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Concerns with water crisis involve all sectors of society and irrigated agriculture remains the main water consumer. This study evaluated an agricultural production system for lettuce cultivation in greenhouse, organic potponics, to economize water and manure use, using a Simplified Irrigation Controller (SIC), based on soil matric potential monitoring. Five irrigation volumes were evaluated in pots with 4.8 L, fertilized with 200 g of vermicompost. One of the volumes was controlled with the SIC. The other volumes represented 130, 80, 60 and 33 % of that controlled by the SIC and all treatments received water at the same time. Shoot fresh weight, head diameter and stomatal conductance (gs) increased linearly with irrigation volumes. For shoot dry weight, number of leaves and water use efficiency (WUE), the regression was quadratic with maximum values at 126, 114 and 83 %, respectively. Leaf relative water content did not show variation among treatments and changes in some fluorescence parameters (Reo/RC, Sm, N and R0) were much more remarkable to drought compared with the FV/ FM ratio, one of the most commonly used stress indicators. The data indicated a tradeoff between WUE and plant growth thus the economic values of water and lettuce should be taken into account to indicate the best SIC irrigation volume. Organic potponics is promising and should be further improved to save on water, labor and fertilizer use.(AU)

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Concerns with water crisis involve all sectors of society and irrigated agriculture remains the main water consumer. This study evaluated an agricultural production system for lettuce cultivation in greenhouse, organic potponics, to economize water and manure use, using a Simplified Irrigation Controller (SIC), based on soil matric potential monitoring. Five irrigation volumes were evaluated in pots with 4.8 L, fertilized with 200 g of vermicompost. One of the volumes was controlled with the SIC. The other volumes represented 130, 80, 60 and 33 % of that controlled by the SIC and all treatments received water at the same time. Shoot fresh weight, head diameter and stomatal conductance (gs) increased linearly with irrigation volumes. For shoot dry weight, number of leaves and water use efficiency (WUE), the regression was quadratic with maximum values at 126, 114 and 83 %, respectively. Leaf relative water content did not show variation among treatments and changes in some fluorescence parameters (Reo/RC, Sm, N and R0) were much more remarkable to drought compared with the FV/ FM ratio, one of the most commonly used stress indicators. The data indicated a tradeoff between WUE and plant growth thus the economic values of water and lettuce should be taken into account to indicate the best SIC irrigation volume. Organic potponics is promising and should be further improved to save on water, labor and fertilizer use.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o tempo de permanência, o número de bocados nas estações e o deslocamento entre estações alimentares por bezerras de corte em pastagem de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) e recebendo farelo de arroz integral como suplemento em três níveis (0,0; 0,5 e 1,0% PC). O método de pastejo foi rotacionado, com número variável de animais. O período de descanso foi estabelecido pela soma térmica (ST) de 187,5ºC, equivalente à ST necessária para a emissão de 1,5 folhas de azevém. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com medidas repetidas no tempo, três níveis de suplemento e seis ciclos de pastejo. O tempo de permanência em cada estação alimentar (9,4s) foi semelhante para bezerras exclusivamente a pasto e as que receberam 1,0% PC de suplemento. As bezerras que receberam 0,5% PC de suplemento permanecem 1,1s a mais na estação alimentar quando comparadas com as bezerras nos demais níveis. O deslocamento entre estações alimentares (1,7 passos) e o número de bocados em cada estação alimentar (sete bocados) foram semelhantes independentemente do nível de farelo de arroz fornecido. As bezerras, ao receberem 0,5% PC de farelo de arroz, são mais dependentes da presença de lâminas foliares no estrato pastejável do dossel.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the length of stay and number of bites in the feeding stations and displacement between feeding stations for beef heifers on ryegrass pasture (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and receiving rice bran as a supplement in three levels (0.0; 0.5 and 1.0% BW). The grazing method was rotational with variable number of animals. The interval between grazing was set by the thermal sum (TS) of 187.5ºC equivalent to TS necessary for externalization of 1.5 leaf lamina of ryegrass. The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measures on time, three levels of supplement and six grazing periods. The stay time at each feeding station (9.4 sec.) was similar for heifers exclusively on pasture and receiving 1.0% supplement BW. Heifers that received 0.5% supplement BW remained 1.1 sec. longer at the feeding station than heifers on other supplement levels. Displacement between feeding stations (1.7 steps) and the number of bites in each feeding station (7 bites) were similar regardless of the supplied rice bran level. Heifers receiving 0.5% rice bran BW are more dependent on the presence of leaf blades in grazeable stratum of canopy.(AU)

