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The accidental spill of petroleum asphalt cement (PAC) in São Raimundo (SR Harbor, located on the Rio Negro (Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil) was monitored through the analysis of polyciclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and a set of biomarkers in fishes (exposure biomarkes: PAHs-type metabolites concentrations in bile; the activities of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in liver. Effect biomarkers: lipid peroxidation concentration (LPO) in liver, acetylcholinesterase activity in brain, and genotoxic DNA damage in erythrocytes). Two fish species, Acarichthys heckelii and Satanoperca jurupari, were collected 10, 45, and 90 days after the PAC spill in São Raimundo. At the same time, fish were collected from the Tupé Sustainable Development Reserve (Tupé) which served as a reference area. The sampling periods were related to the rising waters of the natural flood pulse of the Rio Negro. Higher concentrations of PAHs in water were observed at 10 and 45 days and returned to the values of TP 90 days after the PAC spill, a period in which harbor waters rose about 0.2 m. Unlike the PAHs in water, biomarker responses in both fish species significantly increased following the PAC spill in SR. Hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD), PAH-like metabolites in bile, and erythrocyte DNA damage increases, together with inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the brain were the most evident responses for both fish species. The calculated pyrolytic index showed mixed sources of PAHs (petrogenic and pyrolytic). The applied PCA-FA indicated important relationships between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and PAHs concentrations in water, where DOC and PAHs concentrations contributed to biomarkers responses for both fish species in all collection periods.

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Resumo Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as remoções de carbono orgânico dissolvido presente em águas filtradas de estação de tratamento de água com tratamento complementar por pré-oxidação com ozônio e adsorção em carvão ativado granular. Para o estudo de adsorção foi utilizado o método de ensaio rápido em coluna de escala reduzida, com carvão ativado produzido de cascas de coco. Realizou-se a comparação entre as curvas de ruptura para os ensaios com e sem aplicação de ozônio. Os resultados mostraram reduções nas concentrações de carbono orgânico dissolvido no início dos ensaios e após a passagem da água com e sem pré-ozonização pelas colunas ensaio rápido em coluna de escala reduzida seguida de incrementos progressivos das concentrações à medida que se aumentou o volume de leitos tratados. Na fase final dos ensaios, os aumentos de volume de leitos tratados não causaram mudanças significativas nas concentrações efluentes de carbono orgânico dissolvido. O mesmo comportamento foi observado com relação à absorção em radiação ultravioleta a 254 nm. O uso de ozônio previamente à adsorção em carvão ativado granular, usando o método ensaio rápido em coluna de escala reduzida, resultou em maiores reduções na absorbância da luz ultravioleta em 254 nm do que nas concentrações de carbono orgânico dissolvido. As absorbâncias específicas à radiação ultravioleta das amostras ozonizadas foram menores do que as que não receberam ozônio.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the removal of dissolved organic carbon in filtered water followed by pre-oxidation with ozone and adsorption on granular activated carbon. The rapid small-scale column test was used for the adsorption essays with activated carbon produced from coconut shells. A comparison was made between the breakthrough curves for tests performed with and without pre-oxidation with ozone. The results showed reductions in dissolved organic carbon concentrations after initial passage of water with and without ozone through the rapid small-scale column test column, followed by progressive increases in concentrations along with the number of the bed volumes. In the final phase of the tests, increases in bed volumes did not cause significative changes in effluent dissolved organic carbon concentrations. The same behavior was also observed with respect to ultra-violet absorbance at 254 nm. The use of ozone prior to adsorption on GAC, using the ERCER method, caused greater reductions on UV254 absorbance than in concentrations of dissolved organic carbon. The specific ultraviolet absorbance values of samples that received ozone were lower than those that were not ozonized.

