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The aim of this study was to analyze the existence of the Kuznets environmental curve (EKC) hypothesis for a diverse spectrum of environmental pollutants (carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) from the Brazilian states from 1980 to 2020. In the Kuznets hypothesis, economic growth, represented by GDP per capita, grows inflection in relation to environmental degradation. Upon reaching a certain point, the relationship becomes inversely opposite, being a positive trend of growth and a retract to environmental indicators, as in the case of greenhouse gases. The application of regression models in strict observance of Grossman and Krueger's EKC econometric model (1995) allowed a critical analysis of the Brazilian empirical model relative to pollutant emissions. The results show the corroboration of the EKC hypothesis for carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, but not methane gas. Additionally, the discussion on the subject was extended to the debate about Brazil on the world stage. Brazil is on the world stage as a major influencer in environmental issues, so everything empirically contributes, both to academia and public managers, by presenting evidence of the relationship of economic growth aligned with sustainable development. Thus, the study provides contributions to professionals, researchers, and international readers. On the other hand, this study shows as political implications the need for improvements and reformulations of environmental policies in favor of mitigating environmental degradation.

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In this paper, we examine the consequences of populist government for long-term economic growth and development. To this end, we estimate the long-term growth impact of the Juan Péron's political rule in Argentina, which led to a comprehensive overhaul of the institutional framework laid by the Argentine founding fathers in the 1853 Constitution. Our hypothesis is that the progressive substitution of a growth-enhancing institutional framework by exclusionary growth-distorting frameworks explains Argentina's economic decline from one the world's richest countries on the eve of World War I to an underdeveloped nation in the present day. We emphasize the erosion of the rule of law and restraint of economic freedom during Perón's first government (1943-1955) as two fundamental coadjutant causes of Argentina's decline. The populist legal reforms of Perón had long-lasting adverse economic effects. By comparing Argentina's pre-Péron growth trajectory with a donor pool of 58 countries for the period 1860-2015, we estimate the counterfactual scenario without Péron's reforms. A variety of synthetic control estimates uncover substantial negative effects of the weakening of the rule of law and the populist reforms that began in 1940s on the trajectory of economic growth and development. The populist overhaul negated the economic growth advantages inherent in the 1853 Alberdian constitution. Without the short-sighted populist Peron episodes, Argentina would be a rich country down to the present day with per capita income comparable to southern European countries. We also perform a series of randomization inferences and a battery of placebo analyses, which confirm our results. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1057/s41294-022-00193-4.

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BACKGROUND: Adult height is a cumulative indicator of living standards with mean height increasing with a greater socio-economic level. Guatemalan adult women have the lowest mean height worldwide. The country's population is ethnically divided between indigenous and non-indigenous groups. This study aims to identify trends in the mean height for indigenous and non-indigenous adult women born between 1945 and 1995 in Guatemala and the association with individual, household and environmental factors. METHODS: We used pooled data of adult women from five Demographic and Health Surveys. Mixed-effects multilevel linear regression models estimate the mean height associated with the explanatory variables. Mean height was modelled as a function of birth year cohort, wealth, education, geo-administrative regions and elevation. RESULTS: The mean height increased 0.021 cm per year on average. The annual increase for indigenous women was 0.027 cm, while 0.017 cm for non-indigenous women. Height is associated with household wealth and women's education level. We found an interaction effect between ethnicity and household wealth, with indigenous women at the lowest quintile 0.867 cm shorter than the corresponding non-indigenous group. Height is associated with the geo-administrative region, those women in western regions being shorter than those in the metropolis. Mean height is reduced 0.980 cm for each 1000 m increase in elevation. CONCLUSIONS: Guatemalan women have grown only 1 cm over half century, a slow improvement between 1945 and 1995, a period characterised by political instability and civil war. There are persistent inequalities in women's height associated with socio-economic status, education and attributes of the geographical context. These aspects need to be considered when implementing strategies to encourage growth. Further research is required to understand the evolution of adult height and the standard of living in post-war Guatemala.