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Objectives: To perform molecular diagnosis of microbial agents (FHV-1, FCV, Mycoplasma felis, and Chlamydophila felis) in kittens with conjunctivitis and correlate the clinical signs with clinical severity. Material and Methods: A total of 108 conjunctival swab were collected from kittens without (G1; n = 40) and with (G2; n = 68) clinical signs of conjunctivitis. Animals from G2 group were scored from 1 (mild) to 4 (severe) according to the severity of conjunctivitis. All samples were submitted to PCR and RT-PCR. Results: FHV-1 was detected in 62/108 (57.4%) of samples, FCV in 40/108 (37.0%), M. felis in 11/108 (10.2%) and C. felis in 26/108 (24.1%). Mixed infections were detected in 39/108 (36.1%). In G1, 28/40 (70.0%) were positive for one or more agents, in G2, 58/68 (85.3%) were positive (P = 0.03). In 1, single infections by FHV-1were found in 21/40 (52.5%) samples, FCV in 2/40 (5.0%), C. felis in 1/40 (2.5%), and no pathogens were detected in 12/40 (30%) of samples, while mixed infections accounted for 29/40 (72.5%) of the cases. In G2, single FHV-1 infections were found in 31/68 (45.6%) samples, FCV in 10/68 (14.7 %), M. felis in 2/68 (3.0%) and C. felis also in 2/68 (3.0%), and no pathogens were detected in 10/68 (14.7%) samples, while mixed infections accounted for 36/68 (52.0%) of the cases. They were categorized as grade 1, 20/68 (29.4%), grade 2, 14/68 (20.6%), grade 3, 21/68 (30.9%) and grade 4, 13/68 (19.1%). The presence of FHV-1 and FCV is equally distributed among the four categories. More severe clinical signs, scores 3 and 4, are related to coinfections by C. felis and M. felis. Conclusions: FHV-1, FCV, C. felis and M. felis were identified in feline conjunctivitis. Co-infections are related to more severe cases of conjunctivitis.Molecular diagnosis is helpful to detect asymptomatic carriers and is a rapid and accurate method to determine the pathogen of feline conjunctivitis.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar diagnóstico molecular de agentes microbiológicos (FHV-1, FCV, Mycoplasma felis e Chlamydophila felis) em gatos filhotes e associar a presença dos patógenos à gravidade dos sinais clínicos de conjuntivite. Foram coletadas um total de 108 amostras de suabe conjuntival de filhotes felinos assintomáticos (G1; n = 40) e sintomáticos (G2; n = 68). Animais do G2 foram categorizados de 1 (leve) até 4 (grave), de acordo com o quadro clínico de conjuntivite. As 108 amostras foram submetidas à PCR e RT-PCR. O FHV-1 foi detectado em 57,4% das amostras, o FCV em 37%, o M. felis em 10,2% e o C. felis em 24,1%. Coinfecções, por sua vez, foram detectadas em 36,1%. No G1, 70% das amostras foram positivas para um ou mais patógenos. No G2, 85,3% apresentavam infecções (P = 0,03). No G1, monoinfecções por FHV-1 foram diagnosticadas em 52,5% das amostras, por FCV em 5%, por C. felis em 2,5%, e em 30% das amostras analisadas nenhum dos patógenos estudados foi encontrado. Coinfecções, por sua vez, estavam presentes em 72,5% das amostras. No G2, monoinfecções por FHV-1 foram encontradas em 45,6% das amostras, por FCV em 14,7 %, por M. felis em 3% e por C. felis também em 3%. Nenhum dos patógenos estudados foi encontrado em 14,7% das amostras analisadas. Coinfecções, responsáveis por 52% dos casos, foram categorizados como Grau 1 (29,4%), Grau 2 (20,6%), Grau 3 (30,9%) e Grau 4 (19,1%). A presença de FHV-1 e FCV está igualmente distribuída entre as quatro categorias. Os sinais clínicos mais graves (graus 3 e 4) estão relacionados a coinfecções por C. felis e M. felis. Os agentes microbiológicos FHV-1, FCV, C. felis e M. felis foram encontrados em animais com conjuntivite. Coinfecções estão relacionadas aos casos mais graves. Por fim, concluiu-se que o diagnóstico molecular, além de detectar portadores assintomáticos, é um método rápido e acurado para o diagnóstico do patógeno causador da conjuntivite felina.(AU)

