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Polymorphisms in the BMP-15 gene related to Galway (FecXG) and Inverdale (FecXI) and in the BMPR-1B gene known as Booroola (FecB) mutations were investigated using the Polymerase Chain Reaction - Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method, on sheep from the breeds Santa Inês (n= 574) and Morada Nova (n=282). DNA was extracted and amplified through PCR with specific primers that introduced a restriction site in association with the mutation. The PCR products were submitted to endonucleases. The experiment found no FecXG and FecXI mutations. Six samples of animals with multiple offspring/birth history presented polymorphism for FecB similar to control samples, but this pattern was not confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. Although the absence of these mutations in the studied breeds, other factors related to prolificacy should be investigated to explain the inherent prolificity mechanisms.(AU)

Polimorfismos Galway (Fec XG ) e Inverdale (Fec XI), relacionados ao gene BMP-15, e Booroola (FecB), localizado no gene BMPR-1B, foram investigados usando-se a técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase - polimorfismo de comprimento de fragmentos de restrição (PCR-RFLP), em ovelhas Santa Inês (n= 574) e Morada Nova (n=282). O DNA foi extraído e amplificado por PCR com iniciadores específicos, que introduziram um sítio de restrição associado à mutação, em seguida os amplicons foram submetidos à ação de endonucleases. Não foram observadas as mutações Fec XG e Fec XI nas amostras estudadas. Amostras de seis animais com histórico de partos gemelares apresentaram polimorfismo para FecB semelhantes às amostras controle, mas esse padrão não foi confirmado pelo sequenciamento de nucleotídeos. Apesar da ausência dessas mutações nos animais das raças estudadas, outros fatores relacionados à prolificidade devem ser pesquisados para explicar os mecanismos da alta prolificidade desses animais.(AU)

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Purpose: To follow-up the development of medical students in taking a stitch using two different bench models, and to assess their performance with regards to gender, handedness, prior recreational activities and interest in surgery. Methods: The study was performed during the compulsory basic (n=152) and the consecutive elective course (n=27). Students took simple interrupted stitches into synthetic and biopreprate models in the classroom and in the operating room. The time needed for that was measured and the quality was scored, using an OSATS (Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill) checklist that had been adapted to our training programs. Results: Students performance improved both in time and quality during classes, over the course and compared basic to the elective course, too. No significant difference was found in relation to gender and handedness but certain recreational activities and special interest in surgery led to better results. Operating room environment had a slight negative effect on students performance. Conclusion: The study could provide objective skill assessment, monitoring has revealed deficiencies and influencing factors. Objective feedback, valid and reliable assessment is important in teaching surgical skills. In addition it may contribute to higher surgical safety later on in the clinical practice.(AU)

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Quatro bovinos, com fistulas ruminais, foram alimentados em Quadrado Latino com os tratamentos compreendendo a adição diária no rúmen de: levedura (5g), monensina(200mg), Fator P (3g) e controle. Foram determinadas a Degradabilidade in situ de três capins tropicais (Tifton-85, Brachiaria e Mombaça e silagem de Mombaça), o pH ruminal, produção de ácidos graxos voláteis, N-amoniacal e população de protozoários. Não foi observada interação significativa entre tratamentos e capins e diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos, exceto na fração b da Brachiaria e silagem de Mombaça. O Mombaça apresentou alta solubilidade da MS e da FDN em relação aos demais capins e a Brachiaria maior solubilidade da PB. O processamento do Mombaça na forma de silagem promoveu redução fração solúvel e degradabilidades potencial (DE) e efetiva (DE) da MS e FDN e aumento da fração solúvel e DE da PB. A monensina promoveu menor produção de ácido acético, maior de propiônico e menor acético:propiônico em relação a controle. A levedura e Fator P apresentaram maior concentração total de AGCC que a monensina e controle. A monensina promoveu aumento de protozoários Diplodiniinae em relação à dieta controle, mas não houve diferença na contagem de Entodinium e de total de ciliados entre os tratamentos. Capins tropicais na forma de feno e de silagem apresentam diferentes degradabilidade ruminal não sendo influenciados por aditivos na dieta, com exceção da monensina no capim Brachiaria e silagem de Mombaça, mas estes afetam a fermentação e a população de protozoários no rúmen.(AU)

