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Resumen Después de varias décadas, el Programa de Ciencias Médicas, Odontológicas y de la Salud sigue formando investigadores que integran las diversas instituciones en donde labora personal de salud. Es notable cómo algunos campos han crecido y cómo se ha incrementado la participación de las mujeres, tanto en maestría como en doctorado. Se presenta un panorama general de ingreso y graduación de acuerdo con los campos de conocimiento y por el sexo de las personas. Se hace un comentario sobre los cambios en las personas que dirigen instituciones que, en algunos casos, por más de 100 años eran dirigidas por personas del sexo masculino.
Abstract By reviewing the scientific literature specialized in sleep disorders (TS) carried out in Mexico, especially at the TS Clinic (Faculty of Medicine-UNAM) at the General Hospital of Mexico (CTS-HGM) from 1948 to 2020, it was possible to document the history of ST research in Mexico and the role played by the CTS-HGM. Sleep Medicine (MS) is one of the newest specialties in Mexico and case research in this field began around 1948, while formal research in 1974. The founding of CTS-HGM in 1997 led to significant development in TS research in Mexico. In addition, the CTS-HGM became a center of care for patients with these problems, as well as important research center since its publications cover all the diagnostic categories of the CITS.
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OBJECTIVE: To describe the parental experience of recruitment and assess differences between parents who participated and those who declined to enroll in a neonatal clinical trial. STUDY DESIGN: This was a survey conducted at 12 US neonatal intensive care units of parents of infants who enrolled in the High-dose Erythropoietin for Asphyxia and encephaLopathy (HEAL) trial or who were eligible but declined enrollment. Questions assessed 6 factors of the parental experience of recruitment: (1) interactions with research staff; (2) the consent experience; (3) perceptions of the study; (4) decisional conflict; (5) reasons for/against participation; and (6) timing of making the enrollment decision. RESULTS: In total, 269 of 387 eligible parents, including 183 of 242 (75.6%) of those who enrolled their children in HEAL and 86 of 145 (59.3%) parents who declined to enroll their children in HEAL, were included in analysis. Parents who declined to enroll more preferred to be approached by clinical team members rather than by research team members (72.9% vs 49.2%, P = .005). Enrolled parents more frequently reported positive initial impressions (54.9% vs 10.5%, P < .001). Many parents in both groups made their decision early in the recruitment process. Considerations of reasons for/against participation differed by enrollment status. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding how parents experience recruitment, and how this differs by enrollment status, may help researchers improve recruitment processes for families and increase enrollment. The parental experience of recruitment varied by enrollment status. These findings can guide future work aiming to inform optimal recruitment strategies for neonatal clinical trials.
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Tomada de Decisões , Pais/psicologia , Seleção de Pacientes , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal/estatística & dados numéricos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: While Medicare is a federal health insurance program, managed Medicare limits access to healthcare services to networks within states or territories. However, if a natural disaster requires evacuation, displaced patients are at risk of losing coverage for their benefits. Previous literature has discussed the quality of managed Medicare plans within Puerto Rico but has not addressed the adequacy of this coverage if residents are displaced to the continental United States. We explore Hurricane Maria's impact on a resident of Puerto Rico with chronic health problems, and the challenges he faces seeking healthcare in New York. CASE PRESENTATION: A 59-year-old male with a history of diabetes mellitus type II, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease status post right foot amputation, and end-stage kidney disease on hemodialysis was admitted in October of 2017 for chest pain and swelling of legs for 5 days. The patient had missed his last three dialysis sessions after Hurricane Maria forced him to leave Puerto Rico. In examining this patient's treatment, we observe the effect of Hurricane Maria on the medical management of Puerto Rican residents and identify challenges managed Medicare may pose to patients who cross state or territory lines. CONCLUSIONS: We employ this patient's narrative to frame a larger discussion of Puerto Rican managed Medicare and provide additional recommendations for healthcare providers. Moreover, we consider this case in the context of disaster-related continuity of care for patients with complex medical conditions or treatment regimens. To address the gaps in the care of these patients, this article proposes (1) developing system-based approaches for screening displaced patients, (2) increasing the awareness of Special Enrollment Periods related to Medicare among healthcare providers, and (3) creating policy solutions to assure access to care for patients with complex medical conditions.