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A progeny test representing the milk yield was simulated to evaluate the effect of heterogeneity of environmental variance on genetic evaluation of sires in situations of unequal number of progeny per sire between herds, eliminating, at random, daughters per sires in environments of low and high environmental variability. In all situations involving loss of information in the environment of lower environmental variability, there was larger overestimation of the residual variance component, resulting in lower estimates of heritability. On the other hand, the decrease in the amount of information of herds from high environmental variability led to greater overestimation of additive genetic variance and lower overestimation of environmental variance. Although there were alterations in breeding values regarding sires, Spearman and Pearson correlations between breeding values, in all situations, were higher than 0.90. The uneven number of progeny per sire in the presence of heterogeneity of environmental variance led to the overestimation of variance components and changes in absolute breeding values of the sires, without, however, changing the classification values.(AU)

Foi simulado um teste de progênie com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da heterogeneidade de variância ambiental sobre a avaliação genética de reprodutores, em situações de número desigual de progênie por reprodutor entre rebanhos. A situação do número desigual de progênie por reprodutor foi representada eliminando-se, de forma aleatória, o número de progênies por reprodutor em ambientes de baixa e alta variabilidade ambiental. Nas situações que envolveram perda de informação no ambiente de menor variabilidade ambiental, houve maiores superestimações na estimação da variância residual, ocasionando menores estimativas de herdabilidade. Por outro lado, quando se diminuiu a quantidade de informação proveniente de rebanhos de alta variabilidade ambiental, houve maior superestimação da variância genética aditiva e menor superestimação da variância ambiental. Embora, tenham ocorrido alterações na magnitude dos valores genéticos para os reprodutores, as correlações de Spearman e Pearson entre os valores genéticos dos mesmos, em todas as situações, foram maiores do que 0,90. O número desigual de progênie por reprodutor na presença de heterogeneidade de variância ambiental provoca superestimação das estimativas de componentes de variância e valores absolutos de predição de valores genéticos dos reprodutores, sem, contudo, alterar a classificação dos mesmos.(AU)

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In this work, a new species of cerambycid beetles is described and illustrated: Eclipta dendensis sp. nov., from the state of Bahia, Brazil.(AU)

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El hiperaldosteronismo primario se produce corno resultado de tumores o hiperplasia en la zona glomerular de la glándula adrenal, provocando hipersecreción de aldosterona. Los efectos son similares a la acción de la aldosterona: aumento de retención de sodio, mayor volumen sanguíneo y aumento de la excreción de potasio. Los signos clínicos son la hipertensión sistémica y la polimiopatía hipokalémica, la debilidad muscular generalizada y la ventroflexión cervical; en algunos casos puede presentarse paresia. Las alteraciones en los exámenes bioquímicos son: hipokalemia, aumento en la concentración de urea y creatinina, hipomagnesemia, hipocloremia e hipofosfatemia. Los exámenes de imagen son importantes para determinar si la lesión en glándulas adrenales es uni o bilateral, lo que permite dirigir el tratamiento. El tratamiento con medicamentos es de soporte, a través de la suplementación con potasio, el uso de espironolactona y de bloqueadores de canales de cálcio. El tratamiento de elección es la adrenalectomía unilateral, ya que permite curar la enfermedad y está relacionada con un buen pronóstico.(AU)

Primary hyperaldosteronism is a disease in which tumors or hyperplasias in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland induce hypersecretion of aldosterone. Effects are thus consistent with the actions of aldosterone in the body: increased sodium retention, increase of blood volume and increased renal excretion of potassium. Clinical signs are systemic hypertension and hypokalemic myopathy with generalized muscle weakness and even paresis. The most common biochemical findings are hypokalemia, elevated urea and creatinine concentration, hypomagnesemia, hypochloremia, and hypophosphatemia. Image of adrenals establishes the unilateral or bilateral involvement and the appropriate treatment for each patient. Medical treatment is symptomatic and consists of potassium supplementation, use of spironolactone and calcium channel blockers. Unilateral adrenalectomy is the treatment of choice, because it is curative and offers good prognosis.(AU)