Four cattle rumen fistulae were fed on Latin Square with four treatments including the daily addition into rumen of: yeast (5g), monensin (200mg), Fator P (3g) and control. In situ degradability was determined with three tropical grasses: Tifton-85, Brachiaria, Mombasa and Mombasa silage, as well as ruminal pH, production of volatile fatty acids, ammonia-N and protozoa population. There was no significant interaction between treatment and grasses and significant differences between treatments, except in fraction b of Brachiaria and Mombasa silage. The Mombasa showed high solubility of DM and NDF compared to other grasses and Brachiaria higher solubility of CP. Processing of Mombasa as silage promoted reduction of soluble fraction and potential (PD) and effective degradabilities (ED) of DM and NDF and increased soluble fraction and ED of CP. Monensin produced lower production of acetic acid, higher of propionic and lower acetic: propionic acid. Yeast and Fator P showed higher total acids concentration than monensin and control. Diplodiniinae protozoa was increased with monensin compared to the control diet, but there was no difference in Entodinium and total ciliates between treatments. Tropical grasses in the form of hay and silage have different ruminal degradability not being influenced by additives in the diet, but these affect fermentation and protozoa population in the rumen.(AU)

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RESUMO

Quatro bovinos, com fistulas ruminais, foram alimentados em Quadrado Latino com os tratamentos compreendendo a adição diária no rúmen de: levedura (5g), monensina(200mg), Fator P (3g) e controle. Foram determinadas a Degradabilidade in situ de três capins tropicais (Tifton-85, Brachiaria e Mombaça e silagem de Mombaça), o pH ruminal, produção de ácidos graxos voláteis, N-amoniacal e população de protozoários. Não foi observada interação significativa entre tratamentos e capins e diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos, exceto na fração b da Brachiaria e silagem de Mombaça. O Mombaça apresentou alta solubilidade da MS e da FDN em relação aos demais capins e a Brachiaria maior solubilidade da PB. O processamento do Mombaça na forma de silagem promoveu redução fração solúvel e degradabilidades potencial (DE) e efetiva (DE) da MS e FDN e aumento da fração solúvel e DE da PB. A monensina promoveu menor produção de ácido acético, maior de propiônico e menor acético:propiônico em relação a controle. A levedura e Fator P apresentaram maior concentração total de AGCC que a monensina e controle. A monensina promoveu aumento de protozoários Diplodiniinae em relação à dieta controle, mas não houve diferença na contagem de Entodinium e de total de ciliados entre os tratamentos. Capins tropicais na forma de feno e de silagem apresentam diferentes degradabilidade ruminal não sendo influenciados por aditivos na dieta, com exceção da monensina no capim Brachiaria e silagem de Mombaça, mas estes afetam a fermentação e a população de protozoários no rúmen.

Four cattle rumen fistulae were fed on Latin Square with four treatments including the daily addition into rumen of: yeast (5g), monensin (200mg), Fator P (3g) and control. In situ degradability was determined with three tropical grasses: Tifton-85, Brachiaria, Mombasa and Mombasa silage, as well as ruminal pH, production of volatile fatty acids, ammonia-N and protozoa population. There was no significant interaction between treatment and grasses and significant differences between treatments, except in fraction b of Brachiaria and Mombasa silage. The Mombasa showed high solubility of DM and NDF compared to other grasses and Brachiaria higher solubility of CP. Processing of Mombasa as silage promoted reduction of soluble fraction and potential (PD) and effective degradabilities (ED) of DM and NDF and increased soluble fraction and ED of CP. Monensin produced lower production of acetic acid, higher of propionic and lower acetic: propionic acid. Yeast and Fator P showed higher total acids concentration than monensin and control. Diplodiniinae protozoa was increased with monensin compared to the control diet, but there was no difference in Entodinium and total ciliates between treatments. Tropical grasses in the form of hay and silage have different ruminal degradability not being influenced by additives in the diet, but these affect fermentation and protozoa population in the rumen.

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El municipio de Campo Verde -MT fue pionero en la industria de aves de corral en Mato Grosso, es actualmente responsable por mucho de las exportaciones de aves de corral del país. En Brasil, el control de las exportaciones de carne de pollo ocurre principalmente através de medidas de bioseguridad en la producción. Así, este estudio tiene como objetivo presentar una visión general de los establecimientos avícolas comerciales del sistema integrado en el municipio de Campo Verde -MT de corte, a partir de encuestas realizadas por INDEA / MT. La evaluación del censo consistió en 114 establecimientos avícolas comerciales cortada y de tres granjas comerciales postura. Se observó que a pesar de la aplicación de las medidas de bioseguridad exigidas en la instrucción normativa, la mayoría de las granjas no se dan cuenta del cumplimiento de los mismos protocolos, y éstas deben encajar. Con respecto a las cuestiones de bioseguridad , la mayoría de las tiendas tenían que cumplir , sin embargo , las instalaciones no cumplen deben adaptarse hasta 2012. Llegamos a la conclusión de que los establecimientos comerciales de aves buscan una mayor eficiencia del sistema mediante la aplicación de medidas de bioseguridad , sin embargo , requieren algunos ajustes en la cara de los nuevos , instrucciones normativas cada vez más exigentes , especialmente con respecto a los protocolos de medidas bioseguridad.