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Tempestades Ciclônicas , Atenção à Saúde/normas , Desastres , Medicare/normas , Múltiplas Afecções Crônicas/terapia , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Seguro Saúde , Masculino , Turismo Médico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Múltiplas Afecções Crônicas/etnologia , Cidade de Nova Iorque , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde , Porto Rico/etnologia , Refugiados , Diálise Renal , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Purpose: Despite the popularity of open enrollment as a school choice mechanism, there is little research on how principals behave in a district-run competitive setting. This study adds to our understanding of how open enrollment policies affect the role of the principal as well as educational equity by examining the roles and behaviors of school principals in an unregulated marketplace of schools. Research Method: This study uses an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach. We first analyze school-level transfer data for school year 2014-2015 and demographic data in order to examine trends such as poverty concentration as well as to identify "winners," "losers," and "nonplayers" in the open enrollment marketplace. Since principals are heavily involved in recruitment, student screening, and selection of specialized programs, we interviewed 12 principals to better understand their role in the competitive settings. Findings: We find that some schools have emerged as "winners" in this marketplace, attracting large numbers of transfers without losing many students, while other principals and schools struggle to overcome a negative perception and find a market niche to attract students. Our quantitative analysis indicates a relatively small relationship between open enrollment and increased segregation in the district. District oversight seems to have prevented worsening segregation. However, many principals seek more control on the screening process raising equity concerns if formal regulations are not provided. Implications: These findings have implications for school and district leaders navigating open enrollment plans as a means to increase enrollments and encourage innovation while also maintaining equity.
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OBJECTIVES: To characterize the children who were referred, determine the proportion of referred children who enrolled, and examine factors associated with enrollment in multidisciplinary clinical care for pediatric weight management. STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study included the population of children (2-17 years of age; body mass index of ≥85th percentile) referred to 1 of 3 hospital-based multidisciplinary weight management clinics in Alberta, Canada, from April 2013 to April 2016. Referral and enrollment data were obtained from Alberta Health Services databases. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine the independent and combined effects of predictors of enrollment. RESULTS: Of the 2014 children (51.8% male; mean body mass index z-score: 3.42 ± 0.03) referred to multidisciplinary clinical care, 757 (37.6%) enrolled in care. Most referred children had severe obesity and were referred by physicians. Several factors independently predicted enrollment; however, in our most parsimonious multivariable model, only the time gap (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88-0.99; P = .03) between the attendance date of the orientation session and the booking date of initial appointment predicted enrollment for all children. Body mass index z-score (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67-0.98; P = .03) and time gap (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.85-0.99; P = .02) predicted enrollment in children with severe obesity exclusively. CONCLUSIONS: Fewer than 40% of referred children enrolled in multidisciplinary clinical care. Reducing the duration of enrollment and providing additional support for treatment initiation to children with severe obesity may enhance treatment uptake for pediatric weight management.
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Participação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Obesidade Infantil/terapia , Programas de Redução de Peso , Alberta , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To explore parents' recommendations to enhance enrollment in multidisciplinary clinical care for managing pediatric obesity. STUDY DESIGN: Data for this interpretative description study were collected through individual, semistructured interviews that were audiorecorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically. Parents (n = 79) were recruited from 4 multidisciplinary weight management clinics in Canada located in Edmonton, Hamilton, Montreal, and Vancouver. RESULTS: Most interviewed parents had children with obesity (body mass index ≥95th percentile; 84.2%), were female (87.3%), had postsecondary education (69.6%), and were white (75.9%). Parents' recommendations referred to enrollment opportunities, information about obesity services, motivation for treatment, and accessibility to obesity services. Specifically, parents recommended to increase referral options and follow-up contacts with families during the enrollment process, inform referring physicians and families about the availability and characteristics of obesity services, enhance families' motivation for treatment, prevent families from getting discouraged, make services more appealing to families, and address accessibility issues (eg, offering multiple options for appointment times, providing support for transportation). CONCLUSIONS: Parents' recommendations support the need for family-centered approaches to enhance enrollment; however, their feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness remain to be tested empirically.
