RESUMO
The Enterobacteriaceae family is recognized as a primary group of Gram-negative pathogens responsible for foodborne illnesses and is frequently associated with antibiotic resistance. The present study explores the natural-based compound trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC) against drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and its synergism with gentamicin (GEN) to address this issue. The research employs three strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter cloacae, previously isolated from shrimp. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by the disk diffusion method, microdilution test, kinetics of growth, and time-kill curve. In addition, the synergistic effect between TC/GEN was investigated by checkerboard assay. All strains showed sensitivity to TC with an inhibition zone diameter > 35 mm. The TC showed inhibitory and bactericidal action in the most tested bacteria around 625 µg/mL. Sub-inhibitory amounts (1/2 and 1/4 MIC) of TC interfered with the growth kinetics by lag phase extension and decreased the log phase. Time-kill curves show a reduction of viable cells after the first hour of TC treatment at bactericidal concentrations. The synergistic effect between TC/GEN was observed for E. coli and E. cloacae strains with FICi ranging from 0.15 to 0.50. These findings, therefore, suggest TC as a promising alternative in the fight against drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae that can cause foodborne illnesses.
Assuntos
Acroleína , Antibacterianos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Enterobacteriaceae , Gentamicinas , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Gentamicinas/farmacologia , Enterobacteriaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterobacteriaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Acroleína/análogos & derivados , Acroleína/farmacologia , Animais , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/microbiologia , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Different techniques have been reported in studies of intestinal in vitro organ culture (IVOC). A robust compilation of all available methods is lacking in the literature, making it difficult to choose a method that corresponds to the study's demands. In this review, readers can assess the most available methods, allowing them to evaluate which is more suitable for their purposes and requirements. A simplified view of culturing intestinal explants is presented, highlighting the approachability of IVOC. Relevant findings from diverse veterinarian studies, where explants played a major role, as well as the technique used in each, are described to illustrate its applications. Finally, the strengths and limitations of the innovative intestinal IVOC methods are discussed. This review provides a collection of methods for intestinal explant culture and their possible applications in veterinary research. In this way, it aims to broaden access to IVOC techniques and aid decision-making regarding the best suited for a study's purposes.
RESUMO
This study aimed to fast screen the microbiological contamination of recreational waters using a TaqMan Array Card (TAC), a multiplexed platform designed for the simultaneous detection of 35 enteropathogens. Surface and deep marine water samples were concentrated by skimmed milk flocculation and processed for nucleic acid extraction protocol using QIAamp Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit. Twelve microorganisms and parasites, including bacteria (n = 6), protozoa (4), and viruses (2), were detected in 85.7% (24/28) of samples. Campylobacter (82.1%), Cryptosporidium (39.3%), and adenovirus (14.3%) were the most detected pathogens. Neither fungi nor helminths were detected. A spatial pollution profile of microbiological contamination was observed in the area. Methodologies for simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens, such as TAC, can assist decision-makers by providing a quick assessment of the microbiological water quality in areas used for recreational purposes, which in many cases are in accordance with the bacteriological indicators.
Assuntos
Criptosporidiose , Cryptosporidium , Vírus , Bactérias/genética , Fezes/microbiologia , Humanos , Vírus/genéticaRESUMO
Background: Diarrhea induced by infectious factors may lead to significant health problems in dogs. Canine parvovirus(CPV), canine coronavirus (CCV), canine distemper virus (CDV), Giardia spp., Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Salmonella spp. are the important infectious agents that may induce diarrhea in dogs. The present study aimed to investigatethe effect of CPV, CCV, CDV, Giardia spp., E. coli, and Salmonella spp. infections on the change in serum calprotectin(Calp) concentration.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 30 dogs were enrolled in the study. The study dogs were divided into 3 groups.Healthy animals as confirmed by clinical examination and animals negative for the specified pathogens were placed inGroup 1. Animals infected by one or more agents, including CPV, CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp., but negative for E. coli orSalmonella spp. were placed in Group 2. Finally, animals positive for E. coli or Salmonella spp. and infected or not infectedby one or more agents, including CPV, CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp., were placed in Group 3. Stool samples and rectaland conjunctival swab samples were collected to investigate the etiologic agents that induced diarrhea. Blood samples werecollected through vena cephalica antebrachii for hematological and biochemical examinations. The samples were obtainedvia routine clinical examinations at the Prof. Dr. Servet Sekin outpatient clinic at Dicle University Veterinary Faculty. CPV,CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp. diagnoses were made based on immunochromatographic test kits. The bacteriological analysisof stool samples was used to diagnose E. coli and Salmonella spp. infection...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Disenteria/sangue , Disenteria/veterinária , Gastroenterite/veterinária , Enterotoxinas , Complexo Antígeno L1 Leucocitário/análise , Técnicas Bacteriológicas , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/veterináriaRESUMO
Background: Diarrhea induced by infectious factors may lead to significant health problems in dogs. Canine parvovirus(CPV), canine coronavirus (CCV), canine distemper virus (CDV), Giardia spp., Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Salmonella spp. are the important infectious agents that may induce diarrhea in dogs. The present study aimed to investigatethe effect of CPV, CCV, CDV, Giardia spp., E. coli, and Salmonella spp. infections on the change in serum calprotectin(Calp) concentration.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 30 dogs were enrolled in the study. The study dogs were divided into 3 groups.Healthy animals as confirmed by clinical examination and animals negative for the specified pathogens were placed inGroup 1. Animals infected by one or more agents, including CPV, CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp., but negative for E. coli orSalmonella spp. were placed in Group 2. Finally, animals positive for E. coli or Salmonella spp. and infected or not infectedby one or more agents, including CPV, CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp., were placed in Group 3. Stool samples and rectaland conjunctival swab samples were collected to investigate the etiologic agents that induced diarrhea. Blood samples werecollected through vena cephalica antebrachii for hematological and biochemical examinations. The samples were obtainedvia routine clinical examinations at the Prof. Dr. Servet Sekin outpatient clinic at Dicle University Veterinary Faculty. CPV,CCV, CDV, and Giardia spp. diagnoses were made based on immunochromatographic test kits. The bacteriological analysisof stool samples was used to diagnose E. coli and Salmonella spp. infection...
