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Donkeys (Equus asinus) are historically known for their close relationship to humanity, which raises the need to study zoonotic diseases that affect them. In this perspective, leptospirosis stands out as a disease with an economic and public health impact, and its occurrence is facilitated in times of higher rainfall indexes, especially in large urban centers. In view of the scarcity of information about leptospirosis in donkeys, the objective of this study was to detect the presence of Leptospira spp. and anti-leptospiral antibodies in donkeys rescued by a zoonosis center located in the Caatiga biome, Brazilian semiarid region. Overall, 30 donkeys of both sexes, aged between 4 months and 15 years, were used, from which 64 serum samples were collected and submitted to the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). In addition, 64 samples of urine, vaginal and preputial fluid, in duplicates, were subjected to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microbiological. Sixteen (53.3%) animals tested positive in at least one diagnostic test, 12 (40%) of which were positive at MAT and seven (23.3%) in the molecular and bacteriological detection (urine, vaginal, and preputial fluid samples). This is the first report identifying donkeys infected with Leptospira spp. by molecular and bacteriological diagnosis in Brazil, and the first in the world to detect this agent in their genital fluids. The study also shows that donkeys are commonly exposed to leptospires in the Caatinga biome, and this constitutes a One Health-based concern, demonstrating the importance of broad studies where large numbers of humans and animals coexist when investigating zoonotic infections and when planning and implementing control measures for donkeys-associated leptospirosis.

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Glanders is a disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia mallei that primarily affects horses, mules and donkeys. The disease can cause lesions in the skin, lungs and several other organs. However, it often manifests as an asymptomatic disease. In Brazil, serological tests of high sensitivity and specificity are used to assist in the detection of antibodies against B. mallei and to contribute to the control of the disease. However, due to the mandatory euthanasia of seroreactive animals, equids with positive serology for B. mallei and asymptomatic generated great conflicts between breeders, veterinarians and diagnostic laboratories. This study clarifies the limitations of complementary diagnostic tests for detecting B. mallei. It describes the clinical, morphological and laboratory findings in 24 equines from different municipalities in the Mato Grosso State, Brazil, which reacted to the complement fixation test and were positive in the western blotting test for glanders. Data and tissue samples were collected from 24 horses for histological, microbiological and molecular analysis. In 23 horses, no clinical signs, morphological alterations, microbiological isolation, or molecular detection would characterize B. mallei infection. On the other hand, samples from an asymptomatic horse without lesional alterations showed sequence amplification compatible with B. mallei in the PCR. Considering that the infection by B. mallei is subject to the application of animal sanitary defense measures and that, by international requirement and national legislation, the serological results are tools that should support the sanitation procedures for the error of the bacteria in the Mato Grosso State, Brazil.

Mormo é uma enfermidade causada pela bactéria Burkholderia mallei que acomete primariamente cavalos, mulas e burros. A doença pode causar lesões na pele, pulmões e em diversos outros órgãos, entretanto frequentemente manifesta-se como uma enfermidade assintomática. No Brasil são utilizados testes sorológicos de elevada sensibilidade e especificidade para auxiliar na detecção de anticorpos contra B. mallei e contribuir para controle da doença. Porém, devido à obrigatoriedade da eutanásia de animais sororeagentes, os equídeos com sorologia positiva para B. mallei e assintomáticos geraram grandes embates entre criadores, médicos-veterinários e laboratórios de diagnóstico. Este trabalho esclarece as limitações dos testes diagnósticos complementares para detecção de B. mallei e descreve os achados clínicos, morfológicos e de exames laboratoriais em 24 equídeos, procedentes de diferentes municípios do estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, que reagiram ao teste de fixação de complemento e foram positivos no teste de "western blotting" para mormo. Foram colhidos dados e amostras de tecidos de 24 equídeos para análise histológica, microbiológica e molecular. Em 23 equídeos não existiam sinais clínicos, alterações morfológicas, isolamento microbiológico ou detecção molecular que caracterizassem infecção por B. mallei. Por outro lado, amostras de um cavalo assintomático e sem alterações lesionais apresentaram amplificação de sequência compatível com B. mallei na PCR. Considerando que a infecção por B. mallei é passível da aplicação de medidas de defesa sanitária animal e que por exigência internacional e da legislação nacional, os resultados sorológicos são ferramentas que devem amparar os procedimentos de saneamento para erradicação da bactéria no estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil.

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Rolling is a natural behavior of equids that is beneficial to their well-being. However, more intensive domestic environments offer fewer opportunities for animals to roll, neglecting its importance. We believe that the inclusion of recreational areas for animals, containing substrates and conditions that encourage the occurrence of natural behaviors, is essential to promote their well-being. Therefore, we evaluated the preference of horses (Equus caballus; n = 8) and mules (E. asinus x E. caballus; n = 8) for different rolling substrates (sand, grass, manure), and the influence of this behavior on thermoregulation after exercise. Horses rolled preferentially on grass, whereas mules preferred sand, both of which were cooler substrates when compared to manure. In addition, the temperature of the animals significantly reduced after rolling. Thus, horses and mules must roll for thermoregulation after exercise, choosing cooler and more efficient substrates for heat dissipation. The differences in preferences between mules and horses showed particularities between the equine species and its hybrid, which is important for management that is focused more on the individual animal.