The municipality of Campo Verde - MT pioneered the poultry industry in Mato Grosso, which currently accounts for much of the country"s poultry exports. In Brazil, the control of exports of chicken meat occur mainly through biosecurity measures in production. Thus, this study aims to present an overview of the commercial cutting poultry establishments in the integrated system of the municipality of Campo Verde, Mato Grosso, from surveys conducted by INDEA / Mato Grosso. The census was comprised of 114 commercial poultry establishments and three commercial laying farms. It was observed that despite the implementation of biosecurity measures required in the Normative Instruction, the majority of poultry farms do not accomplish their protocols, and these must be adjusted. With regard to the questions of biosecurity, most of the properties were compliant, however, the noncompliant establishments should conform until 2012. We conclude that commercial poultry establishments in the integrated system of the municipality of Campo Verde, Mato Grosso seek a greater efficiency of the system through the implementation of biosecurity measures, however, they need some adjustments due to the new regulatory instructions that are ever more demanding, especially regarding the protocols of biosecurity measures.

O município de Campo Verde- MT foi pioneiro na avicultura no Mato Grosso, sendo, atualmente, responsável por grande parte das exportações de aves do país. No Brasil o controle da exportação de carne de frango ocorre principalmente por meio de medidas de biosseguridade na produção. Assim, o presente estudo objetiva apresentar um panorama dos estabelecimentos avícolas comerciais de corte no sistema integrado do município de Campo Verde-MT, a partir de vistorias realizadas pelo INDEA/MT. A avaliação censitária foi composta por 114 estabelecimentos avícolas comerciais de corte e três granjas comerciais de postura. Observou-se que apesar da execução de medidas de biosseguridade exigidas na instrução normativa, a maioria das granjas não realiza o preenchimento de protocolos das mesmas, sendo que estas deverão se ajustar. Com relação aos quesitos de biosseguridade, a maior parte dos estabelecimentos apresentava-se em conformidade, contudo, os recintos não conformes deveriam se adequar até 2012. Conclui-se que os estabelecimentos avícolas comerciais buscam uma maior eficiência do sistema por meio da implantação de medidas de biosseguridade, contudo, necessitam de algumas adequações frente às novas instruções normativas, cada vez mais exigentes, principalmente no que diz respeito aos protocolos de medidas de biosseguridade.

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El municipio de Campo Verde -MT fue pionero en la industria de aves de corral en Mato Grosso, es actualmente responsable por mucho de las exportaciones de aves de corral del país. En Brasil, el control de las exportaciones de carne de pollo ocurre principalmente através de medidas de bioseguridad en la producción. Así, este estudio tiene como objetivo presentar una visión general de los establecimientos avícolas comerciales del sistema integrado en el municipio de Campo Verde -MT de corte, a partir de encuestas realizadas por INDEA / MT. La evaluación del censo consistió en 114 establecimientos avícolas comerciales cortada y de tres granjas comerciales postura. Se observó que a pesar de la aplicación de las medidas de bioseguridad exigidas en la instrucción normativa, la mayoría de las granjas no se dan cuenta del cumplimiento de los mismos protocolos, y éstas deben encajar. Con respecto a las cuestiones de bioseguridad , la mayoría de las tiendas tenían que cumplir , sin embargo , las instalaciones no cumplen deben adaptarse hasta 2012. Llegamos a la conclusión de que los establecimientos comerciales de aves buscan una mayor eficiencia del sistema mediante la aplicación de medidas de bioseguridad , sin embargo , requieren algunos ajustes en la cara de los nuevos , instrucciones normativas cada vez más exigentes , especialmente con respecto a los protocolos de medidas bioseguridad.(AU)