O hiperaldosteronismo primário é resultante de tumores ou hiperplasias que acometem a zona glomerulosa da glândula adrenal e induzem hipersecreção de aldosterona. Os efeitos são compatíveis com as ações da aldosterona no organismo: aumento da retenção de sódio, maior volume sanguíneo e aumento da excreção de potássio. Os achados clínicos são hipertensão sistemica e polimiopatia hipocalêmica, com fraqueza muscular generalizada, ventroflexao cervical, podendo chegar a casos de paresia. Os achados em exames bioquímicos mais comuns são: hipocalemia, elevação da concentração de ureia e creatinina, hipomagnesemia, hipocloremia e hipofosfatemia. Os exames de imagem são importantes para estabelecer se o acometimento das glândulas adrenais é unilateral ou bilateral e assim guiar o trata mento. O tratamento medicamentoso é de suporte, com suplementação de potássio, uso da espironolactona e de bloqueadores do canal de cálcio. A adrenalectomia unilateral é o tratamento de escolha, pois é curativa e relacionada a prognóstico bom.(AU)

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Reproductive technologies to synchronize estrus and ovulation in cattle have enhanced the ability to practically utilize artificial insemination to increase both genetic merit and reproductive management of beef and dairy herds. The ability to successfully synchronize a follicular wave and ovulation, in heifers and cows, has improved substantially in recent years. Consequently, pregnancy rates to a single fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) can approximate that of insemination following spontaneous estrus. Despite these advances, a subset of heifers and cows often has a physiologically immature dominant follicle at the time of GnRH-induced ovulation. These animals will exhibit reduced pregnancy rates and decreased embryonic survival if a pregnancy happens to become established. The physiological mechanisms underlying the preceding decreased fertility have been a focus of our laboratories and may include an effect of the follicular microenvironment on both oocyte competence and the maternal environment. Oocytes must have adequate opportunity to complete cytoplasmic and molecular maturation during the final stages of oocyte maturation that occur within the preovulatory follicle. Follicular status, during the proestrus period, must be such that adequate circulating concentrations of estradiol are present before FTAI to increase oviductal transport of gametes and enhance both the luteinizing capacity of granulosa cells and progesterone receptor population in the post-ovulatory uterus. Following ovulation, the follicle’s transformation to a functional corpus luteum to secrete adequate amounts of progesterone is essential for the establishment of pregnancy. The physiological status of the preovulatory follicle, prior to FTAI, greatly affects the concepts discussed above and has an important impact on pregnancy establishment and maintenance in cattle.

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Reproductive technologies to synchronize estrus and ovulation in cattle have enhanced the ability to practically utilize artificial insemination to increase both genetic merit and reproductive management of beef and dairy herds. The ability to successfully synchronize a follicular wave and ovulation, in heifers and cows, has improved substantially in recent years. Consequently, pregnancy rates to a single fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) can approximate that of insemination following spontaneous estrus. Despite these advances, a subset of heifers and cows often has a physiologically immature dominant follicle at the time of GnRH-induced ovulation. These animals will exhibit reduced pregnancy rates and decreased embryonic survival if a pregnancy happens to become established. The physiological mechanisms underlying the preceding decreased fertility have been a focus of our laboratories and may include an effect of the follicular microenvironment on both oocyte competence and the maternal environment. Oocytes must have adequate opportunity to complete cytoplasmic and molecular maturation during the final stages of oocyte maturation that occur within the preovulatory follicle. Follicular status, during the proestrus period, must be such that adequate circulating concentrations of estradiol are present before FTAI to increase oviductal transport of gametes and enhance both the luteinizing capacity of granulosa cells and progesterone receptor population in the post-ovulatory uterus. Following ovulation, the follicles transformation to a functional corpus luteum to secrete adequate amounts of progesterone is essential for the establishment of pregnancy. The physiological status of the preovulatory follicle, prior to FTAI, greatly affects the concepts discussed above and has an important impact on pregnancy establishment and maintenance in cattle.(AU)