RESUMO

Glanders is an infectious disease that causes serious damage to the equine production chain in countries where it occurs endemically and poses a risk to public health. This study aimed to conduct an integrative review of the advances in the knowledge of glanders in Brazil over the last three decades since its re-emergence. Documentary research was conducted for the period between the years 2000 and 2022. SCOPUS and PUBMED databases were used to search for scientific articles, dissertations, and thesis, in addition to the Brazilian Digital Library of Thesis and Dissertations (BDTD). A total of 41 documents were retrieved, including 12 dissertations, five theses, and 24 scientific articles. The Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE) group provided a noteworthy amount of material on this topic (25 documents, four theses, three dissertations, and 18 scientific articles). During this period, ten dissertations, one thesis, and six scientific articles published by other groups in other states of the Federation were also identified. It was concluded that there was a significant number of scientific publications with relevant data on the clinical, epidemiological, pathological, microbiological, serological, and molecular characteristics of glanders disease in Brazil. Additionally, training of human resources regarding this disease led to an increase in the nucleation of research groups, especially in the northeast region of Brazil. Despite significant advances, new research groups and specific funding are still needed for the development of more accurate diagnostic methods, immunizing production, training of veterinarians to recognize the disease, and more robust programs to control and eradicate the disease in Brazil.

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Introdução: a meningite bacteriana em equinos é uma enfermidade frequente em animais jovens. Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli são as bactérias mais comumente isoladas nesses casos. Apesar da bactéria Providencia rettgeri já ter sido isolada em casos de meningite humana e de crocodilo, não há relatos de seu isolamento em equinos. Objetivo: relatar o isolamento e a identificação da bactéria P. rettgeri de um potro com sintomas neurológicos e avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade a antibióticos deste isolado. Metodologia: o isolamento foi realizado a partir do líquido cefalorraquidiano do potro, por meio de cultivo em meio ágar chocolate. Após isolamento, as colônias formadas foram identificadas por equipamento Biotyper, baseado em espectrometria de massa. O perfil de sensibilidade foi definido por teste de difusão em discos, seguindo metodologia relatada pelo CLSI M2-A8 em 2003, sendo a bactéria classificada como resistente, padrão indeterminado ou sensível aos antibióticos, de acordo com o descrito pelo EUCAST em 2021. Resultados: este é o primeiro relato do isolamento de P. rettgeri como agente etiológico de meningite em potro. Dos 15 antibióticos testados, a bactéria foi resistente a 9, sensível a 5 e com padrão indeterminado a 1 antibiótico. Conclusão: nossos resultados indicam que P. rettgeri deve ser considerada entre possíveis agentes etiológicos de quadros neurológicos em equinos e que testes de sensibilidade a antibiótico são fundamentais, uma vez que essa bactéria já apresenta resistência a diversos antibióticos disponíveis comercialmente.

Introduction: Bacterial meningitis in horses is a frequent disease in young animals. Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are the most commonly isolated bacteria in these cases. Although Providencia rettgeri bacterium has already been isolated in cases of human and crocodile meningitis, there are no reports of its isolation in cases of meningitis in horses. Objective: to report isolation and identification of the P. rettgeri bacteria from a foal with neurological symptoms and to assess antibiotic sensitivity profile in isolate of it. Methods: isolation was performed from the foal's cerebrospinal fluid, through cultivation in chocolate agar medium. After isolation, formed colonies were identified by Biotyper equipment, based on mass spectrometry. Sensitivity profile was verified by disk diffusion test, according to methodology that was reported by CLSI M2-A8 in 2003, which classified bacteria as resistant, indeterminate pattern or sensitive to antibiotics, as described by EUCAST in 2021. Results: this is the first report on isolation of P. rettgeri as an etiologic agent of meningitis in foals. Among 15 antibiotics that were tested, results showed bacteria resistence to 9 antibiotics, bacteria sensitivity to 5, but undetermined pattern to 1 antibiotic. Conclusion: results indicate that P. rettgeri shall be considered among potential etiologic agents of neurological conditions in horses and that antibiotic sensitivity tests are essential, since this type of bacterium is already resistant to several commercially available antibiotics.

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The epidemiologic, clinical, pathologic, microbiological and immunohistochemical findings of pythiosis in equidae in northeastern Brazil are described. From January 1985 to December 2020 the Laboratory of Animal Pathology of the Federal University of Campina Grande received 1,331 tissue samples of equidae, 202 (15.17%) of which were diagnosed as pythiosis. Equidae of both sexes with ages varying from 4 months to 25 years were affected. Most animals were mixed breed (79.7%) and reared in an extensive system (73.26%). The disease occurred throughout the year but the highest incidence (70.29%) was noted after the rainy season. The clinical course was always chronic. The lesions were preferentially located on the limbs and ventral thoracoabdominal wall and characterized by nodules or tumor-like masses with ulcerations and serosanguineous discharge. The cut surface showed fistulous tracts containing kunkers. The direct examination of the kunkers and microbiological culture revealed sparsely septate and branched hyaline hyphae. Histopathology revealed a marked inflammatory infiltrate of eosinophils with multifocal well-defined areas of eosinophil necrosis and collagenolysis and intralesional negatively-stained hyphal profiles; in the donkey, a pyogranulomatous inflammatory infiltrate was noted surrounding these areas. Immunohistochemistry for Pythium insidiosum revealed strong immunolabelling of the hyphae. Pythiosis occurs endemically in equidae in northeastern Brazil, with seasonal variation in the incidence. The intralesional kunkers establishes an accurate presumptive diagnosis, but confirmation should preferably be performed through histopathology associated with immunohistochemistry, culture-based or molecular methods.