The municipality of Campo Verde - MT pioneered the poultry industry in Mato Grosso, which currently accounts for much of the country"s poultry exports. In Brazil, the control of exports of chicken meat occur mainly through biosecurity measures in production. Thus, this study aims to present an overview of the commercial cutting poultry establishments in the integrated system of the municipality of Campo Verde, Mato Grosso, from surveys conducted by INDEA / Mato Grosso. The census was comprised of 114 commercial poultry establishments and three commercial laying farms. It was observed that despite the implementation of biosecurity measures required in the Normative Instruction, the majority of poultry farms do not accomplish their protocols, and these must be adjusted. With regard to the questions of biosecurity, most of the properties were compliant, however, the noncompliant establishments should conform until 2012. We conclude that commercial poultry establishments in the integrated system of the municipality of Campo Verde, Mato Grosso seek a greater efficiency of the system through the implementation of biosecurity measures, however, they need some adjustments due to the new regulatory instructions that are ever more demanding, especially regarding the protocols of biosecurity measures.(AU)

O município de Campo Verde- MT foi pioneiro na avicultura no Mato Grosso, sendo, atualmente, responsável por grande parte das exportações de aves do país. No Brasil o controle da exportação de carne de frango ocorre principalmente por meio de medidas de biosseguridade na produção. Assim, o presente estudo objetiva apresentar um panorama dos estabelecimentos avícolas comerciais de corte no sistema integrado do município de Campo Verde-MT, a partir de vistorias realizadas pelo INDEA/MT. A avaliação censitária foi composta por 114 estabelecimentos avícolas comerciais de corte e três granjas comerciais de postura. Observou-se que apesar da execução de medidas de biosseguridade exigidas na instrução normativa, a maioria das granjas não realiza o preenchimento de protocolos das mesmas, sendo que estas deverão se ajustar. Com relação aos quesitos de biosseguridade, a maior parte dos estabelecimentos apresentava-se em conformidade, contudo, os recintos não conformes deveriam se adequar até 2012. Conclui-se que os estabelecimentos avícolas comerciais buscam uma maior eficiência do sistema por meio da implantação de medidas de biosseguridade, contudo, necessitam de algumas adequações frente às novas instruções normativas, cada vez mais exigentes, principalmente no que diz respeito aos protocolos de medidas de biosseguridade.(AU)

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This study presents an empirical examination of climate change related to vulnerability impacts on food security and remedial adaptation options as a suitable strategy by prioritizing needs over a 50-year period. An Empirical Dynamic Commutable General Equilibrium Model for Climate and the Economy (EDCGECE) is applied using future strategies for Malaysia against a baseline scenario of existing conditions, following the top-down options. The model takes into account various climatic variables, including climatic damage, carbon cycle, temperature and rainfall fluctuation, carbon emissions, vulnerability and carbon concentrations, which were adapted from national observational predictions of climatic changes caused by global warming from 2015 to 2065. The results prioritize climate change mitigation for the future. Specifically, this study estimates Malaysias food sustainability prospects without adaptation actions and with 5 % to 20 % adaptation actions overtime in different adaptation scenarios, as contrasted with the baseline. The results indicate that food sustainability cost in the baseline in 2015 is 859.3 million US Dollar (USD), which is about a 30-35 % shortage compared with the national targets, and that the shortage will rise over time to USD 987.3 million in 2065. However, the cost of applying different levels of adaptation for food sustainability over time is rising considerably. However, the residual damage also decreases with all adaptation actions in the different scenarios. Thus, adaptation shows a positive sign for Malaysias agricultural sectors. As growth values are positive and show rising trends, therefore the projected adaptation policy can be effective for food sustainability for sustainable future strategies in Malaysia.(AU)

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RESUMO

This study presents an empirical examination of climate change related to vulnerability impacts on food security and remedial adaptation options as a suitable strategy by prioritizing needs over a 50-year period. An Empirical Dynamic Commutable General Equilibrium Model for Climate and the Economy (EDCGECE) is applied using future strategies for Malaysia against a baseline scenario of existing conditions, following the top-down options. The model takes into account various climatic variables, including climatic damage, carbon cycle, temperature and rainfall fluctuation, carbon emissions, vulnerability and carbon concentrations, which were adapted from national observational predictions of climatic changes caused by global warming from 2015 to 2065. The results prioritize climate change mitigation for the future. Specifically, this study estimates Malaysias food sustainability prospects without adaptation actions and with 5 % to 20 % adaptation actions overtime in different adaptation scenarios, as contrasted with the baseline. The results indicate that food sustainability cost in the baseline in 2015 is 859.3 million US Dollar (USD), which is about a 30-35 % shortage compared with the national targets, and that the shortage will rise over time to USD 987.3 million in 2065. However, the cost of applying different levels of adaptation for food sustainability over time is rising considerably. However, the residual damage also decreases with all adaptation actions in the different scenarios. Thus, adaptation shows a positive sign for Malaysias agricultural sectors. As growth values are positive and show rising trends, therefore the projected adaptation policy can be effective for food sustainability for sustainable future strategies in Malaysia.

