RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: In SERAPHIN, a long-term, event-driven, double-blind randomised controlled trial in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), macitentan 10 mg significantly reduced the risk of morbidity/mortality compared with placebo. Its open-label extension study (SERAPHIN OL) further assessed long-term safety and tolerability of macitentan 10 mg in PAH patients. METHODS: Patients in SERAPHIN who completed the double-blind treatment period or experienced a morbidity event during the study could enter SERAPHIN OL. Patients received macitentan 10 mg once daily, and safety and survival were assessed until end of treatment (+ 28 days). Two overlapping sets were analysed for safety: (1) all patients in SERAPHIN OL (OL safety set); (2) patients randomised to macitentan 10 mg in SERAPHIN (long-term safety/survival set). Survival was evaluated as an exploratory endpoint in the latter set. RESULTS: Of 742 patients randomised in SERAPHIN, 550 (74.1%) entered SERAPHIN OL (OL safety set); 242 patients were randomised to macitentan 10 mg in SERAPHIN (long-term safety/survival set). Median (min, max) exposure to macitentan 10 mg was 40.1 (0.1, 130.5) months (2074.7 patient-years; OL safety set) and 54.7 (0.1, 141.3) months (1151.0 patient-years; long-term safety/survival set). Safety in both analysis sets was comparable to the known safety profile of macitentan. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates (95% CI) at 1, 5, 7 and 9 years were 95.0% (91.3, 97.1), 73.3% (66.6, 78.9), 62.6% (54.6, 69.6) and 52.7% (43.6, 61.0), respectively (long-term safety/survival set; median follow-up: 5.9 years). CONCLUSIONS: This analysis provides the longest follow-up for safety and survival published to date for any PAH therapy. The safety profile of macitentan 10 mg over this extensive treatment period was in line with that observed in SERAPHIN. As the majority of patients were receiving other PAH therapy at macitentan initiation, our study provides additional insight into the long-term safety of macitentan, including as part of combination therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT00660179 and NCT00667823.
Assuntos
Hipertensão Arterial Pulmonar , Hipertensão Pulmonar Primária Familiar/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Hipertensão Arterial Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Pirimidinas/efeitos adversos , Sulfonamidas/efeitos adversos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Objective: To assess the safety and efficacy of the endothelin receptor antagonist ambrisentan in pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Study design: In this open-label, phase IIb study, patients with PAH aged 8 to <18 years were randomized to low- or high-dose ambrisentan for 24 weeks. Most patients were receiving other PAH medication(s) that could not be changed during the trial. The primary outcome was safety (treatment-emergent adverse events [TEAEs]); secondary outcome was efficacy (including change from baseline to week 24 in 6-minute walking distance and World Health Organization functional class). Study staff were blinded to treatment. No statistical testing was performed. Results: Most of the 41 patients randomized (80%) experienced ≥1 TEAE; most were mild (22%) or moderate (49%) in severity (no difference between dose groups). Most common TEAEs were headache (24%), nausea (17%), abdominal pain (12%), and nasopharyngitis (12%). Eight patients had serious TEAEs; 2 were fatal (unrelated to study treatment). Improved 6-minute walking distance was observed from baseline to week 24: total mean (SD) change, +40.69 (84.58) meters; World Health Organization functional class was maintained or improved in 70% and 27% patients, respectively. Conclusions: Ambrisentan was well tolerated; TEAEs were consistent with the adult safety profile. Efficacy was similar to previous findings in adult PAH; however, interpretation is limited by small sample size. Findings support a potentially similar benefit:risk profile in pediatric (8 to <18 years) and adult patients with PAH. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01332331.