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Complexo Antígeno L1 Leucocitário/análise , Disenteria/sangue , Disenteria/veterinária , Enterotoxinas , Gastroenterite/veterinária , Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais/veterinária , Técnicas BacteriológicasRESUMO
Cryptosporidiosis of neonatal dairy calves causes diarrhea, resulting in important economic losses. In Argentina, prevalence values of Cryptosporidium spp. and other enteropathogens such as group A rotavirus (RVA), bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC, endotoxin STa+), have been independently studied in different regions. However, an integrative epidemiological investigation on large-scale farms has not been carried out. In this study, fecal samples (n = 908) were randomly collected from diarrheic and healthy calves from 42 dairy farms, and analyzed for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp., RVA, BCoV, ETEC (STa+) and Salmonella spp. In all sampled dairy farms, dams had been vaccinated against rotavirus and gram-negative bacteria to protect calves against neonatal diarrhea. The proportion of calves shedding Cryptosporidium spp., RVA, and BCoV in animals younger than 20 days of age were 29.8%, 12.4% and 6.4%, and in calves aged between 21 and 90 days, 5.6%, 3.9%, and 1.8%, respectively. ETEC was absent in the younger, and occurred only sporadically in the older group (0.9%), whereas Salmonella spp. was absent in both. The observed sporadic finding or even absence of bacterial pathogens might be explained by the frequent use of parenteral antibiotics in 25.3% and 6.5% of the younger and the older group of calves, respectively, within 2 days prior to sampling and/or vaccination of dams against gram-negative bacteria. Diarrhea was observed in 28.8% (95% CI, 24.7-32.8%) of the younger calves and 11.7% (95% CI, 9.1-15.5%) of the older calves. Importantly, Cryptosporidium spp. (odds ratio (OR) = 5.7; 95% CI, 3.3-9.9; p < 0.0001) and RVA (OR = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.1; p < 0.05) were both found to be risk factors for diarrhea in calves younger than 20 days old. Based on its high prevalence and OR, our results strongly suggest that Cryptosporidium spp. is the principal causative factor for diarrhea in the group of neonatal calves, whereas RVA seems to play a secondary role in the etiology of diarrhea in the studied farms, with about three-times lower prevalence and a half as high OR. Furthermore, a coinfection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. and RVA of 3.7% was observed in the group of younger calves, which strengthens the assumption that these events are independent. In contrast, due to a low infection rate of enteropathogens in older calves, mixed infection (<< 1%) was virtually absent in this group.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/veterinária , Criptosporidiose/epidemiologia , Cryptosporidium/patogenicidade , Indústria de Laticínios , Diarreia/veterinária , Infecções por Rotavirus/veterinária , Fatores Etários , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Argentina/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Coronavirus Bovino/genética , Coronavirus Bovino/patogenicidade , Cryptosporidium/genética , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/parasitologia , Diarreia/virologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Fezes/virologia , Feminino , Rotavirus/genética , Rotavirus/patogenicidade , Infecções por Rotavirus/epidemiologiaRESUMO
This study aims to assess microbiological contamination using a molecular tool for detection of multiple enteropathogens in a coastal ecosystem area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ten litres of superficial water samples were obtained during the spring ebb tide from sampling sites along the Jacarepaguá watershed. Samples were concentrated using skimmed milk flocculation method for TaqMan array card (TAC), designed to identify 35 enteric pathogens simultaneously, and single TaqMan qPCR analysis for detecting human adenovirus (HAdV) and JC human polyomavirus (JCPyV) as faecal indicator viruses (FIV). TAC results identified 17 enteric pathogens including 4/5 viral species investigated, 8/15 bacteria, 4/6 protozoa and 1/7 helminths. Escherichia coli concentration was also measured as faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) using Colilert Quanti-Tray System with positivity in all samples studied. HAdV and JCPyV qPCR were detected in 8 and 4 samples, respectively, with concentration ranging from 8 × 102 to 2 × 106 genome copies/L. Partial nucleotide sequencing demonstrated the occurrence of species HAdV A, C, D, and F, present in faeces of individuals with enteric and non-enteric infections, and JCPyV type 3 (Af2), prevalent in a high genetically mixed population like the Brazilian. The diversity of enteropathogens detected by TAC emphasizes the utility of this methodology for quick assessment of microbiological contamination of the aquatic ecosystems, speeding up mitigation actions where the risk of the exposed population is detected, as well as pointing out the infrastructure gaps in areas where accelerated urban growth is observed.
Assuntos
Ecossistema , Microbiologia da Água , Brasil , Monitoramento Ambiental , Floculação , HumanosRESUMO
The Mearim River Watershed has multiple uses e.g. leisure, navigation, fishing and subsistence agriculture and constitutes the main source of supply for the populations of municipalities situated along its course. In addition to being a water supply source, the existence of the 'pororoca' (tidal bore) effect in a stretch of the lower course of the Mearim River attracts people from several Brazilian states and different countries, as it offers excellent conditions for surfing in fresh water. In this respect, given the importance of the watershed, this study was developed to report the detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes in a stretch of the lower course of the Mearim River, located in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Thirty water samples were collected from 10 sampling points. To quantify E. coli, the chromogenic enzymatic system was used and positive samples were isolated and biochemically identified. Pure cultures underwent DNA extraction by heating followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) characterization. At the time of the collections, an observation schedule was used to record information on the existence of rearing of livestock and domestic animals; businesses; residences; and fruit and vegetable farming on the riverbanks. The samples were analyzed for the mean populations of E. coli, which ranged from 444 to 2,585 MPN mL-1. Twenty bacterial isolates were identified and the diarrheal pathotypes ETEC, typical EPEC and atypical EPEC were detected. The detection of these pathotypes can represent an epidemiological risk and compromise several uses of this water resource, such as irrigation of fruits and vegetables consumed raw, fishing, animal watering and recreation. Structural investments in basic sanitation are essential to minimize environmental degradation resulting from anthropic activities and to act preventively in public health. In addition, the recovery of riparian forests along the watershed and the maintenance of vegetation in these areas are measures to reduce the transport of particles from the soil to the watercourses, improving the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of this water resource.(AU)
A Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Mearim apresenta múltiplos usos - lazer, navegação, pesca e agricultura de subsistência - e constitui a principal fonte de abastecimento para as populações dos municípios inseridos em seu curso. Além de fonte hídrica de abastecimento, a existência do efeito pororoca em um trecho do baixo curso do Rio Mearim atrai pessoas de vários estados brasileiros e diferentes países, pois apresenta excelentes condições para a prática de surfe em água doce. Nesse sentido, considerando a importância da Bacia Hidrográfica, objetivou-se relatar a detecção de patótipos diarreiogênicos de Escherichia coli em um trecho do baixo curso do rio Mearim, localizado no estado do Maranhão. Para isso, foram realizadas coletas de 30 amostras de água em 10 pontos amostrais. Para a quantificação de E. coli utilizou-se o sistema cromogênico enzimático e das amostras positivas procedeu-se ao isolamento e identificação bioquímica dos isolados. A extração do DNA das culturas puras foi realizada por aquecimento seguido da caracterização por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). No momento das coletas utilizou-se uma pauta de observação para anotação de informações sobre a existência de criação de animais de interesse pecuário e doméstico, empreendimentos comerciais, residências e cultivo de frutas e hortaliças nas margens do rio. Nas amostras analisadas, foram quantificadas populações médias de E. coli que variaram de 444 a 2.585 NMP.mL-1, identificados 20 isolados bacterianos e detectados os patótipos diarreiogênicos ETEC, EPEC-típica e EPEC-atípica. A detecção destes patótipos pode representar risco epidemiológico e compromete diversos usos desse recurso hídrico, como a irrigação de frutas e hortaliças ingeridas cruas, pesca, dessedentação animal e recreação. Investimentos estruturais em saneamento básico são fundamentais para minimizar a degradação ambiental resultante das atividades antrópicas e para atuar preventivamente na saúde pública. Adicionalmente, a recuperação das matas ciliares ao longo da Bacia Hidrográfica e manutenção da vegetação nestas áreas são medidas para a redução do transporte de partículas do solo para os cursos d'água, e em consequência, acarretará na melhoria das características quali-quantitativas desse recurso hídrico.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , DNA , Recursos Hídricos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Saúde Pública , Escherichia coli , Animais DomésticosRESUMO
The objective of this study was to verify the occurrence of diarrhea and the isolation of strains of Salmonella spp. in diarrheal feces of calves from farms located in the backwoods from the state of Alagoas municipalities, and to characterize the in vitro resistance profile of Salmonella sp. isolated against conventional antimicrobials. The study was carried out with 431 calves from 10 to 90 days old, and 111 diarrheal fecal samples from these calves were analyzed. The samples were sown in enrichment broths and selective culture media and phenotypic and molecular characterization were made. 25.75% (111/431) of the animals had diarrhea. The presence of Salmonella sp. was evidenced in 13.33% (2/15) of the studied establishments. 2.71% (3/111) strains of Salmonella sp. have been isolated and have all been shown to be resistant to Cefotaxime and sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin and Norfloxacin. The occurrence of Salmonella sp. and other infectious agents associated with diarrhea were confirmed in calves in the backwoods from the state of Alagoas. The antimicrobial potential of the tested drugs reinforces the importance of their responsible use in the fight against Salmonellosis in these animals, thus promoting the minimization of cases of bacterial resistance in Brazil and in the world.
Objetivou-se verificar a ocorrência da diarreia e o isolamento de estirpes de Salmonella sp. em fezes diarreicas de bezerros provenientes de propriedades de municípios do Sertão Alagoano e caracterizar o perfil de resistência in vitro das estir-pes de Salmonella spp. isoladas, frente a antimicrobianos convencionais. O estudo foi realizado com 431 bezerros com 10 a 90 dias de idade, sendo analisadas 111 amostras de fezes diarreicas, semeadas em caldos de enriquecimento e meios de cul-tura seletivos e feita caracterização fenotípica e molecular. 25,75% (111/431) dos animais apresentavam diarreia. A presença de Salmonella sp. foi evidenciada em 13,33% (2/15) dos estabelecimentos estudados. Foram isoladas 2,71% (3/111) estir-pes de Salmonella sp. que revelaram-se em sua totalidade resistentes à Cefotaxima e sensíveis a Ciprofloxacina, Gentamicina, Amoxicilina, Ampicilina e à Norfloxacina. Confirmou-se a ocorrência de Salmonella sp. e outros agentes infecciosos associados a diarreia em bezerros no Sertão Alagoano. O potencial antimicrobiano das drogas testadas reforça a importância da utilização responsável das mesmas no combate a Salmonelose nesses animais, promovendo assim a minimização de casos de resistência bacteriana no Brasil e no mundo.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Anti-Infecciosos , Bovinos/microbiologia , Infecções por Salmonella/diagnóstico , SalmonellaRESUMO
The objective of this study was to verify the occurrence of diarrhea and the isolation of strains of Salmonella spp. in diarrheal feces of calves from farms located in the backwoods from the state of Alagoas municipalities, and to characterize the in vitro resistance profile of Salmonella sp. isolated against conventional antimicrobials. The study was carried out with 431 calves from 10 to 90 days old, and 111 diarrheal fecal samples from these calves were analyzed. The samples were sown in enrichment broths and selective culture media and phenotypic and molecular characterization were made. 25.75% (111/431) of the animals had diarrhea. The presence of Salmonella sp. was evidenced in 13.33% (2/15) of the studied establishments. 2.71% (3/111) strains of Salmonella sp. have been isolated and have all been shown to be resistant to Cefotaxime and sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin and Norfloxacin. The occurrence of Salmonella sp. and other infectious agents associated with diarrhea were confirmed in calves in the backwoods from the state of Alagoas. The antimicrobial potential of the tested drugs reinforces the importance of their responsible use in the fight against Salmonellosis in these animals, thus promoting the minimization of cases of bacterial resistance in Brazil and in the world.(AU)
Objetivou-se verificar a ocorrência da diarreia e o isolamento de estirpes de Salmonella sp. em fezes diarreicas de bezerros provenientes de propriedades de municípios do Sertão Alagoano e caracterizar o perfil de resistência in vitro das estir-pes de Salmonella spp. isoladas, frente a antimicrobianos convencionais. O estudo foi realizado com 431 bezerros com 10 a 90 dias de idade, sendo analisadas 111 amostras de fezes diarreicas, semeadas em caldos de enriquecimento e meios de cul-tura seletivos e feita caracterização fenotípica e molecular. 25,75% (111/431) dos animais apresentavam diarreia. A presença de Salmonella sp. foi evidenciada em 13,33% (2/15) dos estabelecimentos estudados. Foram isoladas 2,71% (3/111) estir-pes de Salmonella sp. que revelaram-se em sua totalidade resistentes à Cefotaxima e sensíveis a Ciprofloxacina, Gentamicina, Amoxicilina, Ampicilina e à Norfloxacina. Confirmou-se a ocorrência de Salmonella sp. e outros agentes infecciosos associados a diarreia em bezerros no Sertão Alagoano. O potencial antimicrobiano das drogas testadas reforça a importância da utilização responsável das mesmas no combate a Salmonelose nesses animais, promovendo assim a minimização de casos de resistência bacteriana no Brasil e no mundo.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Bovinos/microbiologia , Infecções por Salmonella/diagnóstico , Anti-Infecciosos , SalmonellaRESUMO
Durante los primeros meses de vida, los oligosacáridos de la leche materna (HMOs) aportados por la leche materna participan en procesos asociados con la maduración de tejidos y sistemas del tubo digestivo, modulan algunos de sus procesos metabólicos y ejercen efectos prebióticos y antimicrobianos. Otros efectos estudiados son su contribución a la instalación, desarrollo y estimulación de la microbiota residente con predomino de Bifidobacterium y Bacteroides, con efectos protectores frente a posibles colonizaciones o patologías por enteropatógenos (bacterianas, virus o parásitarias) que pueden actuar nivel local en el tubo digestivo, pero también pueden influir a nivel sistémico. Los HMOs modularían el desarrollo de la inmunidad innata y adaptativa, y probablemente previenen el desarrollo de fenómenos de atopia/alergia. Una patología propia de la etapa neonatal de los prematuros es la enterocolitis necrosante y algunos HMOs podrían disminuir el riesgo de su manifestación. Las actividades de los oligosacáridos de la leche materna contribuyen a la adaptación del lactante a los desafíos que plantea su entorno incluyendo la prevención de algunas patologías en edades posteriores, como es el caso de la diabetes tipo 1 y la obesidad.
During the first months of life, breast milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) stimulate development of the gastrointestinal tract in newborns and young infants; they modulate its metabolism and transport capabilities. Additionally, they exert prebiotic and antimicrobial activities and contribute to the development of the resident intestinal microbiota with a predominance of Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides and protect from colonization and infections by enteropathogens (bacteria, virus or parasites). It is highly probable that their activities extend beyond infancy and persist into adult life. HMOs stimulate the development of the innate and adaptive immune systems and decrease the risk of atopy/allergy. Their intake has been associated with a degree of protection against as necrotizing enterocolitis among premature infants. HMOs contribute to the long term adaptation and protection of newborn infants to unfavorable conditions of their environment and in this way may contribute to protect breastfed infants from type 1 diabetes and obesity.
Assuntos
Oligossacarídeos/fisiologia , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Leite Humano , Oligossacarídeos/imunologiaRESUMO
Bacteria of the genus Brachyspira can cause enteric diseases in poultry causing a decrease in productivity. The occurrence of this disease in chickens has already been verified in countries such as Australia, Italy, and the United States, but in Brazil, until now, epidemiological studies about Brachyspira sp. frequency were only carried out on pig farms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of bacteria of the genus Brachyspira sp. through isolation and confirmation of the species Brachyspira pilosicoli, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira intermedia using the qPCR technique. Samples from 110 hens aged from 35 to 82 weeks were collected, 40 were from commercial egg farms and 70 were from laying hens matrices. For the first evaluation, bacterial isolation was performed from the feces. Positive samples were submitted to qPCR to identify the three species proposed. Cecum fragments of the birds were collected and fixed in formaldehyde for histological evaluation and counting of goblet cells. Of the 110 samples, 48 characteristic isolates of Brachyspira (43.6%) were obtained and of these in qPCR 13 identified as B. hyodysenteriae (11.8%) and 5 all from the same farm as Brachyspira intermedia (4.5%), 2 samples were positive for both agents (1.8%) and 28 were not characterized by qPCR (25.5%). None histopathological lesions were observed in the chicken cecum and no significant statistical difference was noticed in the count of goblet cells of the positive hens. It can be evidenced by the occurrence of Brachyspira sp. in laying farms and hens in Brazil, with special relevance to Brachyspira intermedia that can be potentially pathogenic for these animals.(AU)
Bactérias do gênero Brachyspira podem ocasionar enfermidades entéricas em aves acarretando a queda de produtividade. A ocorrência desta enfermidade em galinhas já foi verificada em países como a Austrália, Itália e Estados Unidos, porém no Brasil, até o momento, trabalhos epidemiológicos sobre a frequencia de Brachyspira sp. só foram realizados em granjas de suínos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença de bactérias do gênero Brachyspira sp. através do isolamento e confirmação das espécies Brachyspira pilosicoli, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae e Brachyspira intermedia utilizando a técnica de qPCR. Foram coletadas amostras de 110 aves com idade entre 35 e 82 semanas, sendo 40 de granjas de postura comercial e 70 de granjas de matrizes de corte. Para avaliação primeiramente procedeu-se o isolamento bacteriano a partir das fezes. As amostras positivas foram submetidas a qPCR para identificação das três espécies propostas. Fragmentos de ceco das aves foram coletados e fixados em formol para avaliação histológica e contagem de células caliciformes. Das 110 amostras foram obtidos 48 isolamentos característicos de Brachyspira (43,6%) e destes na qPCR 13 identificadas como B. hyodysenteriae (11,8%) e 5 sendo todas da mesma granja (4,5%) como B. intermedia, 2 amostras foram positivas para ambos os agentes (1,8%) e 28 não foram caracterizadas através da qPCR (25,5%). Não foram observadas alterações histopatológicas no ceco e diferença estatística significativa na contagem de células caliciformes das aves positivas. Conclui-se que a Brachyspira sp. é frequente em granjas de poedeiras e matrizes de corte no Brasil, com especial relevância para a B. intermedia que possui potência patogênico para estas aves.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Spirochaetales/isolamento & purificação , Galinhas/microbiologia , Brachyspira hyodysenteriae/isolamento & purificação , Brachyspira/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/veterináriaRESUMO
Bacteria of the genus Brachyspira can cause enteric diseases in poultry causing a decrease in productivity. The occurrence of this disease in chickens has already been verified in countries such as Australia, Italy, and the United States, but in Brazil, until now, epidemiological studies about Brachyspira sp. frequency were only carried out on pig farms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of bacteria of the genus Brachyspira sp. through isolation and confirmation of the species Brachyspira pilosicoli, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira intermedia using the qPCR technique. Samples from 110 hens aged from 35 to 82 weeks were collected, 40 were from commercial egg farms and 70 were from laying hens matrices. For the first evaluation, bacterial isolation was performed from the feces. Positive samples were submitted to qPCR to identify the three species proposed. Cecum fragments of the birds were collected and fixed in formaldehyde for histological evaluation and counting of goblet cells. Of the 110 samples, 48 characteristic isolates of Brachyspira (43.6%) were obtained and of these in qPCR 13 identified as B. hyodysenteriae (11.8%) and 5 all from the same farm as Brachyspira intermedia (4.5%), 2 samples were positive for both agents (1.8%) and 28 were not characterized by qPCR (25.5%). None histopathological lesions were observed in the chicken cecum and no significant statistical difference was noticed in the count of goblet cells of the positive hens. It can be evidenced by the occurrence of Brachyspira sp. in laying farms and hens in Brazil, with special relevance to Brachyspira intermedia that can be potentially pathogenic for these animals.(AU)
Bactérias do gênero Brachyspira podem ocasionar enfermidades entéricas em aves acarretando a queda de produtividade. A ocorrência desta enfermidade em galinhas já foi verificada em países como a Austrália, Itália e Estados Unidos, porém no Brasil, até o momento, trabalhos epidemiológicos sobre a frequencia de Brachyspira sp. só foram realizados em granjas de suínos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença de bactérias do gênero Brachyspira sp. através do isolamento e confirmação das espécies Brachyspira pilosicoli, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae e Brachyspira intermedia utilizando a técnica de qPCR. Foram coletadas amostras de 110 aves com idade entre 35 e 82 semanas, sendo 40 de granjas de postura comercial e 70 de granjas de matrizes de corte. Para avaliação primeiramente procedeu-se o isolamento bacteriano a partir das fezes. As amostras positivas foram submetidas a qPCR para identificação das três espécies propostas. Fragmentos de ceco das aves foram coletados e fixados em formol para avaliação histológica e contagem de células caliciformes. Das 110 amostras foram obtidos 48 isolamentos característicos de Brachyspira (43,6%) e destes na qPCR 13 identificadas como B. hyodysenteriae (11,8%) e 5 sendo todas da mesma granja (4,5%) como B. intermedia, 2 amostras foram positivas para ambos os agentes (1,8%) e 28 não foram caracterizadas através da qPCR (25,5%). Não foram observadas alterações histopatológicas no ceco e diferença estatística significativa na contagem de células caliciformes das aves positivas. Conclui-se que a Brachyspira sp. é frequente em granjas de poedeiras e matrizes de corte no Brasil, com especial relevância para a B. intermedia que possui potência patogênico para estas aves.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Spirochaetales/isolamento & purificação , Galinhas/microbiologia , Brachyspira hyodysenteriae/isolamento & purificação , Brachyspira/isolamento & purificação , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/veterináriaRESUMO
ABSTRACT: Bacteria of the genus Brachyspira can cause enteric diseases in poultry causing a decrease in productivity. The occurrence of this disease in chickens has already been verified in countries such as Australia, Italy, and the United States, but in Brazil, until now, epidemiological studies about Brachyspira sp. frequency were only carried out on pig farms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of bacteria of the genus Brachyspira sp. through isolation and confirmation of the species Brachyspira pilosicoli, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira intermedia using the qPCR technique. Samples from 110 hens aged from 35 to 82 weeks were collected, 40 were from commercial egg farms and 70 were from laying hens matrices. For the first evaluation, bacterial isolation was performed from the feces. Positive samples were submitted to qPCR to identify the three species proposed. Cecum fragments of the birds were collected and fixed in formaldehyde for histological evaluation and counting of goblet cells. Of the 110 samples, 48 characteristic isolates of Brachyspira (43.6%) were obtained and of these in qPCR 13 identified as B. hyodysenteriae (11.8%) and 5 all from the same farm as Brachyspira intermedia (4.5%), 2 samples were positive for both agents (1.8%) and 28 were not characterized by qPCR (25.5%). None histopathological lesions were observed in the chicken cecum and no significant statistical difference was noticed in the count of goblet cells of the positive hens. It can be evidenced by the occurrence of Brachyspira sp. in laying farms and hens in Brazil, with special relevance to Brachyspira intermedia that can be potentially pathogenic for these animals.
RESUMO: Bactérias do gênero Brachyspira podem ocasionar enfermidades entéricas em aves acarretando a queda de produtividade. A ocorrência desta enfermidade em galinhas já foi verificada em países como a Austrália, Itália e Estados Unidos, porém no Brasil, até o momento, trabalhos epidemiológicos sobre a frequencia de Brachyspira sp. só foram realizados em granjas de suínos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença de bactérias do gênero Brachyspira sp. através do isolamento e confirmação das espécies Brachyspira pilosicoli, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae e Brachyspira intermedia utilizando a técnica de qPCR. Foram coletadas amostras de 110 aves com idade entre 35 e 82 semanas, sendo 40 de granjas de postura comercial e 70 de granjas de matrizes de corte. Para avaliação primeiramente procedeu-se o isolamento bacteriano a partir das fezes. As amostras positivas foram submetidas a qPCR para identificação das três espécies propostas. Fragmentos de ceco das aves foram coletados e fixados em formol para avaliação histológica e contagem de células caliciformes. Das 110 amostras foram obtidos 48 isolamentos característicos de Brachyspira (43,6%) e destes na qPCR 13 identificadas como B. hyodysenteriae (11,8%) e 5 sendo todas da mesma granja (4,5%) como B. intermedia, 2 amostras foram positivas para ambos os agentes (1,8%) e 28 não foram caracterizadas através da qPCR (25,5%). Não foram observadas alterações histopatológicas no ceco e diferença estatística significativa na contagem de células caliciformes das aves positivas. Conclui-se que a Brachyspira sp. é frequente em granjas de poedeiras e matrizes de corte no Brasil, com especial relevância para a B. intermedia que possui potência patogênico para estas aves.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Acute diarrheal diseases constitute a world public health problem because they are the second cause of death in children under 5 years of age. Colloidal bismuth hydroxide gel (CBHG) is an active ingredient in low-cost, antidiarrhetic drugs for oral use; it does not inhibit intestinal motility, and it features very low intestinal absorption of <1%. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the sensitivity by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC); the effect on bacterial growth by studying the specific growth velocity and the generation time in growth curves; and bacterial attachment by counting viable plaques, of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, shigatoxigenic E. coli O157:H7, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella spp., and Shigella flexneri in the commercial cream (Chobet® bismuth cream with pectin [CBCHP]), its active ingredient (CBHG), and its excipients (E) separately. RESULTS: CBCHP: MIC 6-10 mg/ml and MBC 7.5-15 mg/ml of bismuth; CBHG: MIC 6-10 mg/ml of bismuth. E: No inhibition was observed at the concentration studied in this study. At very low subinhibitory concentrations of CBCHP and CBHG, there was already evidence of a significant decrease in growth, which could not be recorded for E. CBCHP and CBHG presented an elevated capacity for bacterial displacement, significantly greater than E. CONCLUSIONS: We believed that the results obtained in this study are very promising from the treatment standpoint, as a possible treatment for cases of diagnosis or suspicion of bacterial gastroenteritis. The antimicrobial and attachment effects of CBCHP are exclusively due to its active ingredient CBHG; these effects are promoted in the presence of E.
RESUMO
Food-producing animals are the major reservoirs for many foodborne pathogens such as Campylobacter species, non-Typhi serotypes of Salmonella enterica, Shiga toxin-producing strains of Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. The zoonotic potential of foodborne pathogens and their ability to produce toxins causing diseases or even death are sufficient to recognize the seriousness of the situation. This manuscript reviews the evidence that links animals as vehicles of the foodborne pathogens Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shiga toxigenic E. coli, and L. monocytogenes, their impact, and their current status. We conclude that these pathogenic bacteria will continue causing outbreaks and deaths throughout the world, because no effective interventions have eliminated them from animals and food.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess whether features of the infant intestinal microbiome, including the carriage of toxigenic bacteria, are associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). STUDY DESIGN: We undertook a case-controlled analysis of fecal microbiology in SIDS. Fecal material was obtained from 44 cases and 44 aged-matched controls. Microbiota composition was determined by 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing and comparisons between cases and controls made based on both bacterial alpha diversity measures and unconstrained ordination. Specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were used to determine intestinal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, toxigenic Clostridium difficile, and pathogenic and nonpathogenic Escherichia coli. RESULTS: The microbial composition for the study population as a whole was consistent with previous studies of infants <12 months of age, with a correlation between alpha diversity and age (r2 = 0.08; P = .007). However, no difference was observed in alpha diversity between SIDS cases and controls (P > .4). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling also revealed no evidence of differences in microbiota dispersal between SIDS cases and controls (P = .4, permutational multivariate ANOVA test; Pseudo-F = 0.9), nor was a difference observed in microbiota dispersion (P = .19, PERMDISP test; F = 1.9). There were no significant intergroup differences in the carriage of S aureus, toxigenic C difficile, total E coli, or pathogenic E coli. CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence of an association between altered intestinal microbiology and SIDS, or to support the development of strategies to reduce the incidence of SIDS that target intestinal microbiology.
Assuntos
Clostridioides difficile/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Morte Súbita do Lactente/etiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Fezes/microbiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Os patógenos de eliminação fecal figuram como uma das principais classes de micro-organismos patogênicos para os humanos e animais, causando graves doenças entéricas e, ocasionalmente, extra-entéricas. Este grupo de organismos caracterizase por manteremse viáveis e com capacidade infectante em condições hostis do ambiente, após a eliminação pelas fezes dos animais com e sem sinais entéricos. Devido ao contato cada vez mais estreito com os humanos, os animais de companhia são elos importantes na cadeia de transmissão de patógenos entéricos. Os gatos domésticos representam um grupo importante de animais carreadores de patógenos entéricos com potencial zoonótico, uma vez que possuem hábitos de caça, de estabelecer territorialidade e de auto-limpeza. Dentre os patógenos de veiculação fecal de gatos domésticos de potencial zoonótico para humanos, merecem destaque: Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Clostridium spp. Rhodococcus equi, Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. O presente estudo revisou os principais patógenos bacterianos e parasitários de gatos domésticos com ênfase aos aspectos de virulência, epidemiológicos, sinais clínicos, controle e reflexos em Saúde Pública.(AU)
Enteric pathogens eliminated in the feces are among the most important range group of pathogenic microorganisms to humans and animals causing severe enteric diseases and occasionally, non-enteric too. This group of microorganisms is characterized by wide viability and infective capacity even in adverse environmental conditions after feces elimination of animals with or without enteric signals. In consequence of the close contact with humans, pets are very important in the chain of transmission of enteric pathogens. Domestic cats have hunting, territorial and self-cleaning habits and therefore are an important group with enteric pathogens with zoonotic potential. The most important fecal pathogens present in domestic cats with human zoonotic potential are Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Clostridium spp. Rhodococcus equi, Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. The purpose of this study was to review the major bacterial and parasitic pathogens of domestic cats regarding the virulence aspects, epidemiology, clinical sings, control and importance in public health.(AU)
Los patógenos de eliminación fecal figuran como una de las principales clases de microorganismos patogénicos para los humanos y animales, causando graves enfermedades entéricas y ocasionalmente, extra entéricas. Este grupo de microorganismos se caracteriza por mantenerse viable y con capacidad infectante en condiciones hostiles del ambiente, posterior a la eliminación por las heces de animales con y sin signos entéricos. Debido al contacto cada vez más estrecho con los humanos, los animales de compañía son eslabones importantes en la cadena de transmisión de patógenos entéricos. Los gatos domésticos representan un grupo importante de animales transportadores de patógenos entéricos con potencial zoonótico, una vez que poseen hábitos de caza, de establecer territorialidad y de auto limpieza. Entre los patógenos de transmisión fecal de gatos domésticos con potencial zoonótico para humanos, se destacan: Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Campylobacter spp., Clostridium spp. Rhodococcus equi, Giardia sp. y Cryptosporidium spp. El presente estudio revisó los principales patógenos bacterianos y parasitarios de gatos domésticos con énfasis en los aspectos de virulencia, epidemiológicos, signos clínicos, control y reflejos en Salud Pública.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Virulência , Noxas/análise , Enteropatias/veterinária , Enteropatias Parasitárias/veterinária , Enteropatias/epidemiologia , Escherichia coli , Salmonella , Campylobacter , Clostridium , Rhodococcus equi , Giardia , CryptosporidiumRESUMO
Os patógenos de eliminação fecal figuram como uma das principais classes de micro-organismos patogênicos para os humanos e animais, causando graves doenças entéricas e, ocasionalmente, extra-entéricas. Este grupo de organismos caracterizase por manteremse viáveis e com capacidade infectante em condições hostis do ambiente, após a eliminação pelas fezes dos animais com e sem sinais entéricos. Devido ao contato cada vez mais estreito com os humanos, os animais de companhia são elos importantes na cadeia de transmissão de patógenos entéricos. Os gatos domésticos representam um grupo importante de animais carreadores de patógenos entéricos com potencial zoonótico, uma vez que possuem hábitos de caça, de estabelecer territorialidade e de auto-limpeza. Dentre os patógenos de veiculação fecal de gatos domésticos de potencial zoonótico para humanos, merecem destaque: Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Clostridium spp. Rhodococcus equi, Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. O presente estudo revisou os principais patógenos bacterianos e parasitários de gatos domésticos com ênfase aos aspectos de virulência, epidemiológicos, sinais clínicos, controle e reflexos em Saúde Pública.