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Glanders is an infectious and often lethal zoonotic disease of equines caused by the bacterium, Burkholderia mallei. This condition is characterized by respiratory, lymphatic, and cutaneous lesions. In this study, we monitored the development of clinical symptoms in animals naturally infected with B. mallei across different equine breeds and also isolated and characterized the disease-causing bacteria. We studied two official glanders outbreaks in the state of Alagoas, Brazil. During the outbreaks, we performed clinical and immunological follow-up of the animals, as well as euthanasia and anatomopathological examination. We also collected diagnostic materials for isolative, phenotypic, molecular, and biological testing. We did not observe any clinical patterns of glanders among animals infected with the same strain of B. mallei. Based on our results, we suggest that early diagnosis of infection should be made through highly sensitive and specific immunoassays. In asymptomatic but positive test cases, we confirmed the importance of conducting pathological, microbiological, and molecular examinations.

O mormo é uma enfermidade infectocontagiosa e frequentemente letal, aguda ou crônica, caracterizada por lesões respiratórias, linfáticas e cutâneas em equídeos, porém de caráter zoonótico. Objetivou-se acompanhar o desenvolvimento dos sinais clínicos e de lesões em animais infectados naturalmente por B. mallei em diferentes propriedades de criação de equídeos, e isolar e caracterizar a bactéria causadora da doença. Foram estudados dois focos oficiais para o mormo no estado de Alagoas. Realizou-se o acompanhamento clinico e imunológico dos animais nos focos, eutanásia e exame anatomopatológico dos animais, além de colheita de material para diagnóstico através de técnicas de isolamento, fenotípicas, moleculares e prova biológica. Neste estudo não se observou um padrão clínico para o diagnóstico do mormo em animais infectados com a mesma cepa de B. mallei. O diagnóstico precoce da infecção deve ser realizado por meio de testes imunológicos de elevada sensibilidade e especificidade. Nos casos assintomáticos e positivos nos testes oficiais é importante a realização do exame anatomopatológico, microbiológico e molecular.

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ABSTRACT: Glanders is an infectious and often lethal zoonotic disease of equines caused by the bacterium, Burkholderia mallei. This condition is characterized by respiratory, lymphatic, and cutaneous lesions. In this study, we monitored the development of clinical symptoms in animals naturally infected with B. mallei across different equine breeds and also isolated and characterized the disease-causing bacteria. We studied two official glanders outbreaks in the state of Alagoas, Brazil. During the outbreaks, we performed clinical and immunological follow-up of the animals, as well as euthanasia and anatomopathological examination. We also collected diagnostic materials for isolative, phenotypic, molecular, and biological testing. We did not observe any clinical patterns of glanders among animals infected with the same strain of B. mallei. Based on our results, we suggest that early diagnosis of infection should be made through highly sensitive and specific immunoassays. In asymptomatic but positive test cases, we confirmed the importance of conducting pathological, microbiological, and molecular examinations.

RESUMO: O mormo é uma enfermidade infectocontagiosa e frequentemente letal, aguda ou crônica, caracterizada por lesões respiratórias, linfáticas e cutâneas em equídeos, porém de caráter zoonótico. Objetivou-se acompanhar o desenvolvimento dos sinais clínicos e de lesões em animais infectados naturalmente por B. mallei em diferentes propriedades de criação de equídeos, e isolar e caracterizar a bactéria causadora da doença. Foram estudados dois focos oficiais para o mormo no estado de Alagoas. Realizou-se o acompanhamento clinico e imunológico dos animais nos focos, eutanásia e exame anatomopatológico dos animais, além de colheita de material para diagnóstico através de técnicas de isolamento, fenotípicas, moleculares e prova biológica. Neste estudo não se observou um padrão clínico para o diagnóstico do mormo em animais infectados com a mesma cepa de B. mallei. O diagnóstico precoce da infecção deve ser realizado por meio de testes imunológicos de elevada sensibilidade e especificidade. Nos casos assintomáticos e positivos nos testes oficiais é importante a realização do exame anatomopatológico, microbiológico e molecular.