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Pais/psicologia , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/psicologia , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Obesidade Infantil/terapia , Programas de Redução de Peso/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Canadá , Criança , Feminino , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Motivação , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente/organização & administração , Relações Profissional-Família , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Programas de Redução de Peso/organização & administraçãoRESUMO
Testing negative for human papillomavirus (HPV) predicts long-term reassurance against invasive cervical cancer (ICC). To provide realistic estimates of effectiveness for new screening programs, we studied ICC risk after a 7-year repeated multimethod screening effort. In 1993-1994, 10,049 women aged 18-97 years were enrolled into a population-based cohort study of cervical HPV in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Women were screened at different intervals according to enrollment results. Each visit (mean 3.2, 90% attendance) included split-sample conventional, automated, and liquid-based cytology, visual inspection, cervicography, and PCR-based HPV testing. Abnormal screening led to colposcopy and excisional treatment as appropriate during the study. Referral to colposcopy for HPV in the absence of other findings was introduced only at the last visit. Population-based Costa Rica Cancer Registry linkage identified cohort women diagnosed with ICC in the 18 years following cohort enrollment. The ICC cumulative risk was 0.4% (n = 38); 18 were diagnosed with ICC after study participation. Of these, 9 were missed at the screening step (negative screening or below the referral threshold, refused screening or colposcopy), 5 attended colposcopy but were not diagnosed as CIN2+, and 4 were treated for CIN2/3 but progressed to ICC nonetheless. Decreasing age-standardized ICC rates for the 1993-2011 period were observed in Guanacaste; cohort women showed additional 31% ICC incidence reduction with apparent downstaging of cancers that occurred. ICC risk following negative HPV testing in the optimal age range 30-50 years was extremely low. Real-life screening effectiveness following introduction is lower than the potential near-complete efficacy predicted by HPV natural history.
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Citodiagnóstico , Papillomaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Papillomavirus/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Colposcopia , Costa Rica , DNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Programas de Rastreamento , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Papillomaviridae/patogenicidade , Infecções por Papillomavirus/complicações , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Gravidez , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/genética , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/virologia , Esfregaço VaginalRESUMO
Estimating the effects of international migration on left-behind children's educational attainment is complicated by the potential offsetting effects of fathers' absences and household remittances. Most research has not separated these aspects of international migration on children's human capital outcomes. We address this deficiency by using instrumental variables to isolate the effects of fathers' international migration absences from international household remittances on student enrollment and grade progression in Guatemala. Results indicate that fathers' absences and household international remittances are negatively related to enrollment, providing evidence for a culture of migration effect. For students who remain in school, household international remittances neutralize the harmful influence of fathers' absences on grade progression.
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BACKGROUND: Given the rise in US obesity rates in adulthood, efforts are needed to assess physical activity engagement during the college years as a strategy to promote a lifetime of being physically active. This study identifies the reasons incoming college freshman enrolled in basic physical education activity courses (BPEAC) and the perceived benefits they anticipated receiving as a result of course participation. METHODS: Data collected from 302 college freshmen in September 2013 were analyzed. A paper-based questionnaire was administered to 78% of BPEAC sections offered at a large Southeastern University. Frequencies were presented for all participants, which were then compared by sex and course type. Kappa statistics were calculated to examine the concordance between participants' reasons for enrolling in the course and the benefits they anticipated from course enrollment. RESULTS: Diverse physical, mental, social, and academic reasons for enrolling in BPEAC were reported by study participants. Varied anticipated benefits from course participation were reported as well. Reported enrollment reasons and anticipated benefits differed by sex and course type. High concordance between matched enrollment reasons and anticipated benefits was observed. CONCLUSION: Implications highlight the need for universities to provide quality BPEAC, promote high-quality instruction, and offer a wide variety of physical education courses to meet the diverse needs of students.
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Introducción: La Universidad tiene como una de sus tareas conocer a los estudiantes, ya que en la medida que nuestro sistema de educación logre tener mayor información sobre el perfil de éstos y sus trayectorias escolares, se podrán diseñar e implementar políticas novedosas y funcionales que atiendan las necesidades específicas de su población. Objetivo: Analizar el perfil de los estudiantes que ingresan a la Licenciatura en Enfermería de México. Las Facultades de Estudios Superiores (FES) Iztacala y Zaragoza. Método: Estudio descriptivo-transversal, con estudiantes de primer ingreso de la generación 2011-I de la FES Zaragoza e Iztacala. La población de estudio fueron 600 alumnos. La recolección de la información fue a través de un cuestionario. La confiabilidad del instrumento fue de 0.875 con la prueba de Alfa de Cronbach. Para el manejo de la información se elaboró una base de datos con el programa SPSS® y se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: El 49% de alumnos proviene de pase reglamentado, el promedio de ingreso es de 8.1 a 9.0; en el 61% Enfermería fue primera elección; el nivel socioeconómico de los alumnos es bajo; en el 74% el promedio durante el primer año fue de 8.0 a 10.0. Discusión: A diferencia de otras Carreras de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), la de Enfermería da cabida a casi el 50% de los aspirantes de escuelas externas a ella. Los alumnos aún cuando son de nivel socioeconómico bajo, reúnen características favorables para su trayectoria escolar, entre ellas, un buen promedio y que fueron admitidos en la Carrera que seleccionaron.