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Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade microbiológica e físico-química do leite pasteurizado do estado do Paraná, totalizando 966 laudos no período de janeiro a setembro de 2014. Os resultados foram comparados com a legislação vigente. As amostras satisfatórias compreendem 75,7%. As cidades com maior número de amostras em desacordo foram: Cascavel (40%), Campo Mourão (39,3%), Ivaiporã (31,5%), Jacarézinho (30,5%), Paranavaí (30,4%), Apucarana (29,5%), Ponta Grossa (28,6%). Nos meses de Maio (34,6%), Junho (29,6%) e Setembro (26,3%) foi observado maior percentual de desacordo das amostras analisadas. Foi observada a presença de coliformes a 35°C, coliformes a 45°C e Salmonella spp. em 56,2%, 13,4 e 0,3% das amostras analisadas, respectivamente. Das amostras em desacordo, 28,1 % apresentaram alteração na crioscopia e 1,0% para fosfatase alcalina e para peroxidase. Conclui-se que um quarto das amostras analisadas não estão dentro dos padrões e as análises microbiológicas estavam insatisfatórias, o que indica a necessidade de maior controle da qualidade do leite desde a obtenção até o final do processamento.(AU)

This work aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality and physicochemical of pasteurized milk Paraná, totaling 966 reports any period January to September 2014. The results were compared with the current legislation. As satisfactory samples comprise 75,7%. How Cities with Largest Number of samples in disagreement were: Cascavel (40%), Campo Mourão (39,3%), Ivaiporã (31,5%), Jacarezinho (30,5%), Paranavai (30,4%), Apucarana (29,5%), Ponta Grossa (28,6%). In the months of May (34,6%), June (29,6%) and September (26,3%) was observed higher percentage of disagreement of the analyzed samples. The presence of one coliform was observed at 35°C to 45 °C coliforms and Salmonella spp. in 56,2%, 13,4 and 0,3% of the analyzed samples, respectively. Samples disagree, 28,1% had change in freezing point and 1,0% paragraph alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase. We conclude that hum Room of samples analyzed not station within the microbiological standards and analyzes as they were unsatisfactory, what indicates a need for greater control of milk quality since getting by the end of processing to do.(AU)

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The postharvest life of mango is limited by the development of pathogens, especially fungi that cause rot, among which stands out the Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Several control methods have been employed to minimize the damages caused by this fungus, chemical control can leave residues to man and nature; physical control by the use of gamma radiation in combination with modified atmosphere and cold storage. The use of gamma radiation helps to reduce the severity of the pathogen assist in the ripening process of fruits, even at low doses (0.25, 0.35 and 0.45 kGy) chemical properties such as pH, soluble solids, acid ascorbic, titratable acidity and also the quality parameters of the pulp showed no damage that are ideal for trade and consumption of mangoes. This treatment can be extended for use in the management of diseases such as natural infections for penducular rot complex that has as one of L. theobroma pathogens involved..(AU)

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The digital cushion is characterized as a modified subcutaneous tissue that absorbs the shock during gait, assists venous return of the hoof and supports a considerable part of body weight. Digital cushions have particular importance in the pathogenesis of the hoof, since they need to properly work in order to prevent compression and traumas in soft tissues. This study aimed to measure and determine how is the arrangement of these structures, and for this it was established the proportions of connective, adipose, vascular tissues and collagen fibers and collagen types found in palmar and plantar digital cushion of bovine using fore and hindlimbs of twelve adult zebu cattle of both sexes, 11 male and one female, with 269kg average carcass weight and without limb disorders. Fragments of cushions were subjected to conventional histology, cut to a thickness of 4µm and stained with Red Picrosirius. With digital optical microscope, the quantification of the connective tissue and differentiation of types of collagen used the Image Pro Plus® software, and of adipose and vascular tissue, the test point system. The mean and standard error were estimated with the GraphPad Prism 5.0 software, and then data were subjected to Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test and Student's t-test with significance level set at 5% for determining the amount of different tissues between fore and hindlimbs of studied animals. In forelimbs the mean and standard error of the connective tissue proportion was 50.10%+1.54, of the adipose tissue was 21.34%+1.44, and of vascular tissue was 3.43%+0.28. Hindlimbs presented a proportion of connective tissue of 61.61%+1.47, 20.66%+1.53 of adipose tissue, and 3.06%+0.20 of vascular tissue. A significant difference (p<0.001) was detected in the connective tissue proportion between fore and hindlimbs. Types I and II collagen fibers have presented, respectively, a proportion of 31.89% and 3.9% in forelimbs and 34.05% and 1.78% in hindlimbs...(AU)