RESUMO

Chemical pollution is one of the major threats to global freshwater biodiversity and will be exacerbated through changes in temperature and rainfall patterns, acid-base chemistry, and reduced freshwater availability due to climate change. In this review we show how physico-chemical features of natural fresh waters, including pH, temperature, oxygen, carbon dioxide, divalent cations, anions, carbonate alkalinity, salinity and dissolved organic matter, can affect the environmental risk to aquatic wildlife of pollutant chemicals. We evidence how these features of freshwater physico-chemistry directly and/or indirectly affect the solubility, speciation, bioavailability and uptake of chemicals [including via alterations in the trans-epithelial electric potential (TEP) across the gills or skin] as well as the internal physiology/biochemistry of the organisms, and hence ultimately toxicity. We also show how toxicity can vary with species and ontogeny. We use a new database of global freshwater chemistry (GLORICH) to demonstrate the huge variability (often >1000-fold) for these physico-chemical variables in natural fresh waters, and hence their importance to ecotoxicology. We emphasise that a better understanding of chemical toxicity and more accurate environmental risk assessment requires greater consideration of the natural water physico-chemistry in which the organisms we seek to protect live.

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In tropical regions, climate conditions favor fast decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM), releasing into the soil organic composts in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms with variable compositions. Dissolved organic matter (DOM), a complex mixture of thousands of organic compounds, is only a small fraction of the decomposition products; however, it is highly mobile and reactive to the soil. Therefore, DOM play a key role in soil aggregation (formation of organometallic complexes), energy source for microorganisms, as well as C storage, cycling, and provision of plant-available nutrients. DOM multifunctionality to sustain soil functions and important ecosystem services have raised global scientific interest in studies on DOM fractions. However, previous studies were conducted predominantly under temperate soil conditions in natural ecosystems. Therefore, there is paucity of information on tropical soil conditions under agricultural systems, where DOM turnover is intensified by management practices. This review synthesized information in the literature to identify and discuss the main sources, transformations, and future of DOM in soils. We also discussed the importance of this fraction in C cycling and other soil properties and processes, emphasizing agricultural systems in tropical soils. Gaps and opportunities were identified to guide future studies on DOM in tropical soils.(AU)

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In tropical regions, climate conditions favor fast decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM), releasing into the soil organic composts in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms with variable compositions. Dissolved organic matter (DOM), a complex mixture of thousands of organic compounds, is only a small fraction of the decomposition products; however, it is highly mobile and reactive to the soil. Therefore, DOM play a key role in soil aggregation (formation of organometallic complexes), energy source for microorganisms, as well as C storage, cycling, and provision of plant-available nutrients. DOM multifunctionality to sustain soil functions and important ecosystem services have raised global scientific interest in studies on DOM fractions. However, previous studies were conducted predominantly under temperate soil conditions in natural ecosystems. Therefore, there is paucity of information on tropical soil conditions under agricultural systems, where DOM turnover is intensified by management practices. This review synthesized information in the literature to identify and discuss the main sources, transformations, and future of DOM in soils. We also discussed the importance of this fraction in C cycling and other soil properties and processes, emphasizing agricultural systems in tropical soils. Gaps and opportunities were identified to guide future studies on DOM in tropical soils.

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Nutrient inputs to surface waters are particularly varied in urban areas, due to multiple nutrient sources and complex hydrologic pathways. Because of their close proximity to coastal waters, nutrient delivery from many urban areas can have profound impacts on coastal ecology. Relatively little is known about the temporal and spatial variability in stoichiometry of inorganic nutrients such as dissolved silica, nitrogen, and phosphorus (Si, N, and P) and dissolved organic matter in tropical urban environments. We examined nutrient stoichiometry of both inorganic nutrients and organic matter in an urban watershed in Puerto Rico served by municipal sanitary sewers and compared it to two nearby forested catchments using samples collected weekly from each river for 6 yr. Urbanization caused large increases in the concentration and flux of nitrogen and phosphorus (2- to 50-fold), but surprisingly little change in N:P ratio. Concentrations of almost all major ions and dissolved silica were also significantly higher in the urban river than the wildland rivers. Yield of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was not increased dramatically by urbanization, but the composition of dissolved organic matter shifted toward N-rich material, with a larger increase in dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) than DOC. The molar ratio of DOC:DON was about 40 in rivers draining forested catchments but was only 10 in the urban river. Inclusion of Si in the assessment of urbanization's impacts reveals a large shift in the stoichiometry (Si:N and Si:P) of nutrient inputs. Because both Si concentrations and watershed exports are high in streams and rivers from many humid tropical catchments with siliceous bedrock, even the large increases in N and P exported from urban catchments result in delivery of Si, N, and P to coastal waters in stoichiometric ratios that are well in excess of the Si requirements of marine diatoms. Our data suggest that dissolved Si, often neglected in watershed biogeochemistry, should be included in studies of urban as well as less developed watersheds due to its potential significance for marine and lacustrine productivity.

