RESUMO

PREMISE: Salt tolerance has rarely been investigated regionally in the neotropics and even more rarely in Orchidaceae, one of the largest families. Therefore, investigating local adaptation to salt spray and its physiological basis in Epidendrum fulgens, a neotropical orchid species, brings important new insights. METHODS: We assessed the degree of salt tolerance in E. fulgens by testing whether coastal populations are more tolerant to salt, which could point to local adaptation. To understand the physiological basis of such salt tolerance, we exposed wild-collected individuals to salt spray for 60 days, then measured leaf expansion, osmotic potential, sodium leaf concentration, chlorophyll leaf index, chlorophyll fluorescence, relative growth rate, and pressure-volume curves. RESULTS: There is no local adaptation to salt spray since both inland and coastal plants have a high tolerance to salt stress. This tolerance is explained by the ability to tolerate high concentrations of salt in leaf tissues, which is related to the high succulence displayed by this species. CONCLUSIONS: We showed an unprecedented salt tolerance level for an orchid species, highlighting our limited knowledge of that trait beyond the traditional studied groups. Another interesting finding is that salt tolerance in E. fulgens is linked to succulence, is widespread, and is not the result of local adaptation. We suggest that E. fulgens and its allied species could be an interesting group to explore the evolution of important traits related to tolerance to salt stress, like succulence.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Actinobacteria are known to produce a variety of secondary metabolites with skin-protective properties. This study aimed to investigate the photoprotective and antigenotoxic properties against UVB of extracts obtained from Cutibacterium acnes strains. Bacterial growth was measured spectrophotometrically and the constant maximum growth rate (µ) value to each strain, were calculated. In vitro photoprotection efficacy was evaluated using in vitro indices such as sun protection factor (SPFespectrophotometric) and critical wavelength (λc). UVB-antigenotoxicity was also evaluated using the SOS Chromotest. Correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between SPFespectrophotometric and extract concentration and the %GI estimates. Among the studied strains, one showed low (6.0 ≤ SPFespectrophotometric ≤ 14.9) and eight showed media (15.0 ≤ SPFespectrophotometric ≤ 29.9) UVB photoprotection efficacy. All of them resulted in broad-spectrum (UVA-UVB) photoprotection (λc > 370 nm). In total, two C. acnes ecotypes with different growth rates were evidenced, but the protective metabolites in the extracts were produced without the influence of growth rate. Photoprotective efficacy depended on the extract concentration and was correlated with antigenotoxicity. We demonstrated that C. acnes extracts can be used as sunscreen ingredients that reduce UVB-induced genotoxicity.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Differences among populations in pollinator assemblages can lead to local adaptation mosaics in which plants evolve different floral morphologies and attractive traits. Mountain habitats may promote local adaptation because of differences in environmental conditions with altitude, causing changes in pollinators, and because mountaintops can act as isolated habitats. We studied if the differences in floral shape, size and nectar traits in Salvia stachydifolia can be attributed to variations in the relative contribution of hummingbirds and insects. METHODS: We studied eight populations of S. stachydifolia in natural and under common garden conditions, to assess whether population differences have a genetic component. We recorded pollinators, their behaviour and visitation rates, and characterized pollinator assemblages. In addition, we measured nectar volume and concentration, and collected flowers to describe floral shape and size variation using geometric morphometric methods. We then applied an unsupervised learning algorithm to identify ecotypes based on morphometric traits. Finally, we explored whether populations with different pollinator assemblages had different climatic and/or elevation preferences. KEY RESULTS: We found that variation in the identity of the main pollinators was associated with differences