RESUMO

Glanders is an infectious and often lethal zoonotic disease of equines caused by the bacterium, Burkholderia mallei. This condition is characterized by respiratory, lymphatic, and cutaneous lesions. In this study, we monitored the development of clinical symptoms in animals naturally infected with B. mallei across different equine breeds and also isolated and characterized the disease-causing bacteria. We studied two official glanders outbreaks in the state of Alagoas, Brazil. During the outbreaks, we performed clinical and immunological follow-up of the animals, as well as euthanasia and anatomopathological examination. We also collected diagnostic materials for isolative, phenotypic, molecular, and biological testing. We did not observe any clinical patterns of glanders among animals infected with the same strain of B. mallei. Based on our results, we suggest that early diagnosis of infection should be made through highly sensitive and specific immunoassays. In asymptomatic but positive test cases, we confirmed the importance of conducting pathological, microbiological, and molecular examinations.(AU)

O mormo é uma enfermidade infectocontagiosa e frequentemente letal, aguda ou crônica, caracterizada por lesões respiratórias, linfáticas e cutâneas em equídeos, porém de caráter zoonótico. Objetivou-se acompanhar o desenvolvimento dos sinais clínicos e de lesões em animais infectados naturalmente por B. mallei em diferentes propriedades de criação de equídeos, e isolar e caracterizar a bactéria causadora da doença. Foram estudados dois focos oficiais para o mormo no estado de Alagoas. Realizou-se o acompanhamento clinico e imunológico dos animais nos focos, eutanásia e exame anatomopatológico dos animais, além de colheita de material para diagnóstico através de técnicas de isolamento, fenotípicas, moleculares e prova biológica. Neste estudo não se observou um padrão clínico para o diagnóstico do mormo em animais infectados com a mesma cepa de B. mallei. O diagnóstico precoce da infecção deve ser realizado por meio de testes imunológicos de elevada sensibilidade e especificidade. Nos casos assintomáticos e positivos nos testes oficiais é importante a realização do exame anatomopatológico, microbiológico e molecular.(AU)

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The present study identified the main endoparasites present in donkeys (Equus asinus) used in skin exploitation located in Cando municipality, Bahia State, Northeast of Brazil. The samples were collected from September 2019. Feces were collected from the rectal ampulla of 34 animals, macroscopically visualized for parasitic forms, and microscopically evaluated to identify endoparasites forms using the McMaster method. Parasitological results were associated with sex, age, and bodyweight Stata Corp LLC 14. Endoparasites were found in 82.3% of the animals, with the egg count ranging from 50 to 1050 eggs per gram (EPG). The sole presence of superfamily Trichostronglylidae was observed in 67.6% of the donkeys, in 8.8% co-infected by Trichostronglylidae and Eimeria spp., while Trichostronglylidae and Strongyloides westeriwas detected in 2.9%, and simultaneous infection by Trichostronglylidae, Strongyloides westeri, and Oxyuris equi was observed in 2.9%. The occurrence of parasitic infections varies according to nutritional status, age, sex, and environmental exposure (p>0.05). A high occurrence of infection was observed in young animals and those with lower body weight.(AU)

O presente trabalho identificou os principais endoparasitas em jumentos utilizados em uma exploração de pele localizada no município de Canudos, Estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil. As amostras foram colhidas no período de setembro de 2019. Fezes de 34 jumentos, colhidas diretamente da ampola retal, foram visualizadas macroscopicamente para formas parasitárias e avaliadas microscopicamente para identificar endoparasitos pela técnica de McMaster. Os resultados parasitológicos foram associados com sexo, idade e peso corporal pelo Stata Corp LLC 14. Endoparasitas foram encontrados em 82,3% dos animais, com contagem de ovos variando de 50 a 1050 ovos por grama (OPG). Presença de unicamente parasitos da superfamília Trichostronglylidae foi observada em 67,6% dos jumentos, 8,8% estavam coinfectados por Trichostronglylidae e Eimeria spp., 2,9% por Trichostronglylidae e Strongyloides westeri e 2,9% apresentaram presença simultânea de Trichostronglylidae, Strongyloides westeri e Oxyuris equi. A ocorrência de infecções parasitárias varia de acordo com a idade, sexo e exposição ambiental (p>0.05). Observou-se alta ocorrência de animais infectados nos animais jovens e naqueles com menor peso corporal.(AU)

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The present study identified the main endoparasites present in donkeys (Equus asinus) used in skin exploitation located in Cando municipality, Bahia State, Northeast of Brazil. The samples were collected from September 2019. Feces were collected from the rectal ampulla of 34 animals, macroscopically visualized for parasitic forms, and microscopically evaluated to identify endoparasites forms using the McMaster method. Parasitological results were associated with sex, age, and bodyweight Stata Corp LLC 14. Endoparasites were found in 82.3% of the animals, with the egg count ranging from 50 to 1050 eggs per gram (EPG). The sole presence of superfamily Trichostronglylidae was observed in 67.6% of the donkeys, in 8.8% co-infected by Trichostronglylidae and Eimeria spp., while Trichostronglylidae and Strongyloides westeriwas detected in 2.9%, and simultaneous infection by Trichostronglylidae, Strongyloides westeri, and Oxyuris equi was observed in 2.9%. The occurrence of parasitic infections varies according to nutritional status, age, sex, and environmental exposure (p>0.05). A high occurrence of infection was observed in young animals and those with lower body weight.(AU)