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Brazilian flora includes numerous species of medicinal importance that can be used to develop new drugs. Plant tissue culture offers strategies for conservation and use of these species allowing continuous production of plants and bioactive substances. Annona mucosa has produced substances such as acetogenins and alkaloids that exhibit antimicrobial activities. The widespread use of antibiotics has led to an increase in multidrug-resistant bacteria, which represents a serious risk of infection. In view of this problem, the aim of this work was to evaluate the antibacterial potential of extracts of A. mucosa obtained by in vitro techniques and also cultured under in vivo conditions. Segments from seedlings were inoculated onto different culture media containing the auxin picloram and the cytokinin kinetin at different concentrations. The calluses obtained were used to produce cell suspension cultures. The materials were subjected to methanol extraction and subsequent fractionation in hexane and dichloromethane. The antimicrobial activity against 20 strains of clinical relevance was evaluated by the macrodilution method at minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations. The extracts showed selective antimicrobial activity, inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes and Bacillus thuringiensis at different concentrations. The plant tissue culture methods produced plant materials with antibacterial properties, as well as in vivo grown plants. The antibacterial activity of material obtained through biotechnological procedures of A. mucosa is reported here for the first time..(AU)

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Com a crescente popularização do consumo de sushi e sashimi na cidade de Sobral - CE, cresce também a preocupação com a qualidade do pescado cru comercializado e de suas preparações. Sushis e sashimis são alimentos típicos da culinária japonesa a base de pescado cru, com ou sem arroz japonês, preparados manualmente, o que gera uma preocupação maior do consumidor, sob o ponto de vista da saúde pública. Embora seja uma fonte rica em proteínas, apresentando uma excelente composição em aminoácidos, abundância em vitaminas e sais minerais, o consumo crescente de peixe cru se tomou uma preocupação, não só pelo fato de ser um produto altamente perecível, mas também, devido aos aspectos higienicossanitários de sua preparação e conservação. Por isso, o presente trabalho teve como finalidade realizar uma análise microbiológica de amostras de sushis e sashimis de três diferentes pontos mais visitados de Sobral - CE, destacando um estabelecimento especializado e dois restaurantes comerciais, com o propósito de verificar a presença de micro-organismos aeróbios mesófilos, coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes, respectivamente através da técnica de contagem padrão em placa e a técnica dos tubos múltiplos. A partir da análise realizada, considerando os critérios estabelecidos pela RDC n012 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária e de acordo com dados da literatura, todas as amostras analisadas neste trabalho, foram consideradas em "condições sanitárias satisfatórias" de acordo com os tipos de bactérias testadas. (AU)

Because the growing popularization of absorption of uncooked fish in the Sobral City, especially among the students who stay in this city during the week to study, there is growing concern about the quality of raw fish sold and its preparations. The sushi, which is a typical food of Japanese cuisine the basis of uncooked fish, with or without Japanese rice is prepared manually, which creates a greater concern from the standpoint of public health of the consumer, because although it is a rich source of proteins, presenting an excellent resource of amino acid composition, abundance of vitamins and minerals, the growing consumption of raw fish has become a concern not only for being a highly perishable product, but also because of the sanitary hygienic aspects of their preparation and conservation. Therefore, this study aimed to conduct a microbiological analysis of samples of sushi and sashimi from three different points most visited Sobral-CE, highlighting a specialized establishment and two commercial restaurants, in order to verify the presence of micro- organisms mesophilic aerobes, total coliforms and fecal coliforms, respectively, through the technique of standard Plate Count and the multiple- tube. From the analysis, considering the criteria established by RDC No. 12 of the National Agency for Sanitary Vigilance and according to literature data, all samples analyzed in this work were considered "satisfactory sanitary conditions" in accordance with the types of bacteria. (AU)