Introduction: The University has as one of its tasks to better know the profiles and trajectories of students, so that supporting innovative and functional policies can be designed and implemented. Objective: To analyze the profile of students enrolling into the Nursing Undergraduate System at the Iztacala and Zaragoza Superior Studies Faculty. Method: Basic-descriptive study with freshmen students of the 2011-I generation of the Nursing Bachelors Degree program at the FES Zaragoza and Iztacala. the population was 600 alumni. A questionnaire was used to gather data. the instrument reliability was equivalent to a 0.875 Cronbach Alpha score. A SPSS® database was created and data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. Results: The 49% of the students came from the "automatic pass" format. The enrollment grade point average went from 8.1 to 9.0. For the 61% of the students, nursing was their first choice of major. The socioeconomic level of the students was low. The 76% of the students obtained a grade point average between 8.0 and 10.0 during all their freshman year. Discussion: Unlike other careers at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Nursing accepts almost 50% of the prospects from external schools, situation which does not occur in other careers. Although the majority of students who entered have a low social-economical level, they have other favorable characteristics for their school trajectory such as a good grade point average and that they were accepted in the career that they chose.
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Humanos , Masculino , FemininoRESUMO
UNLABELLED: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of mortality in middle-income countries, such as Brazil. However, given the diversity in health care systems in Brazil, access to proven services, such as cardiac rehabilitation (CR), varies widely. PURPOSE: To describe and compare multilevel barriers to CR enrollment and participation in three Brazilian cohorts: (1) cardiac outpatients not attending CR (public or private system); (2) cardiac outpatients paying for CR; and (3) residents at high-risk of CVD with access to a free comprehensive exercise program but not making use of the program. METHODS: Brazilian residents from two cities were invited to participate - Florianopolis, an urban center; and Luzerna, a rural center. Respondents completed a survey including the Cardiac Rehabilitation Barriers Scale. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare barriers between cohorts cross-sectionally. RESULTS: Six hundred twenty-eight Brazilians consented to participate: 237 (37.7%) from Florianopolis, of which 139 (22.1%) participated in CR; and 391 (62.3%) from Luzerna. The mean total CR barriers for the sample were 1.66 ± 0.6 and differed significantly by cohort (P < 0.001). CR nonattendees from Florianopolis (eg, distance and not knowing about CR) and participants from Luzerna (eg, work and family responsibilities) reported significantly higher barriers than CR attendees from Florianopolis. CONCLUSION: CR nonattendees reported significantly greater barriers than CR attendees. It is hoped that the provision of CR will increase, and that the development of the programs will be in a manner which mitigates the chief barriers identified herein.
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Terapia por Exercício , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Cardiopatias/reabilitação , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/psicologia , Pacientes/psicologia , Percepção , Idoso , Assistência Ambulatorial , Brasil , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Cardiopatias/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Setor Privado , Serviços de Saúde Rural , Inquéritos e Questionários , Serviços Urbanos de SaúdeRESUMO
La inserción femenina a la educación superior en México y en gran parte del mundo, sucede a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Los últimos treinta años han sido testigos de un aumento de la presencia femenina en las universidades, fenómeno estudiado como la feminización de la matrícula. Presentamos una breve reflexión del tema, con el fin de analizar de qué forma estas nuevas condiciones en el acceso a la educación se reflejan en la inserción de las mujeres en el ámbito científico. Repasamos el tema de la recomposición matricular, la segregación por áreas de estudio, tanto de varones como de mujeres, la participación a nivel posgrado (especialidad, maestría y doctorado) e indagamos la proporción de mujeres en la ciencia. Mientras en la educación superior se habla de una proporción entre varones y mujeres de casi 50 a 50 y en algunas áreas se ha llegado a reportar mayor presencia femenina, en el ámbito de investigación científica las mujeres apenas representan 30%. Esto responde en gran medida a condiciones estructurales en las que aún prevalece la dificultad de las mujeres para acceder a territorios de mayor jerarquía que han sido preponderantemente masculinos.