O presente trabalho identificou os principais endoparasitas em jumentos utilizados em uma exploração de pele localizada no município de Canudos, Estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil. As amostras foram colhidas no período de setembro de 2019. Fezes de 34 jumentos, colhidas diretamente da ampola retal, foram visualizadas macroscopicamente para formas parasitárias e avaliadas microscopicamente para identificar endoparasitos pela técnica de McMaster. Os resultados parasitológicos foram associados com sexo, idade e peso corporal pelo Stata Corp LLC 14. Endoparasitas foram encontrados em 82,3% dos animais, com contagem de ovos variando de 50 a 1050 ovos por grama (OPG). Presença de unicamente parasitos da superfamília Trichostronglylidae foi observada em 67,6% dos jumentos, 8,8% estavam coinfectados por Trichostronglylidae e Eimeria spp., 2,9% por Trichostronglylidae e Strongyloides westeri e 2,9% apresentaram presença simultânea de Trichostronglylidae, Strongyloides westeri e Oxyuris equi. A ocorrência de infecções parasitárias varia de acordo com a idade, sexo e exposição ambiental (p>0.05). Observou-se alta ocorrência de animais infectados nos animais jovens e naqueles com menor peso corporal.(AU)

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Background: Actinobacillosis in adult horses is rare, and is often associated with infection due to Actinobacillus equulisubsp. equuli, which is a commensal organism inhabiting the oral cavity of healthy animals. It is an opportunistic pathogen,and the infection usually occurs secondary to another primary disease or due to predisposing factors such as pre-existinglesions, mainly in the oral cavity. Infection may be associated with peritonitis, bacterial endocarditis, pneumonia, enteritis,infectious periorchitis, abortion, and septicemia. This paper aims to describe the clinical, microbiological, and pathologicalaspects of actinobacillosis in the oral cavity of a horse.Case: A case of actinobacillosis has been reported in a 22-year-old gelding Quarter Horse. According to the owner, theanimal presented with progressive weight loss during the previous three months, and leakage of food from the oral cavity.Examination of the oral cavity revealed sharp enamel overgrowths, which had been corrected during a previous dentalprocedure. However, five days after the procedure, the animal developed halitosis. Ceftiofur sodium (4.4 mg/kg intramuscularly, every 24 h) was prescribed; two days after the commencement of antimicrobial therapy, the animal presented withsialorrhea, bilateral submandibular lymphadenomegaly, protrusion of the tongue, edema of the base of the tongue, cheeks,and gums, in addition to black-colored sores and scales in the oral mucosa, particularly affecting the base of the tongue andgums. Samples from ulcerative lesions found at the base of the tongue and gums were collected using sterile swabs, andculture and antibiogram were requested. Microbiological culture led to the growth of small colonies measuring less than5 mm in diameter, that were non-hemolytic, slightly whitish in color but non-opaque, smooth and bright in appearance.These were identified as gram-negative rods on microscopy, and further characterized...

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Background: Actinobacillosis in adult horses is rare, and is often associated with infection due to Actinobacillus equulisubsp. equuli, which is a commensal organism inhabiting the oral cavity of healthy animals. It is an opportunistic pathogen,and the infection usually occurs secondary to another primary disease or due to predisposing factors such as pre-existinglesions, mainly in the oral cavity. Infection may be associated with peritonitis, bacterial endocarditis, pneumonia, enteritis,infectious periorchitis, abortion, and septicemia. This paper aims to describe the clinical, microbiological, and pathologicalaspects of actinobacillosis in the oral cavity of a horse.Case: A case of actinobacillosis has been reported in a 22-year-old gelding Quarter Horse. According to the owner, theanimal presented with progressive weight loss during the previous three months, and leakage of food from the oral cavity.Examination of the oral cavity revealed sharp enamel overgrowths, which had been corrected during a previous dentalprocedure. However, five days after the procedure, the animal developed halitosis. Ceftiofur sodium (4.4 mg/kg intramuscularly, every 24 h) was prescribed; two days after the commencement of antimicrobial therapy, the animal presented withsialorrhea, bilateral submandibular lymphadenomegaly, protrusion of the tongue, edema of the base of the tongue, cheeks,and gums, in addition to black-colored sores and scales in the oral mucosa, particularly affecting the base of the tongue andgums. Samples from ulcerative lesions found at the base of the tongue and gums were collected using sterile swabs, andculture and antibiogram were requested. Microbiological culture led to the growth of small colonies measuring less than5 mm in diameter, that were non-hemolytic, slightly whitish in color but non-opaque, smooth and bright in appearance.These were identified as gram-negative rods on microscopy, and further characterized...(AU)

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This study compared two protocols for preparation of platelet rich plasma (PRP) and evaluated the association between manual and automated methods for platelet count using a prospective study design. Eight clinically healthy Quarter Horses had venous blood samples collected at rest. After collection, blood samples were centrifuged twice, using two different protocols including a period of sample resting, either at the start or at the end of the protocol. Platelet counting at the start of the protocol, during, and after obtaining PRP was conducted manually or with an automated counter, followed by comparison of the two methods. In order to investigate platelet degranulation during the protocol, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was measured at each preparation stage. The protocol with sample resting before centrifugation yielded a more concentrated PRP, and the study verified that both manual and automated methods are comparable and can be used interchangeably for platelet counting. VEGF concentration did not differ significantly between protocols, or among protocol stages. The results indicate that choice of protocol for PRP preparation will affect the quantity of platelets in the final product, although platelet degranulation was not observed as evidenced by the stable VEGF concentrations measured. A larger yield of non-degranulated platelets in PRP is desirable since more α-granules will be present, therefore Protocol II is recommended. Both manual and automated counts reliably allow clinicians to obtain platelet counts and the choice of utilizing a manual or automated method is unlikely to interfere with evaluation of the final PRP product.(AU)