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Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen able to adhere and to form biofilms in several materials commonly present in food processing plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance of Listeria monocytogenes attached to abiotic surface, after treatment with sanitizers, by culture method, microscopy and Quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). Biofilms of L. monocytogenes were obtained in stainless steel coupons immersed in Brain Heart Infusion Broth, under agitation at 37 °C for 24 h. The methods selected for this study were based on plate count, microscopic count with the aid of viability dyes (CTC-DAPI), and qPCR. Results of culture method showed that peroxyacetic acid was efficient to kill sessile L. monocytogenes populations, while sodium hypochlorite was only partially effective to kill attached L. monocytogenes (p < 0.05). When, viability dyes (CTC/DAPI) combined with fluorescence microscopy and qPCR were used and lower counts were found after treatments (p < 0.05). Selective quantification of viable cells of L. monocytogenes by qPCR using EMA revelead that the pre-treatment with EMA was not appropriate since it also inhibited amplification of DNA from live cells by ca. 2 log. Thus, the use of CTC counts was the best method to count viable cells in biofilms.(AU)

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The hummingbird-visited plant community located on the open-habitat mountaintop of the Espinhaço Range was studied for two years (from August 2007 to July 2009) in Serra do Cipó National Park, Southeastern Brazil (19° 15′ S and 43° 31′ W). The floral characteristics and flowering period of the hummingbird-visited plants was monthly recorded along trails located in three vegetation types: (1) typical campos rupestres (TCR), (2) open fields (OPF), and (3) capões de mata (CAM). Hummingbird visitation was observed in 51 plant species, 22 ornithophilous and 29 non-ornithophilous species. The TCR showed the greatest number of species visited (N = 38), followed by the OPF (N = 18) and CAM (N = 17). Six species of hummingbirds were recorded visiting flowers: Augastes scutatus, Campylopterus largipennis, Colibri serrirostris, Chlorostilbon lucidus, Eupetomena macroura and Phaethornis pretrei. This study demonstrates that the species richness and the number of ornithophilous species visited by the hummingbirds at the study site are more similar to hummingbird-plant communities of the Atlantic Forest than to those of the Cerrado communities and other Brazilian highland open-habitat communities. The plant families most visited by hummingbirds were Bromeliaceae and Asteraceae. Although the Asteraceae family is rarely used as a food resource for hummingbirds in other high and lowland communities, in the study site this family is used mainly by the endemic hummingbird Augastes scutatus. We found a large overlap of flowering throughout the year among the species visited by the hummingbirds. Thus, the nectar availability supports these resident hummingbirds. The present study also showed that the studied hummingbird-plant community is composed of many species endemic to the campos rupestres of the Espinhaço Range, some of which are considered to be in danger of extinction, thus constituting a unique and threatened community. Thus, understanding hummingbird-plant pollination dynamics becomes fundamental to the conservation of the campos rupestres.(AU)

A comunidade de flores visitadas por beija-flores em habitats abertos de montanhas da Serra do Espinhaço, sudeste do Brasil foi estudada por dois anos (de agosto de 2007 a julho de 2009) no Parque Nacional da Serra do Cipó (19° 15′ S e 43° 31′ W). As características florais e o período de floração das plantas visitadas foram registradas mensalmente ao longo de trilhas localizadas em três tipos vegetacionais: (1) campos rupestres típicos (TCR), (2) campos abertos (OPF), e (3) capões de mata (CAM). Foram observadas visitas de beija-flores a 51 espécies de plantas: 22 ornitófilas e 29 não-ornitófilas. O TCR apresentou o maior número de espécies visitadas (N = 38), seguido pelo OPF (N = 18) e CAM (N = 17). Seis espécies de beija-flores foram observadas visitando as flores: Augastes scutatus, Campylopterus largipennis, Colibri serrirostris, Chlorostilbon lucidus, Eupetomena macroura e Phaethornis pretrei. A riqueza de espécies e o número de espécies ornitófilas visitadas pelos beija-flores, neste estudo, foi mais similar à comunidades de plantas visitadas por beija-flores na Floresta Atlântica, que as comunidades do Cerrado, bem como de outras comunidades de ambientes abertos do Brasil. As famílias com maior número de plantas visitadas pelos beija-flores foram Bromeliaceae e Asteraceae. Apesar da família Asteraceae, raramente ser utilizada como fonte alimentar pelos beija-flores em outras comunidades, nas áreas amostradas neste estudo esta família foi utilizada, principalmente, pelo beija-flor endêmico A. scutatus. Nós registramos grande sobreposição de floração ao longo do ano entre as espécies visitadas pelos beija-flores. Portanto, a disponibilidade de néctar mantem os beija-flores residentes. Este estudo, demonstrou também, que a comunidade de plantas visitadas pelos beija-flores nesta área é composta por muitas espécies endêmicas dos campos rupestres da Serra do Espinhaço, algumas das quais consideradas em perigo de extinção, constituindo assim uma comunidade única e ameaçada. Portanto, o entendimento da dinâmica de polinização desta comunidade é fundamental para a conservação dos campos rupestres.(AU)