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RESUMO Objetivou-se apontar os elementos essenciais da logística que contribuem para a promoção do acesso no contexto do sistema produtivo da saúde, visando articular a produção nacional, reduzir a dependência externa para viabilizar o acesso universal e o fortalecimento do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) em um contexto de pandemia e crise sanitária. Utilizou-se como estratégia metodológica uma pesquisa qualitativa de base bibliográfica sobre os conceitos de sistemas de saúde, saúde pública e acesso a medicamentos e vacinas, somados ao perfil dos operadores logísticos nacionais e à operacionalização do plano nacional de imunização contra a Covid-19 do Ministério da Saúde. Concluiu-se que a logística desempenha papel fundamental na promoção do acesso às tecnologias em saúde, sendo necessário empreender esforços em pesquisas que incluam os atores do setor produtivo capazes de contribuir com a elaboração de políticas públicas na área da saúde. Os elementos centrais da logística precisam ser ressaltados para o fortalecimento de uma agenda que articule o Complexo Econômico-Industrial da Saúde com o acesso universal, pensando nos fatores logísticos como elementos críticos sem os quais o acesso não se materializa. É necessário que os sistemas logísticos sejam pensados como recurso dos sistemas de saúde para viabilizar sua integralidade e sustentabilidade.

ABSTRACT The objective was to point out the essential elements of logistics that contribute to the promotion of access in the context of the health production system to articulate national production, reduce external dependence to enable universal access and the strengthening of the Unified Health System (SUS) in the context of the pandemic and health crisis. Qualitative bibliographic-based research was used as a methodological strategy on the concepts of health system, public health, access to medicines, added to the profile of national logistics operators and the operationalization of the Ministry of Health's national immunization plan against COVID-19. It was concluded that logistics plays a fundamental role in promoting access to health technologies and it is necessary to undertake research efforts that include the actors of the productive sector capable of contributing to the elaboration of public policies in the field of health. The central elements of logistics need to be highlighted in order to strengthen an agenda that articulates the Health Economic-Industrial Complex with universal access, considering logistical factors as critical elements without which access does not materialize. Logistical systems should be thought of as a resource of universal health systems to enable their integrality and sustainability.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar a distribuição dos cursos de Odontologia, número de cirurgiões-dentistas(CD)ePIBper capita em municípios paraibanos com cursos de graduação em Odontologia. Trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo com utilização de dados coletados diretamente dossites do Conselho Federal de Odontologia, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatísticae do Cadastro Nacional de Cursose Instituições de Ensino Superior. Todos os dados utilizados nesta pesquisa são de acesso público. AParaíba possui 16 cursos de graduação em Odontologia, distribuídos em 6 munícipios: Araruna (1; 6,25%), Cabedelo (1; 6,25%), Cajazeiras (2; 12,50%), Campina Grande (6; 37,50%), João Pessoa (4; 25,00%) e Patos (2; 12,50%).Os municípios com maiores valores de PIB per capita, como João Pessoa (R$24.319,82) e Campina Grande (R$21.077,30), apresentaram também maior número de CD, com uma correlação positiva entre os valores do PIB per capitade cada município e a quantidade de cursos e profissionais. Apesar disso, Cabedelo, município paraibano com apenas um curso de Odontologia, sendo este na rede privada, e 126 CDs em atividade, tem o maior PIB per capita do estado (R$ 42.556,16). O PIB per capita parece ser responsável pela distribuição de CDs nos municípios com cursos de graduação em Odontologia, no entanto, fatores como qualidade de vida, mercado de trabalho e saúde, tendem a exercerforte influência na distribuição destes profissionais (AU).

This study aimed at relating the distribution of Dentistry courses, number of dental surgeons (DS) and GDP per capitain municipalities of the state of Paraíbawith undergraduate courses in Dentistry. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study using secondary data from the Brazilian Federal Council of Dentistry (CFO), the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and the National Registry of HigherEducation Courses and Institutions. All data used in this study is publicly accessible. The state has 16 undergraduate courses in Dentistry, distributed in 6 municipalities: Araruna (1; 6.25%), Cabedelo (1; 6.25%), Cajazeiras (2; 12.50%), Campina Grande (6; 37.50%), João Pessoa (4; 25.00%) and Ducks (2; 12.50%). The municipalities with the highest GDP per capita, such as João Pessoa (R$ 24,319.82) and Campina Grande (R$ 21,077.30), also had a higher number of DS, with a positive correlation between the values of GDPper capita of each municipality and the number of courses and professionals. Besides, Cabedelo, a municipality in Paraíbawith only one Dentistry course, which is in the private network, and 126 active DS, has the highest GDPper capita in the state (R$ 42,556.16) (table 2). According to the results presented in this study, GDP per capita seems to be responsible for the distribution of SD in municipalities with undergraduate courses in Dentistry. However, factors such as quality of life, labor market and health tend to strongly influence the distribution of these professionals (AU).