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Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leached from Brazilian Cerrado Arenosols can lead to carbon (C) losses and lower soil fertility, while excessive nutrient, e.g. nitrate (NO3-), leaching can potentially cause water contamination. As biochar has been shown to stabilize C and retain soil nutrients, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to test different biochars' contributions to DOC and NO3- leaching from a sandy soil. Biochars were made from four local agricultural waste feedstocks (cotton residue, swine manure, eucalyptus sawmill residue, sugarcane filtercake) pyrolysed at 400, 500 and 600 °C. Biochar was mixed with soil at 5% weight in pots and maize seeds planted. Leachate was collected weekly for six weeks and analyzed for DOC and NO3- concentrations, while fluorescence spectroscopy with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) was used to interpret DOC characteristics. Cotton and swine manure biochar treatments had higher DOC and NO3- losses than eucalyptus biochar, filtercake biochar, and control treatments. Cotton and swine manure biochar treatments at high temperatures lost mostly terrestrial, humified DOC, while swine manure, filtercake, and eucalyptus biochars at low temperatures lost mostly labile, microbially-derived DOC. Through the practical use of fluorescence spectroscopy, our study identified filtercake and eucalyptus biochars as most promising for retaining DOC and NO3- in a Cerrado Arenosol, potentially reducing stable C and nutrient losses.

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The most efficient system of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSFCW) for removing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the presence of chlorothalonil pesticide (CLT) present in synthetic domestic wastewater was determined using the macrophyte Phragmites australis. Two concentrations of CLT (85 and 385 µg L-1) and one concentration of glucose (20 mg L-1) were evaluated in four pilot scale horizontal surface flow constructed wetlands coupled with two sizes of silica gravel, igneous gravel, fine chalky gravel (3.18-6.35 mm), coarse gravel (12.70-25.40 mm) and two water surface heights (20 and 40 cm). For a month, wetlands were acclimated with domestic wastewater. Some groups of bacteria were also identified in the biofilm attached to the gravel. In each treatment periodic samplings were conducted in the influent and effluent. Chlorothalonil was quantified by gas chromatography (GC-ECD m), DOC by an organic carbon analyzer and bacterial groups using conventional microbiology in accordance with Standard Methods. The largest removals of DOC (85.82%-85.31%) were found when using fine gravel (3.18-6.35 mm) and the lower layer of water (20 cm). The bacterial groups quantified in the biofilm were total heterotrophic, revivable heterotrophic, Pseudomonas and total coliforms. The results of this study indicate that fine grain gravel (3.18-6.35 mm) and both water levels (20 to 40 cm) can be used in the removal of organic matter and for the treatment of agricultural effluents contaminated with organo-chloride pesticides like CLT in HSSFCW.

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Despite the strong representativeness of streams in the Amazon basin, their role in the accumulation of coarse particulate organic carbon (CPOC), fine particulate organic carbon (FPOC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in transport, an important energy source in these environments, is poorly known. It is known that the arboreal vegetation in the Amazon basin is influenced by soil fertility and rainfall gradients, but would these gradients promote local differences in organic matter in headwater streams? To answer this question, 14 low-order streams were selected within these gradients along the Amazon basin, with extensions that varied between 4 and 8 km. The efficiency of the transformation of particulate into dissolved carbon fractions was assessed for each stream. The mean monthly benthic organic matter storage ranged between 1.58 and 9.40 t ha(-1) month(-1). In all locations, CPOC was the most abundant fraction in biomass, followed by FPOC and DOC. Rainfall and soil fertility influenced the distribution of the C fraction (p = 0.01), showing differentiated particulate organic carbon (POC) storage and DOC transportation along the basin. Furthermore, the results revealed that carbon quantification at the basin level could be underestimated, ultimately influencing the global carbon calculations for the region. This is especially due to the fact that the majority of studies consider only fine particulate organic matter and dissolved organic matter, which represent less than 50 % of the stored and transported carbon in streambeds.