Este estudo comparou dois protocolos de preparo de plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) e avaliou a associação entre dois métodos de contagem plaquetária - um manual e o outro automático através de um estudo prospectivo. Sangue venoso de oito equinos da raça Quarto de Milha foi coletado e em seguida foi centrifugado duas vezes utilizando-se dois protocolos distintos: um com descanso antes da primeira centrifugação e outro após a segunda centrifugação. A contagem plaquetária ao início, no meio e ao final dos protocolos foi realizada manualmente e pelo método automatizado, seguida de comparação entre os dois métodos. Para investigar a degranulação plaquetária ocorrida durante o preparo do PRP, o fator de crescimento vascular endotelial (VEGF) foi mensurado em cada estágio dos protocolos. O método utilizando o descanso da amostra antes da primeira centrifugação proporcionou a obtenção de um PRP mais concentrado, além de o estudo verificar que ambos os métodos de contagem plaquetária (manual e automatizado) são comparáveis e podem ser usados indiferentemente. A concentração de VEGF não foi significativamente diferente entre os estágios de preparo do PRP. Os resultados indicam que o método de preparo afeta a quantidade de plaquetas obtidas no PRP, apesar da degranulação plaquetária não ter sido observada, como evidenciado pela concentração estável de VEGF. Uma maior concentração de plaquetas no PRP é desejável, pois indica que um maior número de α-grânulos estará presente na amostra, portanto, conclui-se que o Protocolo II é mais recomendável. Tanto o método manual, quanto o automatizado, pode ser usado de maneira confiável para a contagem plaquetária, não interferindo com a avaliação do produto final (PRP).(AU)

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This study compared two protocols for preparation of platelet rich plasma (PRP) and evaluated the association between manual and automated methods for platelet count using a prospective study design. Eight clinically healthy Quarter Horses had venous blood samples collected at rest. After collection, blood samples were centrifuged twice, using two different protocols including a period of sample resting, either at the start or at the end of the protocol. Platelet counting at the start of the protocol, during, and after obtaining PRP was conducted manually or with an automated counter, followed by comparison of the two methods. In order to investigate platelet degranulation during the protocol, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was measured at each preparation stage. The protocol with sample resting before centrifugation yielded a more concentrated PRP, and the study verified that both manual and automated methods are comparable and can be used interchangeably for platelet counting. VEGF concentration did not differ significantly between protocols, or among protocol stages. The results indicate that choice of protocol for PRP preparation will affect the quantity of platelets in the final product, although platelet degranulation was not observed as evidenced by the stable VEGF concentrations measured. A larger yield of non-degranulated platelets in PRP is desirable since more α-granules will be present, therefore Protocol II is recommended. Both manual and automated counts reliably allow clinicians to obtain platelet counts and the choice of utilizing a manual or automated method is unlikely to interfere with evaluation of the final PRP product.(AU)

Este estudo comparou dois protocolos de preparo de plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) e avaliou a associação entre dois métodos de contagem plaquetária - um manual e o outro automático através de um estudo prospectivo. Sangue venoso de oito equinos da raça Quarto de Milha foi coletado e em seguida foi centrifugado duas vezes utilizando-se dois protocolos distintos: um com descanso antes da primeira centrifugação e outro após a segunda centrifugação. A contagem plaquetária ao início, no meio e ao final dos protocolos foi realizada manualmente e pelo método automatizado, seguida de comparação entre os dois métodos. Para investigar a degranulação plaquetária ocorrida durante o preparo do PRP, o fator de crescimento vascular endotelial (VEGF) foi mensurado em cada estágio dos protocolos. O método utilizando o descanso da amostra antes da primeira centrifugação proporcionou a obtenção de um PRP mais concentrado, além de o estudo verificar que ambos os métodos de contagem plaquetária (manual e automatizado) são comparáveis e podem ser usados indiferentemente. A concentração de VEGF não foi significativamente diferente entre os estágios de preparo do PRP. Os resultados indicam que o método de preparo afeta a quantidade de plaquetas obtidas no PRP, apesar da degranulação plaquetária não ter sido observada, como evidenciado pela concentração estável de VEGF. Uma maior concentração de plaquetas no PRP é desejável, pois indica que um maior número de α-grânulos estará presente na amostra, portanto, conclui-se que o Protocolo II é mais recomendável. Tanto o método manual, quanto o automatizado, pode ser usado de maneira confiável para a contagem plaquetária, não interferindo com a avaliação do produto final (PRP).(AU)