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State Film Incentives (SFIs) are a recent and popular economic development incentive. I study these through case studies of two prominent SFIs: those in Louisiana and New Mexico, using the Abadie et al. (2010) synthetic control case study method. This allows me to estimate the effect of SFIs relative to the "business-as-usual": what would have happened without SFIs. I estimate the effects of these SFIs on filming location, using databases from IMDb and Studio System, and on business establishments, and employment in the motion picture production industry, using the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. My results show increases in feature films, but not TV series filming, employment, or business establishments. This suggests that while there are some benefits to these incentives, their ability, under favorable circumstances, to develop a local film industry is very limited.

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Abstract Introduction: Cambodia is a small agricultural tropical country for which only two small scientometric studies, published five years ago, were available until now. Objective: To identify, for Cambodian research, subjects, outlets, authors, institutions, citations and recommendations. Methods: The data were retrieved from the Science Citation Index Expanded (January 04, 2021) using the word "Cambodia" for the period 1972 to 2019. Results: We retrieved 3 689 documents: for the half century covered, the yearly presence of Cambodia in the index has grown strongly, to 325 articles and 6 555 authors in 2019 alone. Most documents are articles in English about health, particularly infectious and tropical diseases. Most international collaboration is done, by country, with the USA, France, and Thailand; and by institution, with Mahidol University, the Pasteur Institute and Oxford University. The most productive institutions are the Cambodian Ministry of Health and the Cambodian National Center for Parasitology. The main outlets are PLoS One, Malaria and PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. Cambodian articles are cited for up to 33 years, with a peak of 4.5 citations within the first two years. Those in English, or from well-funded foreign projects, have more citations in this particular index; especially if they are about malaria, hepatitis or influenza. Conclusions: The nature and impact of Cambodian science outside the SCI-EXPANDED remain unknown, but publications in that index have increased, concentrate on solving local problems, and depend heavily on international collaboration, following a well-known pattern of science in tropical countries. We suggest a funding system based on international peers who assign funds to the most productive researchers with minimal bureaucracy, so that local research is done on a greater variety of topics and with less participation of Cambodian researchers as low-level members in foreign projects.

Resumen Introducción: Camboya es un país tropical asiático pequeño y "subdesarrollado", con una economía basada en la agricultura, para el que hasta ahora solo estaban disponibles dos pequeños estudios cienciométricos, publicados hace cinco años. Objetivo: Identificar, para la investigación camboyana, qué se estudia; quién hizo la investigación; dónde y cuándo se publicó; y los factores que afectan su citación. Métodos: Usamos el Science Citation Index Expanded (4 de enero de 2021) utilizando la palabra "Camboya" y se limitaron al período 1972 a 2019. Resultados: Hallamos 3 689 documentos; durante el medio siglo cubierto, la presencia anual de Camboya en el índice ha aumentado considerablemente, con 325 artículos y 6 555 autores incorporados tan solo en 2019. La mayoría son artículos en inglés sobre salud, particularmente enfermedades infecciosas y tropicales. La mayor parte de la colaboración internacional se realiza, por país, con EE. UU., Francia y Tailandia; y por institución, con la Universidad Mahidol, el Instituto Pasteur y la Universidad de Oxford. Las instituciones más productivas son el Ministerio de Salud de Camboya y el Centro Nacional de Parasitología de Camboya. Las principales revistas son PLoS One, Malaria y PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. Los artículos camboyanos se citan hasta por 33 años, con un máximo de 4.5 citas en los dos primeros años. Los que son en inglés, o de proyectos dirigidos por el extranjero, tienen más citas en esta base de datos; particularmente si se trata de malaria, hepatitis o influenza. Conclusiones: La naturaleza y el impacto de la ciencia camboyana fuera del SCI-EXPANDED siguen sin conocerse, pero las publicaciones en ese índice han aumentado, se concentran en resolver problemas locales y dependen en gran medida de la colaboración internacional, siguiendo un patrón bien conocido en los países tropicales. Sugerimos un sistema de financiación basado en pares internacionales que asignen, con burocracia mínima, fondos a los investigadores más productivos, de modo que la investigación local se realice en una mayor variedad de temas y con una menor participación de investigadores camboyanos como miembros de bajo nivel en proyectos extranjeros.