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Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is frequently used as a diagnostic parameter for the identification of environmental contamination in aqueous systems. Since this organic matter is evolving and decaying over time. If samples are collected under environmental conditions, some sample stabilization process is needed until the corresponding analysis can be made. This may affect the analysis results. This problem can be avoided using the direct determination of DOC. We report a study using in situ synchronous fluorescence spectra, with independent component analysis to retrieve relevant major spectral contributions and their respective component contributions, for the direct determination of DOC. Fluorescence spectroscopy is a very powerful and sensitive technique to evaluate vestigial organic matter dissolved in water and is thus suited for the analytical task of direct monitoring of dissolved organic matter in water, thus avoiding the need for the stabilization step. We also report the development of an accurate calibration model for dissolved organic carbon determinations using environmental samples of humic and fulvic acids. The method described opens the opportunity for a fast, in locus, DOC estimation in environmental or other field studies using a portable fluorescence spectrometer. This combines the benefits of the use of fresh samples, without the need of stabilizers, and also allows the interpretation of various additional spectral contributions based on their respective estimated properties. We show how independent component analysis may be used to describe tyrosine, tryptophan, humic acid and fulvic acid spectra and, thus, to retrieve the respective individual component contribution to the DOC.

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Urban areas are expanding rapidly in tropical regions, with potential to alter ecosystem dynamics. In particular, exotic grasses and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition simultaneously affect tropical urbanized landscapes, with unknown effects on properties like soil carbon (C) storage. We hypothesized that (H1) soil nitrate (NO3 (-) ) is elevated nearer to the urban core, reflecting N deposition gradients. (H2) Exotic grasslands have elevated soil NO3 (-) and decreased soil C relative to secondary forests, with higher N promoting decomposer activity. (H3) Exotic grasslands have greater seasonality in soil NO3 (-) vs. secondary forests, due to higher sensitivity of grassland soil moisture to rainfall. We predicted that NO3 (-) would be positively related to dissolved organic C (DOC) production via changes in decomposer activity. We measured six paired grassland/secondary forest sites along a tropical urban-to-rural gradient during the three dominant seasons (hurricane, dry, and early wet). We found that (1) soil NO3 (-) was generally elevated nearer to the urban core, with particularly clear spatial trends for grasslands. (2) Exotic grasslands had lower soil C than secondary forests, which was related to elevated decomposer enzyme activities and soil respiration. Unexpectedly, soil NO3 (-) was negatively related to enzyme activities, and was lower in grasslands than forests. (3) Grasslands had greater soil NO3 (-) seasonality vs. forests, but this was not strongly linked to shifts in soil moisture or DOC. Our results suggest that exotic grasses in tropical regions are likely to drastically reduce soil C storage, but that N deposition may have an opposite effect via suppression of enzyme activities. However, soil NO3 (-) accumulation here was higher in urban forests than grasslands, potentially related to of aboveground N interception. Net urban effects on C storage across tropical landscapes will likely vary depending on the mosaic of grass cover, rates of N deposition, and responses by local decomposer communities.

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The role of greenhouse gas emissions from freshwater reservoirs and their contribution to increase greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere is currently under discussion in many parts of the world. We studied CO2 and CH4 diffusive fluxes from two large neotropical hydropower reservoirs with different climate conditions. We used floating closed-chambers to estimate diffusive fluxes of these gaseous species. Sampling campaigns showed that the reservoirs studied were sources of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. In the Serra da Mesa Reservoir, the CH4 emissions ranged from 0.530 to 396.96 mg.m–2.d–1 and CO2 emissions ranged from –1,738.33 to 11,166.61 mg.m–2.d–1 and in Três Marias Reservoir the CH4 fluxes ranged 0.720 to 2,578.03 mg.m–2.d–1 and CO2 emission ranged from -3,037.80 to 11,516.64 to mg.m–2.d–1. There were no statistically significant differences of CH4 fluxes between the reservoirs, but CO2 fluxes from the two reservoirs studied were significantly different. The CO2 emissions measured over the periods studied in Serra da Mesa showed some seasonality with distinctions between the wet and dry transition season. In Três Marias Reservoir the CO2 fluxes showed no seasonal variability. In both reservoirs, CH4 emissions showed a tendency to increase during the study periods but this was not statistically significant. These results contributed to increase knowledge about the magnitude of CO2 and CH4 emission in hydroelectric reservoirs, however due to natural variability of the data future sampling campaigns will be needed to better elucidate the seasonal influences on the fluxes of greenhouse gases.