among populations in all traits, as expected under a local adaptation scenario. These differences persisted in the common garden, suggesting that they were not due to phenotypic plasticity. We found S. stachydifolia populations were pollinated either by bees, by hummingbirds or had mixed pollination. We identified two ecotypes that correspond to the identity of the main pollinator guilds, irrespective of climate or altitude. CONCLUSIONS: Variation in S. stachydifolia floral traits did not follow any evident association with bioclimatic factors, suggesting that populations may have diverged as the product of historical isolation on mountaintops. We suggest that differences among populations point to incipient speciation and an ongoing pollinator shift.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In eastern Neotropical South America, the Cerrado, a large savanna vegetation, and the Atlantic Forest harbour high biodiversity levels, and their habitats are rather different from each other. The biomes have intrinsic evolutionary relationships, with high lineage exchange that can be attributed, in part, to a large contact zone between them. The genomic study of ecotypes, i.e. populations adapted to divergent habitats, can be a model to study the genomic signatures of ecological divergence. Here, we investigated two ecotypes of the tree Plathymenia reticulata, one from the Cerrado and the other from the Atlantic Forest, which have a hybrid zone in the ecotonal zone of Atlantic Forest-Cerrado. METHODS: The ecotypes were sampled in the two biomes and their ecotone. The evolutionary history of the divergence of the species was analysed with double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing. The genetic structure and the genotypic composition of the hybrid zone were determined. Genotype-association analyses were performed, and the loci under putative selection and their functions were investigated. KEY RESULTS: High divergence between the two ecotypes was found, and only early-generation hybrids were found in the hybrid zone, suggesting a partial reproductive barrier. Ancient introgression between the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest was not detected. The soil and climate were associated with genetic divergence in Plathymenia ecotypes and outlier loci were found to be associated with the stress response, with stomatal and root development and with reproduction. CONCLUSIONS: The high genomic, ecological and morphophysiological divergence between ecotypes, coupled with partial reproductive isolation, indicate that the ecotypes represent two species and should be managed as different evolutionary lineages. We advise that the forest species should be re-evaluated and restated as vulnerable. Our results provide insights into the genomic mechanisms underlying the diversification of species across savanna and forest habitats and the evolutionary forces acting in the species diversification in the Neotropics.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Fabaceae, or licorice has shown potential therapeutic effects on fever, gastric ulcers, hepatic disorders, and malaria. This study aimed to assess the antimalarial activity of different fractions of root extract from twelve ecotypes from Iran. In this regard, mice were then randomly divided into 8 groups of 5 mice. Four hours after mice were infected by Plasmodium berghei, they received methanolic plant extract by intraperitoneal injection. The treatment was continued for 4 consecutive days (every 24 h), then on the fifth and seventh days, blood samples were taken from the tails of the mice and the parasitic percentages were calculated by microscopy technique. In comparison to control, every analyzed ecotype has a remarkable parasite inhibitory effect, whereas the source of the root also has a drastic difference in its antimalarial effects. The highest percentage of inhibition on days 5 and 7 was subjected to the extract of Semirom ecotype with suppression of 86.37 and 83%, respectively. On the other hand, 13.21 and 9.19% parasite growth inhibition was shown in the extracts of Shahrbabak and Haji Abad, respectively. The significant difference between these 12 ecotypes was shown with Mann-Whitney U pairwise comparison to variable parasitemia day 5 and parasitemia day 7 (p < 0.001). Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43450-022-00353-8.

RESUMO

Habb-ul-Aas is a commercial drug obtained from Myrtus communis L and widely used for abdominal disorders in Pakistan. This sclerophyllous shrub is commonly found in the Lower Dir, Malakand Division, Pakistan. This plant is used as crude drug in herbal as well as pharmaceutical industry due to presence of aromatic oil obtained from various parts of the plant. Two varieties viz., italic and baetica of the plant exist in the world; however, no study reported before about the existence of this species up to the varietal level from Pakistan. The current study was undertaken to characterize the existing germplasm by using certain morphometric parameters in relation to physiognomic features. They exhibit high variability among characters, especially for characteristics useful in selecting cultivars for commercial production. Among the various ecotypes, MBT3 possessed high shoot length (29.96cm), leaf area (2.3cm), fruit volume (0.97ml) & fruit weight (0.88g) and pulp (0.87g) and therefore recommended for the cultivar development.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Addressing the ecological and evolutionary processes underlying biodiversity patterns is essential to identify the mechanisms shaping community structure and function. In bacteria, the formation of new ecologically distinct populations (ecotypes) is proposed as one of the main drivers of diversification. New ecotypes arise when mutations in key functional genes or acquisition of new metabolic pathways by horizontal gene transfer allow the population to exploit new resources, permitting their coexistence with the parental population. We previously reported the presence of microcystin-producing organisms of the Microcystis aeruginosa complex (toxic MAC) through an 800-km environmental gradient ranging from freshwater to estuarine-marine waters in South America. We hypothesize that the success of toxic MAC in such a gradient is due to the existence of very closely related populations that are ecologically distinct (ecotypes), each specialized to a specific arrangement of environmental variables. Here, we analyzed toxic MAC genetic diversity through quantitative PCR (qPCR) and high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) of a functional gene (mcyJ, microcystin synthetase cluster). We explored the variability of the mcyJ gene along the environmental gradient by multivariate classification and regression trees (mCART). Six groups of mcyJ genotypes were distinguished and associated with different combinations of water temperature, conductivity, and turbidity. We propose that each mcyJ variant associated with a defined environmental condition is an ecotype (or species) whose relative abundances vary according to their fitness in the local environment. This mechanism would explain the success of toxic MAC in such a wide array of environmental conditions. IMPORTANCE Organisms of the Microcystis aeruginosa complex form harmful algal blooms (HABs) in nutrient-rich water bodies worldwide. MAC HABs are difficult to manage owing to the production of potent toxins (microcystins) that resist water treatment. In addition, the role of microcystins in the ecology of MAC organisms is still elusive, meaning that the environmental conditions driving the toxicity of the bloom are not clear. Furthermore, the lack of coherence between morphology-based and genomic-based species classification makes it difficult to draw sound conclusions about when and where each member species of the MAC will dominate the bloom. Here, we propose that the diversification process and success of toxic MAC in a wide range of water bodies involves the generation of ecotypes, each specialized in a particular niche, whose relative abundance varies according to its fitness in the local environment. This knowledge can improve the generation of accurate prediction models of MAC growth and toxicity, helping to prevent human and animal intoxication.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Ocean acidification (OA) could become a serious threat for the Antarctic marine ecosystem over coming years, as the solubility of atmospheric CO2 and CaCO3 minerals increases at lower temperatures. We evaluated the effect of OA on the stress response of the limpet Nacella concinna by measuring gene expression levels. The experiment was performed with the two ecotypes (Littoral and Sublittoral) of the species during 54 days (IPCC, 2019 scenario RCP8.5; control, ~375 ppm; low-pH treatment, ~923 ppm). Exposure to low-pH treatment during 15 days triggered the down-regulation of two heat-shock protein genes (HSP70A, HSP70B) only in sublittoral individuals. Little variation in the relative expression values of all genes in both ecotypes was observed probably, due to a historical exposure to the substantial daily natural pH fluctuations recorded in the study area during the experiment. This study provides relevant baseline data for future OA experiments on coastal species in Antarctica.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Curcuma Longa (CL) has been used for hundreds of years by native people from Rapa Nui for the treatment of different illness. Despite this plant was introduced from Polynesia or India, there is still scarce information about its origin. The objective of this study was to analyze the genetic variation of three CL ecotypes based on molecular phylogenetic and genotypification using internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and simple sequence repeats (SSR). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of rhizomes and leaves extracts of three CL plants were analyzed by spectrophotometric methods and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibition assay. Complementarily, we predicted the potential binding mode and binding energy of curcuminoids and nonsteroidals anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) into COX-2 via molecular docking. The ITS2 sequence shows two major clusters (I and II), group I consisted of Curcuma haritha and group II consisted of different species of Curcuma and Rapa Nui samples (MR-1, MR-2 and RK-2). Results of SSR markers show that genotype MR-2 was similar to MR-1 and RK-2 with 70.8 and 42.9% similarity, whereas genotype was similar to RK-2, MR-1 and MR-2 with 63.9, 43.2 and 42.9% similarity, respectively. MR-1 have better antioxidant and autoinflammatory activity than rest of CL samples due to its high concentration of polyphenols (33.68 mg/g) and curcumin (29.69 mg/g). Furthermore, docking results show that three curcuminoids of CL and selective NAIDs, as celecoxib, etodolac and meloxicam, share the same binding pocket into COX-2. However, three curcuminoids have a lower ΔGbinding than other COX-2 selective NAIDs as etodolac and meloxicam, except for Coxib family as valdecoxib, celecoxib and rofecoxib. Our findings suggest MR-1, MR-2 and MK-2 from Germplasm Bank (Mataveri Otai of CONAF) are closely related to Curcuma amada and Curcuma montana even though they have genetic variability.

RESUMO

Goats were among the first animals to be domesticated over 10,000 years ago and are part of human societies since the beginning of agriculture. Goats play a major role both in commercial farming systems and in subsistence agriculture systems, particularly in tropical, subtropical and Mediterranean regions where they are crucial for the supply of meat, milk, fibre and dung. This review concerns the Serrana breed, the most important and numerous indigenous goat breed from Portugal that was furthermore exported to other regions of the world, notably South America during the Portuguese colonization. Herein, we describe the origin and history of the breed as well as the productive performance and most common production systems. Finally, we address the local and traditional PDO (protected denomination of origin) and PGI (protected geographical indication) that are produced from these animals.

Assuntos

RESUMO

It is unclear whether the frequently observed increase in non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in plants exposed to low temperatures or drought reflects a higher sensitivity of growth than photosynthesis in such conditions (i.e. sink limitation), or a prioritization of carbon (C) allocation to storage. Alpine areas in Mediterranean-type climate regions are characterized by precipitation increases and temperature decreases with elevation. Thus, alpine plants with wide elevational ranges in Mediterranean regions may be good models to examine these alternative hypotheses. We evaluated storage and growth during experimental darkness and re-illumination in individuals of the alpine plant Phacelia secunda from three elevations in the Andes of central Chile. We hypothesized that storage is prioritized regarding growth in plants of both low- and high elevations where drought and cold stress are greatest, respectively. We expected that decreases in NSC concentrations during darkness should be minimal and, more importantly, increases in NSC after re-illumination should be higher than increases in biomass. We found that darkness caused a significant decrease in NSC concentrations of both low- and high-elevation plants, but the magnitude of the decrease was lower in the latter. Re-illumination caused higher increase in NSC concentration than in biomass in both low- and high-elevation plants (1.5- and 1.9-fold, respectively). Our study shows that C allocation in Phacelia secunda reflects ecotypic differences among elevation provenances and suggests that low temperature, but not drought, favours C allocation to storage over growth after severe C limitation.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Euterpe edulis (Arecaceae) Mart has high ecological and economic importance providing food resources for more than 58 species of birds and 20 species of mammals, including humans. E. edulis is the second most exploited nontimber product from Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Due to overexploitation and destruction of habitats, E. edulis is threatened by extinction. Euterpe edulis populations have large morphological variations, with individuals having green, red, or yellow leaf sheath. However, no study has related phenotypic distinctions between populations and their levels of genetic structure. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the diversity and genetic structure of different E. edulis morphotypes. We sampled 250 adult individuals in eight populations with the different morphotypes. Using 14 microsatellite markers, we access genetic diversity through population genetic parameters calculated in the GenAlex program and the diveRsity package in R. We used the Wilcoxon test to verify population bottlenecks and the genetic distance of Nei and Bayesian analysis for genetic clusters. The eight populations showed low allele richness, low observed heterozygosity, and high inbreeding values (f). In addition, six of the eight populations experienced genetic bottlenecks, which would partly explain the low genetic diversity in populations. Cluster analysis identified two clusters (K = 2), with green morphotype genetically distinguishing from yellow and red morphotypes. Thus, we show, for the first time, a strong genetic structure among E. edulis morphotypes even for geographically close populations.

RESUMO

The phylogeny of the Triatoma dimidiata complex has been widely assessed with different genetic and morphological data, which has allowed to reach the consensus that the complex consists of at least three taxonomic units. However, these taxonomic units seem to have a distribution related to geography throughout Mesoamerica, with different groupings depending on the source of information used. In the present study, we aimed to determine if there is a common biogeographical, genetic and phenetic distribution pattern among the T. dimidiata species in Mesoamerica and if this pattern is related to ecological and geological variability of the region. We found that panbiogeographical analysis showed three generalized tracks that coincide with genetic/phenetic data which showed a general pattern of distribution in two big clusters to the north and south of Mesoamerica. We also found that these clusters were significantly related to geological tectonic plates and ecotypes. We conclude that the geological history may be a plausible explanation for the greater differentiation observed in the T. dimidiata complex, but that the current ecological characteristics of the morphotectonic units or ecotypes may be responsible for the additional variation observed and therefore differential control strategies for each cluster considering geological history and ecotype should be used. Further, more detailed biogeographical and landscape genetic analyses are necessary with the goal to elucidate T. dimidiata differentiation related with ecological and geological variables in the region and the possible epidemiological and evolutionary consequences.

Assuntos

RESUMO

RESUMEN La adopción de tecnologías generadas para el cultivo del café depende, en gran medida de factores, como la disponibilidad de recursos y el nivel de escolaridad de los productores, lo cual, determina la importancia de analizar las condiciones socioeconómicas, en la estructuración de los sistemas productivos de café. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar las principales características sociales y económicas de los cafeteros en los ecotopos 220A y 221A, departamento de Nariño. Con base en un marco muestral de 16.767 predios cafeteros, se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 159 productores (86, del ecotopo 220A y 73, del 221A), con el objeto de aplicar el formulario de encuesta. En el análisis estadístico, 58 variables categóricas fueron sometidas a un análisis multivariado, mediante el método de correspondencias múltiples y análisis de clasificación jerárquica. El ecotopo 220A, se caracterizó por tener áreas de café entre 1 y 3 hectáreas, viviendas con techos de eternit y zinc, pisos de cemento, energía eléctrica, acueducto y unidad sanitaria. El rendimiento está entre 1.001 y 2.000kg.ha-1, costos de producción menores a COP1.500.000 (USD444,83). Los caficultores asisten a jornadas de capacitación y su núcleo familiar está compuesto por 4-7 personas. En el ecotopo 221A predominan las casas con techo de teja, pisos en cemento, energía eléctrica, acueducto y unidad sanitaria; las aguas servidas se disponen en pozos sépticos. No se aplican las buenas prácticas agrícolas (BPA), los rendimientos son menores a 1.500kg.ha-1 cps (café pergamino seco) y los costos de producción son inferiores a COP1.500.000ha-1. año-1 (USD444,83).

ABSTRACT The adoption of technologies generated for the coffee crop, depends to a great degree on factors such as the availability of resources and the producer´s scholarship which determines the importance of socioeconomic conditions in the coffee productive system structure. The objective of this investigation was to analyze the main coffee grower´s social and economic characteristics in the 220A and 221A Nariño Department ecotopes. 159 producers (86 from the ecotype 220A and 73 from the ecotope 221A), were selected randomly based on a sampling frame of 16.767 coffee farms, with the purpose of applying the survey questionnaire. In the statistical analysis, 58 categorical variables were used, they were subjected to a multivariate analysis using the multiple correspondence method and hierarchical classification analysis. The 220A ecotope was characterized by having coffee areas between 1 and 3 hectares, houses with eternit and zinc roofs, cement floors, electric power, aqueduct and sanitary unit. The performance is between 1.001 and 2.000kg.ha1, the cost of production is less than COP1.500,000 (USD44,83); the coffee growers attend training sessions and their family nucleus is made up of 4 - 7 people. In the ecotope 221A the houses with tile roof, cement floors, electricity, aqueduct and sanitary unit predominate; wastewater is disposed of in septic tanks. Good agricultural practices (GAP) aren't used, the yields are less than 1.500kg.ha-1 (dried parchment coffee) and the cost of production is less than $1.500.000 ha-1. year-1