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ABSTRACT As an important part of human capital, healthy human capital plays a great role in promoting economic development. Based on the overlapping generations (OLG) model, this study establishes a correlation analysis model between healthy human capital and economic growth. This model takes utility maximization as the theoretical carrier to study how individuals promote economic growth while pursuing the maximization of their own health capital accumulation. The model can analyze the promotion mechanism of healthy human capital on economic growth, so as to provide decision support for relevant personnel. Taking the panel data of 11 provinces and cities in China as samples, this paper makes an empirical analysis of the model. The results show that healthy human capital investment in coastal areas is generally high, and the relationship between healthy human capital and economic growth conforms to the inverted U-shaped development model, so we should pay attention to the reasonable proportion of healthy human capital investment. In addition, from the fitting effect of the regression model, the F-statistic values of model 1 and model 2 are 672.6327 and 1240.188, which shows that the fitting accuracy of the two regression models is higher.

RESUMO Como parte importante do capital humano, o capital humano saudável desempenha um grande papel na promoção do desenvolvimento econômico. Com base no modelo de gerações gerações sobrepostas (OLG), este estudo estabelece um modelo de análise de correlação entre o capital humano saudável e o crescimento econômico. Este modelo leva à maximização da utilidade como suporte teórico para estudar como os indivíduos promovem o crescimento econômico, enquanto procedem à maximização de sua própria acumulação de capital saudável. O modelo pode analisar o mecanismo de promoção de capital humano saudável em crescimento econômico, de modo a fornecer suporte de decisão para os profissionais. Tomando os dados do painel de 11 províncias e cidades da China como amostra, o presente estudo faz uma análise empírica do modelo. Os resultados mostram que o investimento em capital humano para a saúde nas zonas costeiras é geralmente elevado, e a relação entre o capital humano saudável e o crescimento econômico está em conformidade com o modelo de desenvolvimento invertido em forma de U, pelo que devemos prestar atenção à proporção razoável de investimento em capital humano saudável. Além disso, a partir do efeito de ajuste do modelo de regressão, os valores F-estatísticos do modelo 1 e do modelo 2 são 672.6327 e 1240.188, o que mostra que a precisão de ajuste dos dois modelos de regressão é maior.

RESUMEN Como parte importante del capital humano, la salud juega un papel importante en la promoción del desarrollo económico. Basado en el modelo de generaciones superpuestas (OLG), este estudio establece un modelo de análisis de correlación entre capital humano saludable y crecimiento económico. Este modelo toma la maximización de la utilidad como portador teórico para estudiar cómo los individuos promueven el crecimiento económico mientras persiguen la maximización de su propia acumulación de capital en salud. El modelo puede analizar el mecanismo de promoción del capital humano saludable sobre el crecimiento económico, a fin de brindar apoyo a las decisiones del personal relevante. Tomando como muestra los datos de panel de 11 provincias y ciudades de China, este artículo realiza un análisis empírico del modelo. Los resultados muestran que la inversión de capital humano saludable en las áreas costeras es generalmente alta, y la relación entre capital humano saludable y crecimiento económico se ajusta al modelo de desarrollo en forma de U invertida, por lo que debemos prestar atención a la proporción razonable de inversión de capital humano saludable. Además, del efecto de ajuste del modelo de regresión, los valores del estadístico F del modelo 1 y del modelo 2 son 672,6327 y 1240,188, lo que muestra que la precisión de ajuste de los dos modelos de regresión es mayor.