O tórus digital é caracterizado como um tecido subcutâneo modificado que atua na absorção do impacto durante a locomoção, auxilia o retorno venoso do casco e mantêm o suporte de uma considerável parte do peso corporal. Os tórus possuem particular importância nas patogêneses de casco, já que eles precisam trabalhar corretamente para prevenir compressões e traumas nos tecidos moles. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar e com isso determinar, como se arranjam estas estruturas, para tanto, foram estabelecidas as proporções dos tecidos conjuntivo, adiposo, vascular e ainda das fibras colágenas e dos tipos de colágenos encontrados nos tórus digitais palmares e plantares de bovinos. Foram utilizados membros torácicos e pélvicos de doze bovinos zebuínos adultos, de ambos os sexos, sendo onze machos e uma fêmea, com peso médio de carcaça com 269kg e sem afecções nos membros. Os fragmentos dos tórus foram submetidos à técnica histológica convencional, cortados em espessura de 4µm e corados com Picrosirius Red. Com o uso de microscópio óptico digital, o tecido conjuntivo e a diferenciação dos tipos de colágeno foram quantificados empregando-se o programa de análise de imagem Image Pro Plus® e para a quantificação dos tecidos adiposo e vascular foi utilizada o sistema teste de pontos. Através do programa GraphPad Prism 5.0 foram obtidas por meio de uma analise descritiva a media e o erro padrão da media, em seguida os dados foram submetidos à aplicação do teste de normalidade de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e ao teste "T" Student com nível de significância de 5% para a determinação da quantidade encontrada dos diferentes tecidos entre os membros torácicos e pélvicos dos animais estudados. Nos membros torácicos a média e o erro padrão da proporção de tecido conjuntivo foi de 50,10%+1,54, a de tecido adiposo foi de 21,34%+1,44 e a de tecido vascular foi de 3,43%+0,28. Os membros pélvicos...(AU)

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During the last 10 years the U.S. dairy industry has experienced a reversal of the decades-long trend in declining fertility traits. In fact, there is evidence that, nationally, this is contributing to improvements in pregnancy rates. And while these measures are still close to their historical lows, there is reason for optimism that this reversal will continue into the future. The reasons for improved pregnancy rates are related to use of biotechnolog ies and improved management practices for high producing dairy cows as well as greater emphasis on genetic selection for fertility - related traits. Combined, these factors have resulted in a reduction in the average days to first service in our national dairy herd of approximately 10 day s over the past decade and a reduction in calving interval of approximately 15 days. However, current challenges include accurate identification of cows that fail to conceive following insemination and their timely reinsemination. The primary metric for success of pregnancy diagnosis is the inter-service interval, or the number of days between insemination and the subsequent insemination in a cow that fails to conceive or that loses an established pregnancy. This trait is directly affected by the choice of pregnancy diagnosis method. Pregnancy diagnosis methods include estrous detection (visual or assisted), transrectal palpation of uterine contents, transrectal ultrasound visualization of uterine contents and assay for hormones in blood, milk or other body fluids. Each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages. Presently, ultrasound and blood hormone assay at 28 days after insemination offer the earliest specific diagnostics for determining pregnancy status. However, other methods are on the horizon that may provide opportunities to further reduce the interval between insemination and accurate diagnosis of pregnancy status of dairy cattle [...]