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In current research, nine basic esters of para-alkoxyphenylcarbamic acid with incorporated 4-(4fluoro-/3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl fragment, 6i-6m and 8f-8i, were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. Taking into account the minimum inhibitory concentration assay (MIC), as the most active against given yeast was evaluated 8i (MIC = 0.20 mg/mL), the most lipophilic structure containing para-butoxy and trifluoromethyl substituents. Investigating the efficiency of the compounds bearing only a single atom of fluorine and appropriate para-alkoxy side chain against Candida albicans, the cut-off effect was observed. From evaluated homological series, the maximum of the effectiveness was noticed for the stucture 6 k (MIC = 0.39 mg/mL), containing para-propoxy group attached to phenylcarbamoyloxy fragment, beyond which the compounds ceased to be active. On the contrary, all the tested molecules were against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (MICs > 1.00 mg/mL) practically inactive.(AU)

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RESUMO

Foram caracterizados os sorotipos, o perfil de sensibilidade microbiana e os achados clínico-epidemiológicos em 53 linhagens do gênero Salmonella isoladas de 41 cães, nove equinos e três bovinos, acometidos por diferentes manifestações clínicas entre 1997 e 2007. Salmonella Typhimurium (45,3 por cento), Salmonella enterica (22,6 por cento), Salmonella Enteritidis (7,5 por cento), Salmonella enterica subsp enterica 4,5,12i (5,7 por cento), Salmonella Newport (5,7 por cento), Salmonella Dublin (3,8 por cento), Salmonella Agona (3,8 por cento), Salmonella Glostrup (3,8 por cento), Salmonella Saintpaul (1,8 por cento) foram os sorotipos encontrados. Ciprofloxacina (100,0 por cento), norfloxacina (100,0 por cento) e gentamicina (100,0 por cento) foram os antimicrobianos mais efetivos, enquanto a maior resistência das linhagens foi observada para ceftiofur (28,5 por cento) e florfenicol (7,0 por cento). As linhagens foram isoladas de animais com enterite, infecção do trato urinário, septicemia, piometra, pneumonia e conjuntivite. Ressalta-se para o predomínio do sorovar Typhimurium nas diferentes manifestações da salmonelose nos animais. Destaca-se, também, a identificação de sorotipos nos animais que também são observados em casos de salmonelose em humanos(AU)

The serotype characterization, antimicrobial susceptibility profile, and clinical-epidemiological findings were evaluated in 53 Salmonella spp. strains isolated from 41 dogs, nine horses and three cattle presenting different clinical manifestations between 1997 at 2007. Salmonella Typhimurium (45.3 percent), Salmonella enterica (22.6 percent), Salmonella Enteritidis (7.5 percent), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica 4,5,12i (5.7 percent), Salmonella Newport (5.7 percent), Salmonella Dublin (3.8 percent), Salmonella Agona (3.8 percent), Salmonella Glostrup (3.8 percent), Salmonella Saintpaul (1.8 percent) were the more common serotypes. Ciprofloxacin (100.0 percent), norfloxacin (100.0 percent) and gentamicin (100.0 percent) were more effective drugs while resistance of isolates was observed to ceftiofur (28.5 percent) and florfenicol (7.0 percent). The strains were isolated from animals with enteritis, urinary tract infections, septicaemia, pyometra, pneumonia and conjuntivits. The results showed the high frequency of Salmonella Typhimurium serotype in different animals studied. The study highlighted also the presence of serotypes in our animals that also have been identified in humans with salmonellosis.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

A cartilagem hialina articular é um tecido conjuntivo responsivo a cargas que apresenta baixa celu¬laridade e elevada concentração de água em sua matriz. Como não possui vascularização, a nutrição desse tecido é feita a partir de substâncias encontradas no líquido sinovial. As lesões da cartilagem articular apresentam baixa capacidade regenerativa devido à ausência de vascularização e à incapa¬cidade dos condrócitos em migrar para as áreas centrais da lesão. O uso de implante de condrócitos expandidos em laboratório e, mais recentemente, o uso de células tronco mesenquimais, constituem técnicas de terapia celular que permitem a formação de um tecido com características morfológicas e biomecânicas semelhantes à cartilagem hialina articular capaz de conduzir à melhora clínica do paciente. O objetivo deste trabalho é revisar a fisiopatologia da reparação da cartilagem hialina e fa¬miliarizar o cirurgião veterinário com as recentes técnicas de terapia celular utilizadas no tratamento das lesões osteocondrais(AU)