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RESUMO

Background: Local anesthesia blockage at equines claudication diagnosis besides favoring the beginning of the therapyand relieving patients pain, it allows the identification of the specific affected region and its origin, however, if it isdone incorrectly (by improper volume of anesthetics application and/or mistakenly nerve identification due to the lack ofanatomic referential) it may cause inflammation, infection or even tissue necrosis. The aim was describing anatomicallylateral and medial palmar metacarpal nerves in equines to improve diagnostic anesthetic block techniques on four metacarpophalangeal articulation joints of the specie.Materials, Methods & Results: A number of 20 thoracic limbs from 10 equines of indeterminate breed were used to befixated in 10% phormaldehyde and with a marked arterial system by water solution of red dyed latex. The structures wereidentified by dissection, and their denomination bases on Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (N.A.V.) by the InternationalCommittee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature. The study had been approved by the Board of Ethics in AnimalUse of the University Center of Patos de Minas (UNIPAM), protocol n° 18/17. The lateral and medial palmar metacarpalnerves have been observed in all of the specimens originated from the deep branch of lateral palmar nerve, immediatelydistal to the intercarpal articulation. After its origin, the first nerve stretched ipsilaterally from the common trunk, whilstthe second nerve positioned counter-lateral manner after superficially crossing the interosseus muscle. Both penetrated atthe level of the mid third of the referred muscle and the metacarpal bone III and, assumed respectively a parallel medialposition to the metacarpal bone IV and lateral to the metacarpal II, being intimately associated to the palmar face of themetacarpal bone III. Distally, those nerves emerged from a palmar position to a lateral and medial to...(AU)

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RESUMO

Background: Local anesthesia blockage at equines claudication diagnosis besides favoring the beginning of the therapyand relieving patient’s pain, it allows the identification of the specific affected region and its origin, however, if it isdone incorrectly (by improper volume of anesthetics application and/or mistakenly nerve identification due to the lack ofanatomic referential) it may cause inflammation, infection or even tissue necrosis. The aim was describing anatomicallylateral and medial palmar metacarpal nerves in equines to improve diagnostic anesthetic block techniques on four metacarpophalangeal articulation joints of the specie.Materials, Methods & Results: A number of 20 thoracic limbs from 10 equines of indeterminate breed were used to befixated in 10% phormaldehyde and with a marked arterial system by water solution of red dyed latex. The structures wereidentified by dissection, and their denomination bases on Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria (N.A.V.) by the InternationalCommittee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature. The study had been approved by the Board of Ethics in AnimalUse of the University Center of Patos de Minas (UNIPAM), protocol n° 18/17. The lateral and medial palmar metacarpalnerves have been observed in all of the specimens originated from the deep branch of lateral palmar nerve, immediatelydistal to the intercarpal articulation. After its origin, the first nerve stretched ipsilaterally from the common trunk, whilstthe second nerve positioned counter-lateral manner after superficially crossing the interosseus muscle. Both penetrated atthe level of the mid third of the referred muscle and the metacarpal bone III and, assumed respectively a parallel medialposition to the metacarpal bone IV and lateral to the metacarpal II, being intimately associated to the palmar face of themetacarpal bone III. Distally, those nerves emerged from a palmar position to a lateral and medial to...

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RESUMO

This study aimed at establishing the morphological characteristics and morphometric indexes of Pêga donkeys, utilizing 47 animals, of which 22 were adults and 25 were growing donkeys. Prior to taking their measurements, the animals were restrained and made to stand squarely. The morphological data were measured, and the following morphometric indexes were determined: body index (BI), meloscopic index (MI), dactylothoracic index (DTI), weight in cannon index (WCI), conformation index (CFI), and real live weight (RLW). The experimental design was subdivided into plots and repeated in time, in which the animals represented the plot and the data collection times were the subplots. No sex effect was noted for the morphological measurements and morphometric indexes of growing donkeys. The effect of growth period was observed for all the variables. At birth, donkeys weighed around 14.86% of the weight of dams, and at six months they reached up to 40.37%. For the height taken at the withers, the animals at birth were 67.77% of the height of dams, and at six months they achieved up to 84.45%. Based on the morphometric indexes, it is suggested that adult and growing Pêga donkeys can be classified as being suited for both saddle and draft activities and possess a higher load capacity when compared with horses. A few indexes including BI, MI, and RLW need to be adjusted to be suitably used in rating the donkeys.(AU)

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ABSTRACT: This study compared two protocols for preparation of platelet rich plasma (PRP) and evaluated the association between manual and automated methods for platelet count using a prospective study design. Eight clinically healthy Quarter Horses had venous blood samples collected at rest. After collection, blood samples were centrifuged twice, using two different protocols including a period of sample resting, either at the start or at the end of the protocol. Platelet counting at the start of the protocol, during, and after obtaining PRP was conducted manually or with an automated counter, followed by comparison of the two methods. In order to investigate platelet degranulation during the protocol, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was measured at each preparation stage. The protocol with sample resting before centrifugation yielded a more concentrated PRP, and the study verified that both manual and automated methods are comparable and can be used interchangeably for platelet counting. VEGF concentration did not differ significantly between protocols, or among protocol stages. The results indicate that choice of protocol for PRP preparation will affect the quantity of platelets in the final product, although platelet degranulation was not observed as evidenced by the stable VEGF concentrations measured. A larger yield of non-degranulated platelets in PRP is desirable since more -granules will be present, therefore Protocol II is recommended. Both manual and automated counts reliably allow clinicians to obtain platelet counts and the choice of utilizing a manual or automated method is unlikely to interfere with evaluation of the final PRP product.