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During the last 10 years the U.S. dairy industry has experienced a reversal of the decades-long trend in declining fertility traits. In fact, there is evidence that, nationally, this is contributing to improvements in pregnancy rates. And while these measures are still close to their historical lows, there is reason for optimism that this reversal will continue into the future. The reasons for improved pregnancy rates are related to use of biotechnolog ies and improved management practices for high producing dairy cows as well as greater emphasis on genetic selection for fertility - related traits. Combined, these factors have resulted in a reduction in the average days to first service in our national dairy herd of approximately 10 day s over the past decade and a reduction in calving interval of approximately 15 days. However, current challenges include accurate identification of cows that fail to conceive following insemination and their timely reinsemination. The primary metric for success of pregnancy diagnosis is the inter-service interval, or the number of days between insemination and the subsequent insemination in a cow that fails to conceive or that loses an established pregnancy. This trait is directly affected by the choice of pregnancy diagnosis method. Pregnancy diagnosis methods include estrous detection (visual or assisted), transrectal palpation of uterine contents, transrectal ultrasound visualization of uterine contents and assay for hormones in blood, milk or other body fluids. Each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages. Presently, ultrasound and blood hormone assay at 28 days after insemination offer the earliest specific diagnostics for determining pregnancy status. However, other methods are on the horizon that may provide opportunities to further reduce the interval between insemination and accurate diagnosis of pregnancy status of dairy cattle [...](AU)

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Hospital associated methicillin-resist Staphylococcus aureus has long been associated to outbreaks in the hospital environment. In this work, we investigated an outbreak of Hospital associated methicillin-resist Staphylococcus aureus carrying the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene, which occurred in a large community hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.(AU)

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In this study, 10 nominal species of Eustala Simon, 1895 are synonymized with other species of the genus, mostly based on matching males and females erroneously described as different species. Parawixia rimosa (Keyserling, 1892) is considered a senior synonym of Eustala decemtuberculata Caporiacco, 1955. Eustala isosceles Mello-Leitão, 1939 is transferred to Kapogea Levi, 1997 and considered a senior synonym of Kapogea alayoi (Archer, 1958) based on abdomen shape and coloration. Micrathena beta Caporiacco, 1947 is redescribed, illustrated and transferred from Linyphiidae back to Araneidae. This species can be easily distinguished from other members of the genus by the male palpus with an enlarged and modified paracymbium and a narrower hook as a conductor. Micrathena sanctispiritus Brignoli, 1983 is removed from the synonymy with M. lindenbergi Mello-Leitão, 1940 and considered a senior synonym of M. guanabara Levi, 1985.(AU)

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We investigated the density and activity of the oncilla, Leopardus tigrinus (Schreber, 1775), a threatened small cat, in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, using camera-trap data. We described differences in the activity of individuals occurring alone or in sympatry with larger cats. Oncilla presented low densities (7-13 ind./100 km²) and high flexibility in its activity. The oncillas were primarily nocturnal in the absence of other larger cat species - margay, ocelot and puma - but became more diurnal, with a cathemeral activity pattern, when the other cats were present. Oncilla is likely to be in a subordinate position in interactions with larger cats and changes its activity to decrease the chances for interspecific encounters. In this study, however, the presence of other cat species covaries with habitat changes (from coastal forest patches to dense evergreen forests). We also verified the highest oncilla relative abundance in an area with no sympatric larger cats, with abundance decreasing when it was in sympatry with margay, ocelot and puma. Our results, together with recent records of oncilla in other degraded landscapes of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, provide evidence that oncillas may thrive even in harsh environments where other cats have already been extinct. This raise interesting conservation insights, as in the absence of other cats, L. tigrinus may assume a top predator role of these impoverished vertebrate communities.

RESUMO

We investigated the density and activity of the oncilla, Leopardus tigrinus (Schreber, 1775), a threatened small cat, in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, using camera-trap data. We described differences in the activity of individuals occurring alone or in sympatry with larger cats. Oncilla presented low densities (7-13 ind./100 km²) and high flexibility in its activity. The oncillas were primarily nocturnal in the absence of other larger cat species - margay, ocelot and puma - but became more diurnal, with a cathemeral activity pattern, when the other cats were present. Oncilla is likely to be in a subordinate position in interactions with larger cats and changes its activity to decrease the chances for interspecific encounters. In this study, however, the presence of other cat species covaries with habitat changes (from coastal forest patches to dense evergreen forests). We also verified the highest oncilla relative abundance in an area with no sympatric larger cats, with abundance decreasing when it was in sympatry with margay, ocelot and puma. Our results, together with recent records of oncilla in other degraded landscapes of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, provide evidence that oncillas may thrive even in harsh environments where other cats have already been extinct. This raise interesting conservation insights, as in the absence of other cats, L. tigrinus may assume a top predator role of these impoverished vertebrate communities.