The participation of women in higher education in Mexico took place in the late 19th and early 20th century. The rise of women's enrollment in universities known as the [quot ]feminization of enrollment[quot ] occurred in the last thirty years. In this review we analyze how the new conditions that facilitated better access to higher education are reflected in the inclusion of women in science. We include an overview of the issues associated with a change in the demographics of enrollment, segregation of academic areas between men and women and participation in post graduate degrees. We also review the proportion of women in science. While in higher education the ratio between male and women is almost 50-50 and in some areas the presence of women is even higher, in the field of scientific research women account for barely 30% of professionals. This is largely due to structural conditions that limit the access of women to higher positions of power that have been predominantly taken by men.
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História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Ciência/educação , Ciência/história , Mulheres/educação , Mulheres/história , MéxicoRESUMO
PIP: Because the majority of El Salvador's population is young, the provision of educational services is a priority. The Ministry of Education reports that 1,028,877 students, of whom 51% were male, were enrolled in basic education courses in 1994. However, an estimated 1,600,000 children of school age were not enrolled. The country was able to offer educational services to only around 40% of school age youth. Many communities in El Salvador must share facilities. The case of 2 communities in Jocoaitique is not unusual: they share 4 teachers for 6 grades in 2 shifts, serving 270 children. The lives of rural children are difficult, and the costs of school for 4 or 5 children are beyond the reach of many rural families. Myths and taboos surrounding family planning in many regions of the country are an obstacle to solving the problem.^ieng
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Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , População , Estudantes , América , América Central , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Escolaridade , El Salvador , América Latina , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , Características da População , Classe Social , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
PIP: In 1900, 78% of Mexican women over age 10 were illiterate, and only 713,000 persons attended school. The population over age 15 averaged less than 1 year of school attendance. The illiteracy rate according to the 1990 census was 11%, and 23.6 million persons over age 5 attended some educational institution. The average school attendance for those over 15 was 6.5 years. Despite the great achievements of the past 9 decades, the 1990 census indicates that serious challenges remain. The proportion of illiterates in the population over age 15 declined from 44.1% in 1950 to 25.8% in 1970 and 12.4% in 1990, but the absolute numbers remained almost constant between 7 and 8 million for many years, and only recently declined to 6.2 million. 37.4% of persons 65 and over but only 3.9% of those 15-19 are illiterate. Of the 6.2 million illiterates, 2.3 million are male and 3.9 million female, for rates of 9.7% and 15% respectively. 21% of illiterates are 15-29 years old, and half reside in just 6 Mexican states. 90.0% of Mexican children 6-11 years old attend school, as do 75% of those 12-14 and nearly half of those 15-19. If school attendance at both primary and secondary levels had been obligatory in 1990, some 2.5 million more children would have been enrolled, the majority in dispersed rural localities and marginal urban zones.^ieng
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Escolaridade , Estudantes , América , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , México , América do Norte , Classe Social , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
PIP: A consistent, positive association has been found between female education and socioeconomic development indicators such as infant and child mortality, family nutrition, and family planning acceptance. The World Bank has estimated that investments in female primary education yield a return of 20%. In Guatemala, where fewer than one in every eight girls who enrolls in first grade graduates from the sixth grade, government and business leaders have developed a national plan of action aimed at encouraging female school attendance. A National Commission on Girls' Education, formed in 1991, has formulated 40 projects that can be implemented by public and private institutions. These projects emerged from an analysis of specific obstacles to primary school completion and the identification of the most effective incentives for encouraging family and community support of female education. The Educate Girls Project, scheduled to be implemented in the 20 Guatemalan communities with the highest differentials between the school attendance and graduation rates of girls and boys, will include tutoring for girls, scholarships to help offset the costs to families of the loss of daughters' labor, teacher training on strategies for motivating girls, training for parent committees, and educational materials that feature female role models. Examples of other projects are mobile schools for families who migrate to the coast during the harvest and weekend schools for girls whose families are unable to release them from economic responsibilities during the school week.^ieng
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Educação , Escolaridade , Mudança Social , Estudantes , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , América , América Central , Criança , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Guatemala , América Latina , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Classe Social , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
