as the so-called "ear saver" and "anti-contact keys" can be produced by 3D printing with a general CAD/CAM and allow users in hospitals, and schools, such as medical and teaching staff and society in general to extend the life of N95 respirator fasteners (protective masks) and avoid contagion. These devices can be used to open doors and windows and control elevators, etc. The accessories can be optimized ergonomically for individual use by providing a custom design. The collaborative manufacture of these elements allows the product design stages to be carried out autonomously. In the manufacturing stage, 3D printers can be used to produce the devices at the point of use, thus saving on transport and distribution costs. This paper describes a comparative analysis of their design, manufacture and use in hospitals, schools, universities, and commercial areas with the aim of improving the current design.

RESUMO

Resumen Los trastornos musculoesqueléticos son lesiones que afectan el movimiento corporal, incluyendo músculos, tendones, ligamentos, entre otros. Estos trastornos son unos de los problemas más importantes en la práctica clínica odontológica, ocasionados en su mayoría por sobrecarga física tanto dinámica como estática, en particular para esta última, toma relevancia la postura mantenida en posición bípeda o sedente durante la realización de procedimientos extremadamente precisos en un espacio de trabajo tan pequeño como lo es la cavidad oral; por esto, se pretende con base en la literatura existente, describir el riesgo biomecánico por sobrecarga estática y los trastornos musculoesqueléticos en odontólogos. Con esta intención se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura científica al respecto en español e inglés de productos de investigación de los últimos diez años, utilizando descriptores DeCS y MeSH, en fuentes académicas y científicas de Pubmed, Medline, Scopus y Google académico en donde se seleccionaron 50 artículos teniendo como resultado principal que si existe una relación entre riesgo biomecánico y sobrecarga estática con la aparición de trastornos musculoesqueléticos.

Abstract Musculoskeletal disorders are injuries that affect body movement, including muscles, tendons, ligaments, among others. These disorders are one of the most important problems in dental clinical practice, caused mostly by static overload due to prolonged posture in a standing or sitting position when performing extremely precise procedures in a workspace as small as the oral cavity; For this reason, based on the existing literature, it is intended to describe the biomechanical risk due to static overload and musculoskeletal disorders in dentists. With this intention, a narrative review of the scientific literature on the matter in Spanish and English of research products of the last ten years was carried out using DeCS and MeSH descriptors, in academic and scientific sources of PubMed, Medline, Scopus and academic Google in where 50 articles were selected, the main result being that there is a relationship between biomechanics factors and static overload with the use appearance of musculoskeletal disorders.

Resumo As desordens musculoesqueléticas são lesões que afetam os movimentos do corpo, incluindo músculos, tendões, ligamentos, entre outros. Esses distúrbios constituem um dos problemas mais importantes na prática clínica odontológica, ocasionados principalmente pela sobrecarga física, tanto dinâmica quanto estática, em particular para esta última, torna-se relevante a postura mantida na posição bípede ou sentada durante procedimentos extremamente precisos. tão pequeno quanto a cavidade oral; Portanto, pretende-se, com base na literatura existente, descrever o risco biomecânico devido à sobrecarga estática e distúrbios musculoesqueléticos em dentistas. Com esse intuito, foi realizada uma revisão narrativa da produção científica sobre o assunto, em espanhol e inglês, de produtos de pesquisa dos últimos dez anos, utilizando os descritores DeCS e MeSH, em fontes acadêmicas e científicas do Pubmed, Medline, Scopus e Google acadêmico onde foram selecionados 50 artigos, sendo que o principal resultado é que existe uma relação entre o risco biomecânico e a sobrecarga estática com o aparecimento de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos.