RESUMO
The livestock sector in Colombia significantly participates in national economic dynamics but makes significant worldwide contributions to greenhouse gas emissions. Hence, climate change mitigation in this sector is essential. This study aims to assess the greenhouse gas in the livestock sector. The results are reported in methane emissions (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from enteric fermentation, and N2O by manure management based on the information from the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), in all cases expressed as dioxide of carbon (CO2eq). The emissions obtained from the EDGAR database for 2015 were proportional to the values of the National Inventory of Greenhouse Gases published by the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology, and Environmental Studies (IDEAM) in 2016. Colombia is the 12th on global, 4th in America and 2nd in South America position by livestock GHG emission, and is the dominant source in all economic sector. The results showed higher records for CH4 emissions during the years 2010 and 2015, while the N2O emissions were higher during 2015. The regions with the highest emissions of CH4 and N2O corresponded to the northwestern area of Colombia. The Spearman correlation test showed a positive correlation between the CH4 emissions, and the age groups studied. The post hoc analysis of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed a more significant influence on CH4 emissions.
RESUMO
The inclusion of Tithonia diversifolia in pasture-based diets is a promising alternative to increase bovine productivity, due to its chemical composition and wide adaptation, but there are few in vivo studies to determine its effect on methane yield and animal production in grazing systems. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the T. diversifolia inclusion in a basal diet of Brachiaria humidicola on methane (CH4) emissions by enteric fermentation, and on milk yield and quality in dual-purpose cows. The polytunnel technique was used for the determination of methane yield and two diets were evaluated (Diet 1: Brachiaria humidicola 100%; Diet 2: T. diversifolia 15%â +â B. humidicola 85% dry matter basis) in the moderate rainy and rainy seasons using a cross-over experimental design; milk production was measured by daily milk weighing, and milk quality was determined using a LACTOSCAN analyzer. The inclusion of T. diversifolia did not increase the dry matter intake (Pâ =â 0.369), but increased the intake of crude protein and minerals, and reduced fiber intake, resulting in the increased yield of milk and its components in the moderate rainy season (Pâ =â 0.012). The inclusion of T. diversifolia reduced the absolute CH4 emissions (Pâ =â 0.016), Ym and emission intensity (per unit of fat, protein and kilogram fat and protein corrected milk yields) both in the moderate rainy and rainy seasons (Pâ <â 0.05). We conclude that the inclusion of T. diversifolia in the forage feed base in the humid tropics such as the Amazon piedmont can be used as a tool to both mitigate enteric CH4 emissions and to increase animal productivity and hence reduce emissions intensity, and thus reduce pressure on the agricultural frontier in critical areas such as the Amazon.
RESUMO
Increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from anthropogenic activities have contributed to global warming and consequently to climate change. Among all sources of emissions, the agricultural sector accounts for just under a quarter, mainly because of the intensification of food production systems necessary to supply the growing demand of the population. As ruminal fermentation is the largest source of methane emission in the livestock industry, emission by cattle has become the focus of studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate enteric methane emission and emission intensities of Nellore cattle at different ages submitted to levels of intensification of the grazing system. Twenty-four animals per cycle (age of 21.8 and 13.1 mo in cycles 1 and 2, respectively) were randomly distributed across different grazing systems: irrigated pasture with a high stocking rate (IHS), dryland pasture with a high stocking rate (DHS), recovering dryland pasture with a moderate stocking rate (DMS), and degraded pasture with a low stocking rate (DP). Methane emission was measured using the sulfur hexafluoride technique in each season of the cycle. Intensive systems provided higher yields of good-quality forage as well as superior animal performance when compared with DP. Methane yields were different between seasons and cycles. Methane emissions per average daily weight gain and dry matter digestible intake were different between treatments. Differences in the results were observed when they were analyzed per hectare, with the highest gain yield (P = 0.0134), stocking rate, weight gain, carcass production, and total methane emission (P < 0.0001) being found for the intensive systems. There were no differences in emissions per weight gain or carcass production between production systems, while a difference was observed between cycles (P = 0.0189 and P = 0.0255, respectively), resulting in lower emission intensities for younger animals. We conclude that more intensive systems resulted in a higher kilograms production of carcass per hectare; however, animals at 19 mo of age raised in the IHS and DMS systems had a lower emission intensity in kilogram of CO2-eq. per kilogram of carcass. Moderate intensification (DMS) using animals at about 19 mo of age might be an effective strategy to mitigate GHG emissions from Brazilian tropical pastures. Further studies are needed to understand the relationship between increasing productivity and decreasing environmental impacts, especially methane emission from ruminants.
Assuntos
Bovinos/fisiologia , Aquecimento Global , Metano/metabolismo , Animais , Brasil , Bovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Gado , Masculino , Estações do Ano , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
Climate change is a subject of global environmental concern. Increased anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions have increased the global temperature the last 100 to 200 years. Carbon dioxide and methane are the main greenhouse gases related to animal nutrition and methane has greater global warming potential than carbon dioxide. Among greenhouse gases, methane is considered a potent greenhouse gas with 21 times more global warming potential than carbon dioxide. Worldwide, ruminant livestock produce about 80 million metric tons of methane each year, accounting for about 28% of global emissions from human related activities. Therefore it is impelling animal scientists to finding solutions to mitigate methane emission from ruminants. It seems that solutions can be discussed in four topics including: nutrition (feeding), biotechnology, microbiology and management strategies. We have already published the first and second review articles on feeding strategies and management strategies. In the current review, Microbiology and biotechnology such as emphasizing on animal breeding, genetic merit, bovine somatotropin (BST), unproductive animals, vaccination, immunisation and biological control (bacteriophage, acetogenesis reductive), chemical defaunation that can be leads to decreasing methane production from ruminant animal production are discussed.
A mudança climática é um assunto de preocupação ambiental global. O aumento dos gases de estufa antropogênicos (GEA) tem elevado a temperatura global nos últimos 100 a 200 anos. O dióxido de carbono e metano são os principais gases do efeito estufa e estão relacionados com a nutrição animal, onde o metano tem maior potencial de aquecimento global do que o dióxido de carbono. Entre os gases do efeito estufa, o metano é considerado um gás 21 vezes com maior potencial de aquecimento global do que o dióxido de carbono. Em todo o mundo, animais ruminantes produzem cerca de 80 milhões de toneladas de metano por ano, respondendo por cerca de 28% das emissões globais das atividades humanas relacionadas. Por isso é impelindo aos zootecnistas encontrar soluções para mitigar emissões de metano a partir de ruminantes. Parece que as soluções podem ser discutidas em quatro temas, incluindo: nutrição (alimentação), biotecnologia, microbiologia e estratégias de gestão. Nós já publicamos o primeiro e segundo artigos de revisão sobre estratégias de alimentação e estratégias de gestão. Na avaliação atual, microbiologia e biotecnologia, tal como com ênfase na criação de animais, mérito genético, somatotropina bovina (BST), animais improdutivos, vacinação, imunização e controle biológico (bacteriófago, acetogênese redutora), defaunação química que pode conduz à diminuição da produção de metano na produção de ruminantes são discutidos.
Assuntos
Animais , Efeito Estufa , Metano , Ruminantes , Vazamento de Gases , Mudança ClimáticaRESUMO
Climate change is a subject of global environmental concern. Increased anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions have increased the global temperature the last 100 to 200 years. Carbon dioxide and methane are the main greenhouse gases related to animal nutrition and methane has greater global warming potential than carbon dioxide. Among greenhouse gases, methane is considered a potent greenhouse gas with 21 times more global warming potential than carbon dioxide. Worldwide, ruminant livestock produce about 80 million metric tons of methane each year, accounting for about 28% of global emissions from human related activities. Therefore it is impelling animal scientists to finding solutions to mitigate methane emission from ruminants. It seems that solutions can be discussed in four topics including: nutrition (feeding), biotechnology, microbiology and management strategies. We have already published the first and second review articles on feeding strategies and management strategies. In the current review, Microbiology and biotechnology such as emphasizing on animal breeding, genetic merit, bovine somatotropin (BST), unproductive animals, vaccination, immunisation and biological control (bacteriophage, acetogenesis reductive), chemical defaunation that can be leads to decreasing methane production from ruminant animal production are discussed.(AU)
A mudança climática é um assunto de preocupação ambiental global. O aumento dos gases de estufa antropogênicos (GEA) tem elevado a temperatura global nos últimos 100 a 200 anos. O dióxido de carbono e metano são os principais gases do efeito estufa e estão relacionados com a nutrição animal, onde o metano tem maior potencial de aquecimento global do que o dióxido de carbono. Entre os gases do efeito estufa, o metano é considerado um gás 21 vezes com maior potencial de aquecimento global do que o dióxido de carbono. Em todo o mundo, animais ruminantes produzem cerca de 80 milhões de toneladas de metano por ano, respondendo por cerca de 28% das emissões globais das atividades humanas relacionadas. Por isso é impelindo aos zootecnistas encontrar soluções para mitigar emissões de metano a partir de ruminantes. Parece que as soluções podem ser discutidas em quatro temas, incluindo: nutrição (alimentação), biotecnologia, microbiologia e estratégias de gestão. Nós já publicamos o primeiro e segundo artigos de revisão sobre estratégias de alimentação e estratégias de gestão. Na avaliação atual, microbiologia e biotecnologia, tal como com ênfase na criação de animais, mérito genético, somatotropina bovina (BST), animais improdutivos, vacinação, imunização e controle biológico (bacteriófago, acetogênese redutora), defaunação química que pode conduz à diminuição da produção de metano na produção de ruminantes são discutidos.(AU)