PIP: In Argentina, the 1884 Public Education Law gave women access to education. According to the 1980 Census there is a 6% illiteracy rate for women, which is slightly higher than for men, (5.5%), but this advantage is reversed in the female 10-35 age group. Girls and boys attend primary and secondary schools with the same frequency, but boys are more likely to repeat grades or drop out. At the university level 46% of the total students are women, and in Buenos Aires the figure is 56%. Many university subjects that were once considered for men only (medicine, law, and architecture) are now being studied by women. In 1941 only 25% of women studied science, chemistry, pharmacy, biochemistry, and dentistry; by 1978 that figure had grown to 59%. Now equal numbers of men and women study medicine, law, and architecture. Education plays a determining role in the number of children a woman has or if she gets married. Among 20-24 year old women with a low level of education, 51% live with a partner. For middle-class women the figure is 31%, and for university-educated women the figure is 15%. Uneducated women have about 4 children, while university-educated women have 1 child each. 50% of university-educated women do not have children. Discrimination in the job market against women is often associated with their menstruation, pregnancies, or child care. However, this prejudice is based on the false assumption that women must have and raise children. It ignores the shared responsibility of raising children between men and women. Before the 1980s the typical female worker was a single woman 25. When she got married she would quit her job. Today women are staying in the work place either out of choice or necessity even if they have children.^ieng
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Escolaridade , Emprego , Mães , Paridade , Instituições Acadêmicas , Estudantes , Universidades , América , Argentina , Comportamento , Coeficiente de Natalidade , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Educação , Características da Família , Relações Familiares , Fertilidade , Mão de Obra em Saúde , América Latina , Pais , População , Dinâmica Populacional , Comportamento Social , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: Analysis of human resources has a history of almost 3 decades in Latin America. This method of assessing temporary and structural balances and imbalances between population, education, and employment began in the 1960s with recognition of the role of education in development. The human resources perspective tended to be centered more on the availability or supply of resources as affected by educational planning than on occupational requirements or demand. It was also centered on problems of educational investment and planning, leaving aside other basic aspects of human resources development such as health or nutrition. The notion of human resources has progressed in Latin America from imitation of the educational systems of the industrialized countries to attempts to project future occupational structures in Latin America and to adjust training and educational programs accordingly. But longterm projection of occupational structures is very difficult in Latin America primarily because of the unstable and dependent status of Latin American economies which leave them at the mercy of changes in the central countries. A series of studies in the mid-1970s argued for the need to revise the dominant development strategies in order to eliminate poverty within 50 years, implying increased attention to human resources. The economic crisis of the 1970s and beyond had deflected attention away from the actions necessary to reach this goal. Latin America, despite considerable economic progress and modernization, still is incapable of providing productive employment for a large proportion of its population. Around 50% of the economically active population was unemployed or underemployed in 1980. Recent studies have revealed several peculiarities in the occupational dynamics of countries, and they never have the proportion of highly skilled workers that the developed countries do. Urbanization and growth of the tertiary sector are rapid. Where agriculture has modernized, rural employment has declined abruptly. The residual category of labor in the informal sector is large and growing rapidly in countries of the region. These distortions express the structural incapacity of economies on the region to employ their available human resources in a context of rapid population growth and considerable (though still insufficient) investment in education. A different development strategy, oriented toward satisfaction of basic needs of the population, would mobilize human resources and create employment. In the case of educaiton, available data point to a continuing disarticulation between population dynamics, employment, and education. The existence of some 40 million illiterates in Latin America and the Caribbean and the wasted investment in large numbers of highly educated persons who either emigrate or remain underemployed in their own countries express 2 facets of this problem.^ieng
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Economia , Educação , Emprego , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Mão de Obra em Saúde , Indústrias , Ocupações , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estudantes , Desemprego , Países em Desenvolvimento , Escolaridade , América Latina , Classe SocialRESUMO
PIP: The results of an immigrant student census in a California port-of-entry school district are used to describe the educational backgrounds of Mexican immigrant students and to distinguish types of Mexican immigrant students by school entry patterns. Interviews with recently arrived Mexican immigrant parents reveal the educational and occupational expectations they hold for their children in the US. The study findings are used as a basis for raising policy questions and generating research issues. The most notable observation from the study is that the children of Mexican immigrants in La Entrada do not migrate once they are in school. Parents may be migrating back and forth between the US and Mexico, but children once in La Entrada do not leave the school to return to school in Mexico. The study suggests that the parents of immigrant students do not know how the US educational system works but they are interested in helping teachers educate their children.^ieng