The hyaline articular cartilage is a load-bearing connective tissue with low quantity of cells and an elevated concentration of water inside the matrix. Due to absence of vascularization, the nutrition in this tissue is made by substances from synovial liquid. The articular cartilage injuries possess a low regenerative capacity due to the absence of vascularization and the incapacity of chondrocytes to migrate until the middle of lesion. The use of chondrocytes implantation expanded in laboratory, and more recently, the use of mesenchymal stem cells, constitutes cellular therapy techniques that allow tissue formation with morphological and biomechanical characteristics similar to hyaline cartilage capable to lead the clinical improvement of the patient. The aim of this review is to describe the phy¬siopathology of hyaline cartilage repair and give information to veterinary surgeon about the early techniques of cell therapy used in the treatment of osteochondral injury(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Infectious abortion is a significant cause of reproductive failure and economic losses in cattle. The goal of this study was to detect nucleic acids of several infectious agents known to cause abortion including Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Bovine Herpesvirus 1, Brucella abortus, Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis, Chlamydophila abortus, Leptospira sp., Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp., Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Neospora caninum, and Tritrichomonas foetus. Tissue homogenates from 42 fetuses and paraffin-embedded tissues from 28 fetuses and 14 placentas/endometrium were included in this study. Brucella abortus was detected in 14.2% (12/84) of the samples. Salmonella sp. DNA was amplified from 2 fetuses, and there was one positive for Neospora caninum, and another for Listeria monocytogenes. This PCR-based approach resulted in identification of the etiology in 19% of samples, or 20% if considered fetal tissues only.

Aborto infeccioso é uma causa significativa de falhas reprodutivas e perdas econômicas na bovinocultura. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar ácidos nucleicos de vários agentes infecciosos reconhecidos como causadores de aborto, incluindo-se Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Herpesvirus bovino tipo 1, Brucella abortus, Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis, Chlamydophila abortus, Leptospira sp., Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp., Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Neospora caninum e Tritrichomonas foetus. Homogenados de tecidos de 42 fetos e tecidos incluídos em parafina de 28 fetos e 14 placentas/endométrio foram incluídos neste estudo. Brucella abortus foi detectada em 14,2% (12/84) das amostras. DNA de Salmonella sp. foi amplificado de dois fetos e houve um feto positivo para Neospora caninum e outro para Listeria monocytogenes. Essa metodologia baseada em PCR resultou na identificação da etiologia em 19% das amostras ou 20% se considerados somente os tecidos fetais.

RESUMO

Infectious abortion is a significant cause of reproductive failure and economic losses in cattle. The goal of this study was to detect nucleic acids of several infectious agents known to cause abortion including Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Bovine Herpesvirus 1, Brucella abortus, Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis, Chlamydophila abortus, Leptospira sp., Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp., Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Neospora caninum, and Tritrichomonas foetus. Tissue homogenates from 42 fetuses and paraffin-embedded tissues from 28 fetuses and 14 placentas/endometrium were included in this study. Brucella abortus was detected in 14.2% (12/84) of the samples. Salmonella sp. DNA was amplified from 2 fetuses, and there was one positive for Neospora caninum, and another for Listeria monocytogenes. This PCR-based approach resulted in identification of the etiology in 19% of samples, or 20% if considered fetal tissues only.

Aborto infeccioso é uma causa significativa de falhas reprodutivas e perdas econômicas na bovinocultura. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar ácidos nucleicos de vários agentes infecciosos reconhecidos como causadores de aborto, incluindo-se Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Herpesvirus bovino tipo 1, Brucella abortus, Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis, Chlamydophila abortus, Leptospira sp., Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp., Mycoplasma bovis, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Neospora caninum e Tritrichomonas foetus. Homogenados de tecidos de 42 fetos e tecidos incluídos em parafina de 28 fetos e 14 placentas/endométrio foram incluídos neste estudo. Brucella abortus foi detectada em 14,2% (12/84) das amostras. DNA de Salmonella sp. foi amplificado de dois fetos e houve um feto positivo para Neospora caninum e outro para Listeria monocytogenes. Essa metodologia baseada em PCR resultou na identificação da etiologia em 19% das amostras ou 20% se considerados somente os tecidos fetais.