RESUMO

We investigated the density and activity of the oncilla, Leopardus tigrinus (Schreber, 1775), a threatened small cat, in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, using camera-trap data. We described differences in the activity of individuals occurring alone or in sympatry with larger cats. Oncilla presented low densities (7-13 ind./100 km²) and high flexibility in its activity. The oncillas were primarily nocturnal in the absence of other larger cat species - margay, ocelot and puma - but became more diurnal, with a cathemeral activity pattern, when the other cats were present. Oncilla is likely to be in a subordinate position in interactions with larger cats and changes its activity to decrease the chances for interspecific encounters. In this study, however, the presence of other cat species covaries with habitat changes (from coastal forest patches to dense evergreen forests). We also verified the highest oncilla relative abundance in an area with no sympatric larger cats, with abundance decreasing when it was in sympatry with margay, ocelot and puma. Our results, together with recent records of oncilla in other degraded landscapes of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, provide evidence that oncillas may thrive even in harsh environments where other cats have already been extinct. This raise interesting conservation insights, as in the absence of other cats, L. tigrinus may assume a top predator role of these impoverished vertebrate communities.

RESUMO

O objetivo principal deste manuscrito é fornecer informações técnicas e científicas sobre a raiva aos estudantes de medicina veterinária, veterinários e outros profissionais relacionados à saúde. Embora conhecida desde a antiguidade, atualmente ela é definida como uma zoonose negligenciada e permanece endêmica, especialmente em países em desenvolvimento, por causa de limitações financeiras e problemas de infraestrutura. Os morcegos hematófagos foram relatados como novos reservatórios da raiva na América Latina e no Caribe no início do século XX, causando prejuízos econômicos na pecuária e mortes humanas, no entanto o mundo ainda está surpreso por causa dos lissavírus em morcegos não hematófagos na África, Oceania e Eurásia. Os vírus da raiva e os vírus relacionados à raiva, coletivamente denominados de lissavírus, podem ser distinguidos pela caracterização molecular em vários genótipos distintos, no entanto somente os vírus do genótipo 1 são costumeiramente referidos como vírus da raiva, enquanto todos os outros são chamados de lissavírus. Na taxonomia viral, o uso de técnicas moleculares disponíveis na atualidade possibilitou a inclusão de novas espéciesmembros no gênero Lyssavirus e revelou a existência de variantes distintas dos vírus da raiva distribuídas entre diferentes espécies animais em diferentes regiões do mundo. A colonização europeia da África, Ásia e do Novo Mundo teve papel importante na disseminaçãoda linhagem cosmopolita do vírus da raiva através de cãesque viajavam com os conquistadores e colonizadores. O vírus, uma vez estabelecido nas populações de cães, subsequentemente pode ter sido transmitido para novas espécies de reservatórios silvestres e evoluiu para distintas linhagens devido às mutações acumuladas ao longo dos séculos. Os hospedeiros reservatórios da raiva no mundovariam conforme as localizações geográficas.(AU)

The main objective of this manuscript is to provide students of veterinary medicine, veterinarians and other health-related professionals with scientific and technical information on rabies. Although the disease is known since antiquity, it is now defined as a neglected zoonosis and it remains endemic especially in developing countries, because of financial limitations and problems of infrastructure. The vampire bats were reported as new reservoirs of rabies in Latin America and Caribbean islands in the early 20th century provoking economic losses in livestock and human deaths, but still the world is astonished because of the lyssaviruses in non hematophagous bats in Africa, Oceania, and Eurasia. Rabies and the rabiesrelated viruses, collectively known as lyssaviruses, can be distinguished by molecular characterization into several distinct genotypes but only the genotype 1 viruses are customarily known as rabies viruses, whereas all others are referred to as lyssaviruses. In virus taxonomy, the use of the molecular techniques now available has augmented the species members of the genus Lyssavirus and revealed the existence of distinct variants of rabies viruses distributed among different animal species in different regions of the world. The European colonization of Africa, Asia and the New World played a significant role in the dispersion of the cosmopolitan lineage of the rabies virus through infected dogs traveling with the conquerors and colonizers. Rabies virus, once established in the dog populations, may then have been transmitted into new wildlife host reservoirs and evolved into distinct strains due to accumulated mutations through centuries. The reservoir hosts of rabies in the world differ according to the geographic locations.(AU)

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