Atualmente, em diversas partes do mundo, tem-se discutido muito sobre a contribuição das emissões de gases de efeito estufa oriundas de reservatórios hidrelétricos. Neste trabalho foram medidos fluxos difusivos de CO2 e CH4 em dois grandes reservatórios hidrelétricos neotropicais com diferentes condições climáticas (UHE Serra da Mesa e UHE Três Marias). Utilizamos câmaras flutuantes para estimar os fluxos difusivos de CO2 e CH4. As campanhas de amostragem mostraram que os dois reservatórios estudados apresentaram-se como fontes emissoras de gases por mecanismo de difusão. No reservatório de Serra da Mesa as emissões de CH4 variaram entre 0,530 e 396,96 mg.m–2.d–1 e as emissões de CO2 variaram entre –1.738,33 a 11.166,61 mg.m–2.d–1. No reservatório de Três Marias os fluxos de CH4 variaram entre 0,720 e 2.578,03 mg.m–2.d–1. Já os fluxos de CO2 variaram de -3.037,80 à 11.516,64 mg.m–2.d–1. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa dos fluxos de CH4 entre os reservatórios estudados, entretanto os fluxos de CO2 foram significativamente diferentes. As emissões de CO2 medidas ao longo dos períodos estudados em Serra da Mesa mostrou certa sazonalidade, com distinções entre o período de transição seco e úmido. No reservatório de Três Marias os fluxos de CO2 não apresentaram variabilidade sazonal. Em ambos os reservatórios, as emissões de CH4 apresentaram aumento do fluxo ao longo dos períodos de estudo, mas isso não foi estatisticamente significativo. Estes resultados contribuíram para aumentar o conhecimento sobre a variabilidade das emissões difusivas de CO2 e CH4 em reservatórios de usinas hidrelétricas. Entretanto, novas campanhas de amostragem serão necessárias para melhor estudar as influências sazonais sobre os fluxos dos gases de efeito estufa.

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RESUMO

The role of greenhouse gas emissions from freshwater reservoirs and their contribution to increase greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere is currently under discussion in many parts of the world. We studied CO2 and CH4 diffusive fluxes from two large neotropical hydropower reservoirs with different climate conditions. We used floating closed-chambers to estimate diffusive fluxes of these gaseous species. Sampling campaigns showed that the reservoirs studied were sources of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. In the Serra da Mesa Reservoir, the CH4 emissions ranged from 0.530 to 396.96 mg.m–2.d–1 and CO2 emissions ranged from –1,738.33 to 11,166.61 mg.m–2.d–1 and in Três Marias Reservoir the CH4 fluxes ranged 0.720 to 2,578.03 mg.m–2.d–1 and CO2 emission ranged from -3,037.80 to 11,516.64 to mg.m–2.d–1. There were no statistically significant differences of CH4 fluxes between the reservoirs, but CO2 fluxes from the two reservoirs studied were significantly different. The CO2 emissions measured over the periods studied in Serra da Mesa showed some seasonality with distinctions between the wet and dry transition season. In Três Marias Reservoir the CO2 fluxes showed no seasonal variability. In both reservoirs, CH4 emissions showed a tendency to increase during the study periods but this was not statistically significant. These results contributed to increase knowledge about the magnitude of CO2 and CH4 emission in hydroelectric reservoirs, however due to natural variability of the data future sampling campaigns will be needed to better elucidate the seasonal influences on the fluxes of greenhouse gases.(AU)