Enteric pathogens eliminated in the feces are among the most important range group of pathogenic microorganisms to humans and animals causing severe enteric diseases and occasionally, non-enteric too. This group of microorganisms is characterized by wide viability and infective capacity even in adverse environmental conditions after feces elimination of animals with or without enteric signals. In consequence of the close contact with humans, pets are very important in the chain of transmission of enteric pathogens. Domestic cats have hunting, territorial and self-cleaning habits and therefore are an important group with enteric pathogens with zoonotic potential. The most important fecal pathogens present in domestic cats with human zoonotic potential are Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Clostridium spp. Rhodococcus equi, Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. The purpose of this study was to review the major bacterial and parasitic pathogens of domestic cats regarding the virulence aspects, epidemiology, clinical sings, control and importance in public health.
Los patógenos de eliminación fecal figuran como una de las principales clases de microorganismos patogénicos para los humanos y animales, causando graves enfermedades entéricas y ocasionalmente, extra entéricas. Este grupo de microorganismos se caracteriza por mantenerse viable y con capacidad infectante en condiciones hostiles del ambiente, posterior a la eliminación por las heces de animales con y sin signos entéricos. Debido al contacto cada vez más estrecho con los humanos, los animales de compañía son eslabones importantes en la cadena de transmisión de patógenos entéricos. Los gatos domésticos representan un grupo importante de animales transportadores de patógenos entéricos con potencial zoonótico, una vez que poseen hábitos de caza, de establecer territorialidad y de auto limpieza. Entre los patógenos de transmisión fecal de gatos domésticos con potencial zoonótico para humanos, se destacan: Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Campylobacter spp., Clostridium spp. Rhodococcus equi, Giardia sp. y Cryptosporidium spp. El presente estudio revisó los principales patógenos bacterianos y parasitarios de gatos domésticos con énfasis en los aspectos de virulencia, epidemiológicos, signos clínicos, control y reflejos en Salud Pública.
Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Enteropatias Parasitárias/veterinária , Enteropatias/epidemiologia , Enteropatias/veterinária , Noxas/análise , Virulência , Campylobacter , Clostridium , Cryptosporidium , Escherichia coli , Giardia , Rhodococcus equi , SalmonellaRESUMO
Adhesion to the host intestinal mucosa is considered relevant for orally delivered probiotics as it prolongs their persistence in the gut and their health promoting effects. Classical propionibacteria are microorganisms of interest due to their role as dairy starters as well as for their functions as probiotics. Propionibacterium acidipropionici Q4, is a dairy strain isolated from a Swiss-type cheese made in Argentina that displays probiotic potential. In the present work we assessed the ability of this strain to adhere to the human enterocyte-like HT-29 cell line and to counteract the adhesion of two common human enteropathogens, such as Escherichia coli C3 and Salmonella Enteritidis 90/390. The results were compared with those obtained with the well-known probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. P. acidipropionici Q4 showed a high adhesion capacity, even higher than the reference strain L. rhamnosus GG (42.3±4.4% and 36.2±2.3%, respectively), whereas adhesion of enteropathogens was significantly lower (25.2±2.2% for E. coli and 21.0±3.4% for S. Enteritidis). Propionibacteria as well as lactobacilli were able to inhibit by exclusion and competition the adherence of E. coli C3 and S. Enteritidis 90/390 whereas only L. rhamnosus GG displaced S. Enteritidis from HT-29 intestinal cells. Inhibition of pathogens by propionibacteria was not exerted by antimicrobials or coaggregation but was mainly due to exclusion by cell surface components, such as proteins and carbohydrates. The relevance of cell surface proteins (CSP) for preventing pathogens infection was confirmed by their concentration dependent effect observed for both pathogens: 100 µg/ml of CSP inhibited E. coli attachment almost as untreated propionibacteria, whereas it partially inhibited the attachment of S. Enteritidis. Results suggest that P. acidipropionici Q4 could be considered for the development of propionibacteria containing functional foods helpful in counteracting enteropathogen infection.