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This study examines links between Morgan and Stanley capital Investment (MSCI), foreign direct investment (FDI), renewable energy, urbanization, and trade openness on environmental degradation in (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) BRICS countries. In this study, generalized method of moment (GMM) estimation is applied on a data set ranging from 1993 to 2018. Results illustrate that stock market index price (MSCI) has negative relationship on CO2 emissions in India, China, Russia, and South Africa and has positive relationship in Brazil. One possible reason for this is strong environmental regulations and their enforcement by Brazilian government. The study also finds that trade openness, FDI, and urbanization have a significant positive relationship on environmental degradation. The impact of stock market development on environmental degradation varies among BRICS countries. Our outcomes have significant policy implications. For example, the policy makers have to initiate effective strategies to promote the renewable energy sources to meet the increasing demand for energy by replacing the use of conventional energy such as coal, gas, and oil. This will help to reduce the CO2 emissions from fossil fuel and ensure sustainable stock market development in the BRICS nations. BRICS countries who have taken the initiative and formulated policies for businesses to conserve the environment play a positive role compared to those who do not.

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BACKGROUND: Childhood overweight and obesity (OW/OB) is increasingly centered in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) as rural populations experience market integration and lifeway change. Most explanatory studies have relied on imprecise estimates of children's energy expenditure, restricting understanding of the relative effects of changes in diet and energy expenditure on the development of OW/OB in transitioning contexts. OBJECTIVES: This study used gold-standard measurements of children's energy expenditure to investigate the changes that underlie OW/OB and the nutrition/epidemiologic transition. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were collected from "rural" (n = 43) Shuar forager-horticulturalist children and their "peri-urban" (n = 34) Shuar counterparts (age 4-12 y) in Amazonian Ecuador. Doubly labeled water measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE; kcal/d), respirometry measurements of resting energy expenditure (REE; kcal/d), and measures of diet, physical activity, immune activity, and market integration were analyzed primarily using regression models. RESULTS: Peri-urban children had higher body fat percentage (+8.1%, P < 0.001), greater consumption of market-acquired foods (multiple P < 0.001), lower concentrations of immune activity biomarkers (multiple P < 0.05), and lower REE (-108 kcal/d, P = 0.002) than rural children. Despite these differences, peri-urban children's TEE was indistinguishable from that of rural children (P = 0.499). Moreover, although sample-wide IgG concentrations and household incomes predicted REE (both P < 0.05), no examined household, immune activity, or physical activity measures were related to children's overall TEE (all P > 0.09). Diet and energy expenditure associations with adiposity demonstrate that only reported consumption of market-acquired "protein" and "carbohydrate" foods predicted children's body fat levels (multiple P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Despite underlying patterns in REE, Shuar children's TEE is not reliably related to market integration and-unlike dietary measures-does not predict adiposity. These findings suggest a leading role of changing dietary intake in transitions to OW/OB in LMICs.

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INTRODUCTION: In any country, the development and growth of open-heart surgery parallel stable political climate, economic growth, good leadership, and prudent fiscal management. These were lacking in Nigeria, which was under a military rule. The enthronement of democratic rule, in 1999, has caused desirable changes. The objective of this study is to report our experience with foreign cardiac teams that visited the National Cardiothoracic Center of Excellence, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, for seven years, in order to restart its open-heart surgery program. METHODS: To achieve the desired open-heart surgery training, our center received regular and frequent visits from foreign cardiac teams who would perform open-heart surgery with the local team. RESULTS: During the period of seven years, a total of 266 open-heart operations involving both adults and children were performed, with a mean of 38 cases per year; 150 (54.4%) males and 116 (43.6%) females were treated, with a ratio of 1.0:0.8. Six different teams visited the center at different periods. CONCLUSION: After these years of cardiac missions to our center, the experience of the local team, especially the surgeons, is far from desirable because each team visit usually lasted about a week or two and each team, with exception of the CardioStart International/William Novick Global Cardiac Alliance, adopted the surgical 'safari' method.

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Abstract Introduction: In any country, the development and growth of open-heart surgery parallel stable political climate, economic growth, good leadership, and prudent fiscal management. These were lacking in Nigeria, which was under a military rule. The enthronement of democratic rule, in 1999, has caused desirable changes. The objective of this study is to report our experience with foreign cardiac teams that visited the National Cardiothoracic Center of Excellence, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, for seven years, in order to restart its open-heart surgery program. Methods: To achieve the desired open-heart surgery training, our center received regular and frequent visits from foreign cardiac teams who would perform open-heart surgery with the local team. Results: During the period of seven years, a total of 266 open-heart operations involving both adults and children were performed, with a mean of 38 cases per year; 150 (54.4%) males and 116 (43.6%) females were treated, with a ratio of 1.0:0.8. Six different teams visited the center at different periods. Conclusion: After these years of cardiac missions to our center, the experience of the local team, especially the surgeons, is far from desirable because each team visit usually lasted about a week or two and each team, with exception of the CardioStart International/William Novick Global Cardiac Alliance, adopted the surgical 'safari' method.

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In recent years, a debate on the technological sources of the next long wave of growth has emerged. In this context, some authors consider that health-related industries will be more likely to generate new technological systems than defense-related industries, which have entered a stage of technological maturity (Ruttan 2006; Steinbock 2014; among others). Based on evolutionary works, in this paper we state that technological systems are characterized by a high degree of technological relatedness, which is positively associated with the possibility of a system to generate variety through the recombination of knowledge from a common base. Following this statement, this work aims to analyze technological relatedness between defense (and health) technological system(s) and other groups of products to compare their variety patterns. Based on international trade data (a panel for 60 countries and 17 years), and different measures of proximity and relatedness (e.g. sectoral competitiveness of countries), we compare defense and health technological systems regarding their potential of generating related variety through two main methods: network analysis and econometrical analysis. The main results support Ruttan's hypothesis. The network analysis shows the potential for both systems to generate related variety, but higher centrality indicators for health products. In line with that, competitiveness in health products presents a stronger correlation with competitiveness in other groups of products, both related and high and medium technology. This suggests that an improvement in countries' competitiveness in health sectors can generate spillovers on other related sectors, which can strengthen structural competitiveness and sustain long-term growth.

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This paper identifies the main determinants of errors in the allocation of spending by the Colombian Government. Using information from the Electronic Public Procurement System (SECOP), the determinants of the probability of an addition to a contract are identified. The errors of the government can be interpreted as an approximation of their corruption. The average income and educational level of a colombian department are found to directly influence the probability of an addition. Using the estimation of the binary choice models, the forecast error of an addition is estimated, it is found that public and civil works contracts have more forecast error, forming an ideal mechanism for thefts and accumulation of bribes. Our results show that predicting an addition can be done with high certainty.

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ABSTRACT Natural resources are essential to health and are global commons. Recognizing the devastating damage posed by extraction to health and the environment, as well as the erosion of the sovereignty of our governments that have increasingly conceded people's health in the interest of profit and development, is important in framing our resistance. Our communities experience growing displacement, the loss of social services, of land, water and livelihood, heightened militarization, violence and repression, and increased incidence of communicable diseases and health problems resulting from exposure to toxics. All of these are linked to an extractivist project driven by global financial capital promoting an unsustainable and inequitable development model that threatens people's health and the health of the planet. Is it compatible with the right to health to finance national health systems with revenues of activities that intrinsically destroy life? The essay portrays the inconsistency of development policies that fund health/right to health with extractivism and depicts examples of resistance to extractive industries tied to the People's Health Movement (Canada,Turkey, India and Ecuador) in different types of governments. The need to strengthen the link between the right to health struggles and anti-extractive resistance is highlighted.

RESUMO Os recursos naturais são essenciais para a saúde e são bens comuns globais. Reconhecer os danos devastadores causados pelo extrativismo à saúde e ao meio ambiente, bem como a erosão da soberania de nossos governos, que cada vez mais têm subordinado a saúde das pessoas ao interesse do lucro e do desenvolvimento, é importante para enquadrar nossa resistência. Nossas comunidades sofrem deslocamentos crescentes, a perda de serviços sociais, de terra, água e meios de subsistência, militarização aumentada, violência e repressão e aumento da incidência de doenças transmissíveis e problemas de saúde resultantes da exposição a substâncias tóxicas. Tudo isso está vinculado a um projeto extrativista impulsionado pelo capital financeiro global que promove um modelo de desenvolvimento insustentável e desigual que ameaça a saúde das pessoas e a saúde do planeta. É compatível com o direito à saúde financiar sistemas nacionais de saúde com receitas de atividades que destroem intrinsecamente a vida? Este ensaio retrata a inconsistência das políticas de desenvolvimento que financiam a saúde/direito à saúde com o extrativismo e descreve exemplos de resistência às indústrias extrativas ligadas ao Movimento pela Saúde dos Povos (Canadá, Turquia, Índia e Equador) em diferentes tipos de governo. Destaca-se a necessidade de fortalecer o vínculo entre o direito à saúde e a resistência antiextrativa.

RESUMEN Los recursos naturales son bienes comunes a escala global esenciales para la salud. Reconocer la devastación que produce el extractivismo en la salud y el ambiente, así como la erosión de la soberanía de nuestros gobiernos que han cedido en favor del desarrollo y el lucro es importante para estructurar nuestras resistencias. Nuestras comunidades sufren un creciente desplazamiento, la pérdida de servicios sociales, tierras, agua, medios de subsistencia, militarización, violencia y represión. A la par vemos una mayor incidencia de enfermedades transmisibles y problemas de salud derivados de la exposición a sustancias tóxicas, todo ello vinculado a un proyecto extractivista impulsado por el capital financiero global que promueve un modelo de desarrollo insostenible e injusto, amenazando la salud de las personas y del planeta. ¿Es compatible con el derecho a la salud financiar los sistemas nacionales de salud con ingresos de actividades que destruyen la vida intrínsecamente? El ensayo reflexiona sobre la inconsistencia del modelo de desarrollo que financia el derecho a la salud con extractivismo y coloca historias de resistencia a las industrias extractivas ligadas al Movimiento para la Salud de los Pueblos (Canadá, Turquía, India, Ecuador) y en diferentes tipos de gobiernos. Destaca la necesidad de fortalecer el vínculo entre las luchas por el derecho a la salud y la resistencia contra el extractivismo.

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ABSTRACT Natural resources are essential to health and are global commons. Recognizing the devastating damage posed by extraction to health and the environment, as well as the erosion of the sovereignty of our governments that have increasingly conceded people's health in the interest of profit and development, is important in framing our resistance. Our communities experience growing displacement, the loss of social services, of land, water and livelihood, heightened militarization, violence and repression, and increased incidence of communicable diseases and health problems resulting from exposure to toxics. All of these are linked to an extractivist project driven by global financial capital promoting an unsustainable and inequitable development model that threatens people's health and the health of the planet. Is it compatible with the right to health to finance national health systems with revenues of activities that intrinsically destroy life? The essay portrays the inconsistency of development policies that fund health/right to health with extractivism and depicts examples of resistance to extractive industries tied to the People's Health Movement (Canada,Turkey, India and Ecuador) in different types of governments. The need to strengthen the link between the right to health struggles and anti-extractive resistance is highlighted.

RESUMO Os recursos naturais são essenciais para a saúde e são bens comuns globais. Reconhecer os danos devastadores causados pelo extrativismo à saúde e ao meio ambiente, bem como a erosão da soberania de nossos governos, que cada vez mais têm subordinado a saúde das pessoas ao interesse do lucro e do desenvolvimento, é importante para enquadrar nossa resistência. Nossas comunidades sofrem deslocamentos crescentes, a perda de serviços sociais, de terra, água e meios de subsistência, militarização aumentada, violência e repressão e aumento da incidência de doenças transmissíveis e problemas de saúde resultantes da exposição a substâncias tóxicas. Tudo isso está vinculado a um projeto extrativista impulsionado pelo capital financeiro global que promove um modelo de desenvolvimento insustentável e desigual que ameaça a saúde das pessoas e a saúde do planeta. É compatível com o direito à saúde financiar sistemas nacionais de saúde com receitas de atividades que destroem intrinsecamente a vida? Este ensaio retrata a inconsistência das políticas de desenvolvimento que financiam a saúde/direito à saúde com o extrativismo e descreve exemplos de resistência às indústrias extrativas ligadas ao Movimento pela Saúde dos Povos (Canadá, Turquia, Índia e Equador) em diferentes tipos de governo. Destaca-se a necessidade de fortalecer o vínculo entre o direito à saúde e a resistência antiextrativa.