RESUMO: Este estudo comparou dois protocolos de preparo de plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) e avaliou a associação entre dois métodos de contagem plaquetária - um manual e o outro automático através de um estudo prospectivo. Sangue venoso de oito equinos da raça Quarto de Milha foi coletado e em seguida foi centrifugado duas vezes utilizando-se dois protocolos distintos: um com descanso antes da primeira centrifugação e outro após a segunda centrifugação. A contagem plaquetária ao início, no meio e ao final dos protocolos foi realizada manualmente e pelo método automatizado, seguida de comparação entre os dois métodos. Para investigar a degranulação plaquetária ocorrida durante o preparo do PRP, o fator de crescimento vascular endotelial (VEGF) foi mensurado em cada estágio dos protocolos. O método utilizando o descanso da amostra antes da primeira centrifugação proporcionou a obtenção de um PRP mais concentrado, além de o estudo verificar que ambos os métodos de contagem plaquetária (manual e automatizado) são comparáveis e podem ser usados indiferentemente. A concentração de VEGF não foi significativamente diferente entre os estágios de preparo do PRP. Os resultados indicam que o método de preparo afeta a quantidade de plaquetas obtidas no PRP, apesar da degranulação plaquetária não ter sido observada, como evidenciado pela concentração estável de VEGF. Uma maior concentração de plaquetas no PRP é desejável, pois indica que um maior número de -grânulos estará presente na amostra, portanto, conclui-se que o Protocolo II é mais recomendável. Tanto o método manual, quanto o automatizado, pode ser usado de maneira confiável para a contagem plaquetária, não interferindo com a avaliação do produto final (PRP).

RESUMO

Newborn's health is directly related to gestational conditions and placental efficiency. The aims of this study were: (1) To evaluate hematological and biochemical parameters of foals born from mares with placentitis at birth and at 24h of age, (2) to verify if placental pathology had any influence on neonatal maturity degree through hematological and biochemical response of those foals. According to placental findings (control and placentitis) and neonatal maturity degree (mature and immature), foals were divided into three groups: (1) Control group (n=22), foals born from mares with placentitis and classified as (2) Mature (n=26), and (3) Immature (n=10). The hematocrit and plasma concentration of fibrinogen, total plasma protein, white blood cells count, lactate, glucose, creatinine, urea, albumin, bilirubin, triglyceride, cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) were measured. Placental features were significantly different between neonatal maturity degree (P=0.001). Mares that had acute placentitis foaled more immature neonates (n=8/10; 80%). Concentrations of fibrinogen (P=0.003), creatinine (P=0.021), total cholesterol (P=0.014), AST (P=0.001), GGT (P=0.002), total (P=0.001) and unconjugated bilirubin (P=0.010) were higher at birth in the Immature group, whereas albumin levels were lower (P=0.002). Foals born from mares with placentitis presented hyperlactatemia at 24h of age (P=0.002). Acute placentitis had an influence on the neonatal maturity, allowing an accelerated but incomplete fetal maturation. The monitoring of lactate, fibrinogen, creatinine, bilirubin, cholesterol, albumin, AST, and GGT levels, associated with clinical, physical, and behavior evaluation may contribute as indicators of neonatal maturity.(AU)

A saúde do neonato está diretamente relacionada às condições gestacionais e eficiência placentária. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: (1) avaliar parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos de potros nascidos de éguas com placentite ao nascimento e com 24h de vida e (2) verificar se a patologia placentária exerceu influência no grau de maturidade através da resposta hemato-bioquímica destes neonatos. De acordo com os resultados histopatológicos placentários (controle e placentite) e grau de maturidade neonatal (maturo e imaturo), os potros foram divididos em três grupos: grupo controle (n=22); e potros nascidos de éguas com placentite classificados como (2) maturos (n=26) e (3) imaturos (n=10). Foi avaliado hematócrito e concentrações sanguíneas de fibrinogênio, proteína plasmática total, leucócitos totais, lactato, glicose, creatinina, uréia, albumina, bilirrubinas, triglicerídeos, colesterol, cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), creatina quinase (CK), fosfatase alcalina (FA) e gama glutamiltranferase (GGT). As características placentárias foram significativamente diferentes entre os graus de maturidade neonatal (P=0.001). Éguas com placentite aguda produziram mais potros imaturos (n=8/10; 80%). No nascimento, os potros imaturos apresentaram maiores concentrações de fibrinogênio (P=0,003), creatinina (P=0,021), colesterol total (P=0,0014), AST (P=0,001), GGT (P=0,002), bilirrubina indireta (P=0,010) e total (P=0,001) e menor concentração de albumina (P=0,002). Os potros nascidos de éguas com placentite apresentaram hiperlactatemia com 24h de vida (P=0,002). A placentite aguda exerceu influência na maturidade neonatal, permitindo uma maturação fetal acelerada, porém, incompleta. Mensurações dos níveis sanguíneos de lactato, fibrinogênio, creatinina, colesterol total, AST, GGT, bilirrubinas e albumina, associado à avaliação clínica, física e comportamental, podem contribuir como indicadores de maturidade neonatal.(AU)

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