RESUMO

Phosphorus loading plays an important role in the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms and understanding how this nutrient affects the physiology of cyanobacteria is imperative to manage these phenomena. Microcystis aeruginosa and Raphidiopsis raciborskii are cyanobacterial species that form potentially toxic blooms in freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Blooms comprise numerous strains with high trait variability, which can contribute to the widespread distribution of these species. Here, we explored the intraspecific variability in response to phosphorus depleted conditions (P-) testing five strains of each species. Strains could be differentiated by cell volume or genetic profiles except for those of the same species, sampling location and date, though these presented differences in their response to (P-). Although differently affected by (P-) over 10 days, all strains were able to grow and maintain photosynthetic activity. For most M. aeruginosa and R. raciborskii strains growth rates were not significantly different comparing (P+) and (P-) conditions. After ten days in (P-), only one M. aeruginosa strain and two R. raciborskii strains showed reduction in biovolume yield as compared to (P+) but in most strains chlorophyll-a concentrations were lower in (P-) than in (P+). Reduced photosystem II efficiency was found for only one R. raciborskii strain while all M. aeruginosa strains were affected. Only two M. aeruginosa and one R. raciborskii strain increased alkaline phosphatase activity under (P-) as compared to (P+). Variation in P-uptake was also observed but comparison among strains yielded homogeneous groups comprised of representatives of both species. Comparing the response of each species as a whole, the (P-) condition affected growth rate, biovolume yield and chlorophyll yield. However, these parameters revealed variation among strains of the same species to the extent that differences between M. aeruginosa and R. raciborskii were not significant. Taken together, these results do not support the idea that R. raciborskii, as a species, can withstand phosphorus limitation better than M. aeruginosa and also point that the level of intraspecific variation may preclude generalizations based on studies that use only one or few strains.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Volatiles compounds are involved in defensive induction against insects, playing an important role in insect-plant interaction being induced by response to mechanical damage. However, they could decrease according to the domestication degree in cultivated plants. Currently, it has been established that secondary metabolites are reduced due to the domestication process in murtilla. Hence, the follow question emerges: Are volatile organic compounds induced by mechanical damage reduced in cultivated murtilla plants in relation to wild plants? Two cultivated ecotypes and their respective wild counterparts were sampled. Volatiles compounds were obtained using Porapak-Q columns and analyzed by gas chromatography. Results showed that compounds as 2-hexanone, α-pinene, 2-thujene, 3-thujene and 1,8- cineole were more abundant in wild plants exposed to a mechanical damage than cultivated plants. Hence, these compounds have been associated to induced defense, these results suggest that domestication reduced the induction of defensive volatiles in cultivated murtilla in response to mechanical damage.

Los compuestos volátiles están implicados en la defensa inducida contra insectos, desempeñando un papel importante en esta interacción. Sin embargo, estos compuestos podrían disminuir según el grado de domesticación. Actualmente, se ha reportado que algunos metabolitos secundarios son reducidos en plantas de murtilla domesticadas. Por lo tanto, surge la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿Los compuestos orgánicos volátiles inducidos por el daño mecánico son reducidos en plantas cultivadas de murtilla en comparación con plantas silvestres? Para dos ecotipos cultivados y sus respectivas contrapartes silvestres, los compuestos volátiles fueron capturados usando columnas de Porapak-Q y las muestras analizadas por cromatografía gaseosa. Los resultados mostraron que compuestos tales como 2- hexanona, α-pineno, 2-tujeno, 3-tujeno y 1,8-cineol fueron más abundantes en plantas silvestres expuestas a daño mecánico que en cultivadas. Debido a que estos compuestos se han asociado a defensa inducida, estos resultados sugieren que la domesticación reduce la inducción de volátiles en plantas cultivadas sometidas a daño mecánico.

Assuntos

RESUMO

En el presente trabajo, es estudiada la diversidad genética de tres poblaciones atribuidas a ecotipos de aguaymanto, Physalis peruaviana. Las tres poblaciones eran atribuidas a los ecotipos Agroandino (provincia de San Pablo), Celendino (provincia de Celendín) y Cajabamba (provincia de Cajabamba) del departamento de Cajamarca. Se realizó la cuantificación proteica y evaluó el polimorfismo de las proteínas de reserva seminal (SSPs) mediante electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida denaturante (SDS-PAGE). Además, se identificaron características bioquímicas de las proteínas seminales en esta especie. No se hallaron diferencias entre las tres poblaciones basados en la cuantificación proteica. Las globulinas (82.4%) fueron la fracción mayoritaria seguida por las albuminas (13.9%), glutelinas (3.7%) y prolaminas (0.7%). Sólo las albuminas mostraron polimorfismo, hallándose 21 proteínas entre ~ 6.5 a ~45 kDa y tres perfiles electroforéticos diferentes, los cuales fueron compartidos entre las poblaciones. Se identificaron las leguminas y vicilinas en la fracción globulina. Las glutelinas mostraron proteínas de mismo peso molecular (PM) a las leguminas; y las prolaminas sólo una banda de bajo PM. La población de San Pablo fue completamente homogénea a diferencia de la población de Cajabamba que mostró la mayor diversidad genética seguida de Celendín. No fue posible diferenciar las poblaciones designadas como ecotipos Agroandino, Cajabamba y Celendino basados en el análisis de proteínas seminales.

The genetic diversity of three populations designated as ecotypes of golden berry (Physalis peruaviana) is studied using protein quantification and polymorphism of seed storage proteins (SSPs) by denaturating polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). As well, biochemical characteristics of seed proteins were identified. The populations were from San Pablo province (Agroandino ecotype), Celendín province (Celendino ecotype) and Cajabamba province (Cajabamba ecotype), all from Cajamarca Department. There was not difference among the three populations based on protein quantification. Globulins (82.4%) were the majority fraction followed for albumins (13.9%), glutelins (3.7%) and prolamins (0.7%). Only albumins showed polymorphism, showing 21 proteins between ~6.5 to ~45 kDa and three different electrophoretic profiles, which were share among the three populations. Legumins and vicilins were identified in globulin fraction. Glutelins showed proteins of same molecular weight (MW) to legumins; and prolamins only a band of low MW. San Pablo province population (Agroandino ecotype) was completely uniform, while Cajabamba population showed higher genetic diversity followed by Celendin population. Our results shows that, based on seed proteins analyses is not possible to distinguish the three populations designated as Agroandino, Cajabamba and Celendino ecotypes.

RESUMO

In the Porcelana Hot Spring (Northern Patagonia), true-branching cyanobacteria are the dominant primary producers in microbial mats, and they are mainly responsible for carbon and nitrogen fixation. However, little is known about their metabolic and genomic adaptations at high temperatures. Therefore, in this study, a total of 81 Fischerella thermalis strains (also known as Mastigocladus laminosus) were isolated from mat samples in a thermal gradient between 61-46°C. The complementary use of proteomic comparisons from these strains, and comparative genomics of F. thermalis pangenomes, suggested that at least two different ecotypes were present within these populations. MALDI-TOF MS analysis separated the strains into three clusters; two with strains obtained from mats within the upper temperature range (61 and 54°C), and a third obtained from mats within the lower temperature range (51 and 46°C). Both groups possessed different but synonymous nifH alleles. The main proteomic differences were associated with the abundance of photosynthesis-related proteins. Three F. thermalis metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) were described from 66, 58 and 48°C metagenomes. These pangenomes indicated a divergence of orthologous genes and a high abundance of exclusive genes at 66°C. These results improved the current understanding of thermal adaptation of F. thermalis and the evolution of these thermophilic cyanobacterial species.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Unlike animals, plants possess a non-strict and sometimes very fuzzy morphology. Mutual proportions of plant parts can vary to a much greater extent than in animals, changing according to the environmental conditions and the plant needs of nutrients, water and light. Despite the existence of this fundamental difference between plants and animals, it passes almost non-reflected in most studies on plants. In this review we make a preliminary attempt to gather together the mechanisms by which plants preserve their integrity, not loosing at the same time the physiological (and morphological) flexibility which allows them adapting to the different environments they can populate.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a highly salt-tolerant species subdivided into five ecotypes and exhibiting broad intra-specific differences in tolerance levels. In a greenhouse study, Chilean landraces belonging either to the salares (R49) or coastal lowlands (VI-1, Villarrica) ecotype with contrasting agro-ecological origins were investigated for their responses to high salinity. The effects of two levels of salinity, 100 (T1) and 300 (T2) mM NaCl, on plant growth and on some physiological parameters were measured. Leaf and root Na(+) accumulation differed among landraces. T2 reduced growth and seed yield in all landraces with maximum inhibition relative to controls in R49. Salinity negatively affected chlorophyll and total polyphenol content (TPC) in VI-1 and Villarrica but not R49. Germination on saline or control media of seeds harvested from plants treated or not with NaCl was sometimes different; the best performing landrace was R49 insofar as 45-65% of seeds germinated on 500 mM NaCl-containing medium. In all landraces, average seedling root length declined strongly with increasing NaCl concentration, but roots of R49 were significantly longer than those of VI-1 and Villarrica up to 300 mM NaCl. Salt caused increases in seed TPC relative to controls, but radical scavenging capacity was higher only in seeds from T2 plants of R49. Total SDS-extractable seed proteins were resolved into distinct bands (10-70 kDa) with some evident differences between landraces. Salt-induced changes in protein patterns were landrace-specific. The responses to salinity of the salares landrace are discussed in relation to its better adaptation to an extreme environment.

Assuntos