RESUMEN Los recursos naturales son bienes comunes a escala global esenciales para la salud. Reconocer la devastación que produce el extractivismo en la salud y el ambiente, así como la erosión de la soberanía de nuestros gobiernos que han cedido en favor del desarrollo y el lucro es importante para estructurar nuestras resistencias. Nuestras comunidades sufren un creciente desplazamiento, la pérdida de servicios sociales, tierras, agua, medios de subsistencia, militarización, violencia y represión. A la par vemos una mayor incidencia de enfermedades transmisibles y problemas de salud derivados de la exposición a sustancias tóxicas, todo ello vinculado a un proyecto extractivista impulsado por el capital financiero global que promueve un modelo de desarrollo insostenible e injusto, amenazando la salud de las personas y del planeta. ¿Es compatible con el derecho a la salud financiar los sistemas nacionales de salud con ingresos de actividades que destruyen la vida intrínsecamente? El ensayo reflexiona sobre la inconsistencia del modelo de desarrollo que financia el derecho a la salud con extractivismo y coloca historias de resistencia a las industrias extractivas ligadas al Movimiento para la Salud de los Pueblos (Canadá, Turquía, India, Ecuador) y en diferentes tipos de gobiernos. Destaca la necesidad de fortalecer el vínculo entre las luchas por el derecho a la salud y la resistencia contra el extractivismo.

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This paper considers economic development in Puerto Rico following its annexation by the United States in 1898, a watershed moment in the history of the island and the pinnacle of American imperialism in Latin America. Drawing on data from three surveys, I show that male height in Puerto Rico increased at more than twice the average rate for Latin America and the Caribbean between 1890 and 1940. I also show that Puerto Ricans at mid-century were among the tallest Latin Americans outside of Argentina and Uruguay. The evidence supports the conclusion that conditions improved substantially after US annexation, in contrast to the prevailing view in the literature.

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As countries turn wealthier, some health indicators, such as child mortality, seem to have well-defined trends. However, others, including cardiovascular conditions, do not follow clear linear patterns of change with economic development. Abnormal blood pressure is a serious health risk factor with consequences for population growth and longevity as well as public and private expenditure in health care and labor productivity. This also increases the risk of the population in certain pandemics, such as COVID-19. To determine the correlation of income and blood pressure, we analyzed time-series for the mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) of men's population (mmHg) and nominal Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDPPC) for 136 countries from 1980 to 2008 using regression and statistical analysis by Pearson's correlation (r). Our study finds a trend similar to an inverted-U shaped curve, or a 'Heart Kuznets Curve'. There is a positive correlation (increase GDPPC, increase SBP) in low-income countries, and a negative correlation in high-income countries (increase GDPPC, decrease SBP). As country income rises people tend to change their diets and habits and have better access to health services and education, which affects blood pressure. However, the latter two may not offset the rise in blood pressure until countries reach a certain income. Investing early in health education and preventive health care could avoid the sharp increase in blood pressure as countries develop, and therefore, avoiding the 'Heart Kuznets Curve' and its economic and human impacts.

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This paper describes efforts by public health practitioners to address a health crisis caused by economic development policies that are unrestrained by either environmental, public health, or human rights mandates. Economic development projects funded by international funding institutions like the Inter-American Development Bank that reduce poverty when measured in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in the transborder region between Suriname and French Guiana harm minority populations where commercial activities destroy, alter, and remove the resources upon which local communities depend. In this study, the structural causes of a community health crisis affecting Indigenous people in the transborder region between Suriname and French Guiana was addressed by seeking gatekeepers in government who have access to policy-making processes. We found that deeply rooted economic development policies structured social, economic, and political alliances and made them resistant to feedback and reform. We concluded that work must be focused beyond the simple exchange of public health information. Public health practitioners must become politically active to create new policy commitments and new patterns of governance that advance development as well as improve health outcomes. Failure to do so may result in public health practitioners becoming 'engaged followers' that are complicit in the inhumanity that springs from their acquiescence to the authority of government officials when their policies are the cause of preventable death, disease, and disability.

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