RESUMO
La hipertensión arterial pulmonar (HAP) es consecuencia de una alteración aguda o crónica de la vasculatura pulmonar, que se caracteriza por el aumento de la presión arterial pulmonar como consecuencia del aumento de la resistencia vascular pulmonar. La fisiopatología de la HAP se caracteriza por la vasoconstricción pulmonar vascular, la proliferación de células musculares lisas, y la trombosis. Estos cambios son el resultado de un desequilibrio entre agentes vasodilatadores (prostaciclina, óxido nítrico, péptido intestinal vaso activo) y vasoconstrictores (tromboxano A2, endotelina, serotonina), los inhibidores de factores de crecimiento y mitógenos, y factores antitrombóticos y protrombóticos. Los recientes avances en el tratamiento están dirigidos a restablecer el equilibrio entre estos sistemas. Los antagonistas de los receptores de endotelina (bosentán, ambrisentán), inhibidores de la fosfodiesterasa tipo 5 (sildenafilo, tadalafilo), y prostaciclina (epoprostenol, iloprost, treprostinil, beraprost) representan las diferentes clases de medicamentos que se utilizan actualmente en monoterapia y en combinación para el tratamiento de la HAP. El propósito de esta revisión es proporcionar al lector una actualización del tratamiento de la HAP con antagonistas de los receptores de la endotelina.(AU)
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a consequence of acute or chronic disorder of the pulmonary vasculature, which is characterized by increased pulmonary artery pressure as a result of increased pulmonary vascular resistance. The pathophysiology of PAH is characterized by pulmonary vascular vasoconstriction, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and thrombosis. These changes are a result of an imbalance between vasodilators (prostacyclin, nitric oxide, vasoactive intestinal peptide) and vasoconstrictors (thromboxane A2, endothelin, serotonin), growth inhibitors and mitogenic factors, and antithrombotic and prothrombotic factors. Recent advances in treatment are directed at restoring the balance between these systems. Endothelin receptor antagonists (bosentan, ambrisentan), phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (sildenafil, tadalafil), and prostacylin (epoprostenol, iloprost, treprostinil, beraprost) represent the different classes of medications that are currently used in monotherapy and in combination to treat PAH. The purpose of this review is to provide the reader with an update on the treatment of PAH with antagonists of endothelin receptors.(AU)
A hipertensÒo arterial pulmonar (HAP) é uma consequÛncia da doenþa aguda ou cr¶nica da vasculatura pulmonar, o que é caracterizado pelo aumento da pressÒo da artéria pulmonar, como um resultado da resistÛncia vascular pulmonar aumentada. A fisiopatologia de HAP é caracterizada pela vasoconstriþÒo pulmonar vascular, proliferaþÒo de células de músculo liso, e trombose. Estas alteraþ§es sÒo um resultado de um desequilíbrio entre os vasodilatadores (prostaciclina, o óxido nítrico, o péptido intestinal vasoativo) e vasoconstritores (tromboxano A2, endotelina, serotonina), e inibidores de crescimento de fatores miogÛnicos, e fatores antitrombóticos e pró-trombóticos. Avanþos recentes no tratamento sÒo dirigidos para o restabelecimento do equilíbrio entre estes sistemas. Antagonistas do receptor da endotelina (bosentan, ambrisentan), inibidores da fosfodiesterasa tipo 5 (sildenafilo, tadalafilo) e prostaciclina (epoprostenol, iloprost, treprostinil, beraprost) representam as diferentes classes de medicamentos que sÒo usados atualmente em monoterapia e em combinaþÒo para tratar HAP. O objetivo desta revisÒo é fornecer ao leitor uma atualizaþÒo sobre o tratamento da HAP com os antagonistas dos receptores de endotelina.(AU)
RESUMO
La hipertensión arterial pulmonar (HAP) es consecuencia de una alteración aguda o crónica de la vasculatura pulmonar, que se caracteriza por el aumento de la presión arterial pulmonar como consecuencia del aumento de la resistencia vascular pulmonar. La fisiopatología de la HAP se caracteriza por la vasoconstricción pulmonar vascular, la proliferación de células musculares lisas, y la trombosis. Estos cambios son el resultado de un desequilibrio entre agentes vasodilatadores (prostaciclina, óxido nítrico, péptido intestinal vaso activo) y vasoconstrictores (tromboxano A2, endotelina, serotonina), los inhibidores de factores de crecimiento y mitógenos, y factores antitrombóticos y protrombóticos. Los recientes avances en el tratamiento están dirigidos a restablecer el equilibrio entre estos sistemas. Los antagonistas de los receptores de endotelina (bosentán, ambrisentán), inhibidores de la fosfodiesterasa tipo 5 (sildenafilo, tadalafilo), y prostaciclina (epoprostenol, iloprost, treprostinil, beraprost) representan las diferentes clases de medicamentos que se utilizan actualmente en monoterapia y en combinación para el tratamiento de la HAP. El propósito de esta revisión es proporcionar al lector una actualización del tratamiento de la HAP con antagonistas de los receptores de la endotelina.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a consequence of acute or chronic disorder of the pulmonary vasculature, which is characterized by increased pulmonary artery pressure as a result of increased pulmonary vascular resistance. The pathophysiology of PAH is characterized by pulmonary vascular vasoconstriction, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and thrombosis. These changes are a result of an imbalance between vasodilators (prostacyclin, nitric oxide, vasoactive intestinal peptide) and vasoconstrictors (thromboxane A2, endothelin, serotonin), growth inhibitors and mitogenic factors, and antithrombotic and prothrombotic factors. Recent advances in treatment are directed at restoring the balance between these systems. Endothelin receptor antagonists (bosentan, ambrisentan), phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (sildenafil, tadalafil), and prostacylin (epoprostenol, iloprost, treprostinil, beraprost) represent the different classes of medications that are currently used in monotherapy and in combination to treat PAH. The purpose of this review is to provide the reader with an update on the treatment of PAH with antagonists of endothelin receptors.
A hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP) é uma consequência da doença aguda ou crônica da vasculatura pulmonar, o que é caracterizado pelo aumento da pressão da artéria pulmonar, como um resultado da resistência vascular pulmonar aumentada. A fisiopatologia de HAP é caracterizada pela vasoconstrição pulmonar vascular, proliferação de células de músculo liso, e trombose. Estas alterações são um resultado de um desequilíbrio entre os vasodilatadores (prostaciclina, o óxido nítrico, o péptido intestinal vasoativo) e vasoconstritores (tromboxano A2, endotelina, serotonina), e inibidores de crescimento de fatores miogênicos, e fatores antitrombóticos e pró-trombóticos. Avanços recentes no tratamento são dirigidos para o restabelecimento do equilíbrio entre estes sistemas. Antagonistas do receptor da endotelina (bosentan, ambrisentan), inibidores da fosfodiesterasa tipo 5 (sildenafilo, tadalafilo) e prostaciclina (epoprostenol, iloprost, treprostinil, beraprost) representam as diferentes classes de medicamentos que são usados atualmente em monoterapia e em combinação para tratar HAP. O objetivo desta revisão é fornecer ao leitor uma atualização sobre o tratamento da HAP com os antagonistas dos receptores de endotelina.
RESUMO
Several clinical studies have investigated the potential benefits of endothelin receptor antagonism in chronic pathologies such as diabetic kidney disease. However, fluid retention and edema have been identified as major side effects of endothelin receptor antagonists. In the present study we hypothesized that avosentan which was described as a predominant ET(A) receptor antagonist would produce fluid retention at high concentrations where non-specific blockade of ET(B) receptors may occur. Incremental doses of the predominant ET(A) receptor antagonist SPP301 (0.003; 0.03; 3 mg/kg) were administered intravenously to anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats undergoing saline diuresis. Diuresis, glomerular filtration rate, and blood pressure (BP) were monitored. SPP301 decreased urine output (5.6; 34.8; 58.8% decrease from vehicle) and fractional excretion of water (5.7; 31.7; 56.4% decrease from vehicle) in a concentration-dependent manner. Glomerular filtration rate was unchanged while BP was reduced by 10 mmHg only by the highest dose of SPP301. Administration of the ET(B) selective receptor antagonist BQ-788 (3 mg/kg) following SPP301 3 mg/kg did not further decrease urine output or water excretion and was without effect on glomerular filtration rate. These data indicate that increasing concentrations of SPP301 may also block ET(B) receptors and cause antidiuresis. This effect could explain why fluid retention and edema occur during treatment with predominant ET(A) receptor blockers.
RESUMO
The efficacy of endothelin receptor antagonists in protecting against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is controversial, and the mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CPU0123, a novel endothelin type A and type B receptor antagonist, on myocardial I/R injury and to explore the mechanisms involved. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-250 g were randomized to three groups (6-7 per group): group 1, Sham; group 2, I/R + vehicle. Rats were subjected to in vivo myocardial I/R injury by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery and 0.5 percent sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (1 mL/kg) was injected intraperitoneally immediately prior to coronary occlusion. Group 3, I/R + CPU0213. Rats were subjected to identical surgical procedures and CPU0213 (30 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally immediately prior to coronary occlusion. Infarct size, cardiac function and biochemical changes were measured. CPU0213 pretreatment reduced infarct size as a percentage of the ischemic area by 44.5 percent (I/R + vehicle: 61.3 ± 3.2 vs I/R + CPU0213: 34.0 ± 5.5 percent, P < 0.05) and improved ejection fraction by 17.2 percent (I/R + vehicle: 58.4 ± 2.8 vs I/R + CPU0213: 68.5 ± 2.2 percent, P < 0.05) compared to vehicle-treated animals. This protection was associated with inhibition of myocardial inflammation and oxidative stress. Moreover, reduction in Akt (protein kinase B) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation induced by myocardial I/R injury was limited by CPU0213 (P < 0.05). These data suggest that CPU0123, a non-selective antagonist, has protective effects against myocardial I/R injury in rats, which may be related to the Akt/eNOS pathway.