Atualmente, em diversas partes do mundo, tem-se discutido muito sobre a contribuição das emissões de gases de efeito estufa oriundas de reservatórios hidrelétricos. Neste trabalho foram medidos fluxos difusivos de CO2 e CH4 em dois grandes reservatórios hidrelétricos neotropicais com diferentes condições climáticas (UHE Serra da Mesa e UHE Três Marias). Utilizamos câmaras flutuantes para estimar os fluxos difusivos de CO2 e CH4. As campanhas de amostragem mostraram que os dois reservatórios estudados apresentaram-se como fontes emissoras de gases por mecanismo de difusão. No reservatório de Serra da Mesa as emissões de CH4 variaram entre 0,530 e 396,96 mg.m–2.d–1 e as emissões de CO2 variaram entre –1.738,33 a 11.166,61 mg.m–2.d–1. No reservatório de Três Marias os fluxos de CH4 variaram entre 0,720 e 2.578,03 mg.m–2.d–1. Já os fluxos de CO2 variaram de -3.037,80 à 11.516,64 mg.m–2.d–1. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa dos fluxos de CH4 entre os reservatórios estudados, entretanto os fluxos de CO2 foram significativamente diferentes. As emissões de CO2 medidas ao longo dos períodos estudados em Serra da Mesa mostrou certa sazonalidade, com distinções entre o período de transição seco e úmido. No reservatório de Três Marias os fluxos de CO2 não apresentaram variabilidade sazonal. Em ambos os reservatórios, as emissões de CH4 apresentaram aumento do fluxo ao longo dos períodos de estudo, mas isso não foi estatisticamente significativo. Estes resultados contribuíram para aumentar o conhecimento sobre a variabilidade das emissões difusivas de CO2 e CH4 em reservatórios de usinas hidrelétricas. Entretanto, novas campanhas de amostragem serão necessárias para melhor estudar as influências sazonais sobre os fluxos dos gases de efeito estufa.(AU)

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Cultivation medium is one of the first aspects to be considered in zooplankton laboratory cultivation. The use of artificial media does not concern to reproduce natural conditions to the cultivations, which may be achieved by using natural organic compounds like humic substances (HS). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a concentrate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the Negro River (NR(1)) and an extraction of humic acids (HA) from humus produced by Eisenia andrei on the life history traits of laboratory-based Latonopsis australis SARS (1888). A cohort life table approach was used to provide information about the effectiveness of NR and HA as supplements for the artificial cultivation of L. australis. Additionally, we seek to observe a maximization of L. australis artificial cultivation fitness by expanding the range of HS concentrations. The first experiment demonstrated that the females of L. australis reared under NR10 (mgDOCL(-1)) may have experienced an acceleration of the population life cycle, as the females have proportionally reproduced more and lived shorter than controls. By contrast, the use of the HA did not improve life history traits considered. The expansion of the concentration range (5, 10, 20 and 50 mgDOCL(-1)) corroborated the patterns observed on the first assay. Results for the fitness estimates combined with shorter lifespans than controls demonstrated trade-offs between reproductive output and female longevity reared under NR conditions, with NR20 been suggested as the best L. australis cultivation medium. This response might be associated with hormone-like effects.

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OBJECTIVES: Sugarcane cultivation is associated with catchment-wide impacts related to application of vinasse, a nutrient-dense effluent with high eutrophication potential. We evaluated the potential for biochar (charcoal produced from pyrolyzed filtercake) to mitigate carbon and nutrient leaching in a cultivated Brazilian Ferralsol after vinasse application. METHODS: Twelve soil columns (soil alone [S], soil with vinasse [SV], soil with vinasse and biochar [SVB], and soil with biochar [SB]) were flushed with water and then treated with water or vinasse. Samples collected via vacuum filtration were examined via UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. RESULTS: Biochar attenuated dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leaching in soil (S vs. SB) as well as in relation to vinasse application (SV vs. SVB). Biochar-amended soil preferentially retained high-molecular weight, humic-like DOC species, as revealed by fluorescence spectroscopy and optical indices, but did not retain low-weight amino acid-like species. Vinasse application also increased total NO3(-) flux, which may have been exacerbated by biochar co-application. CONCLUSIONS: Vinasse treatment strongly affects carbon and NO3(-) fluxes in this tropical soil. Biochar attenuated DOC leaching, likely through stabilization of complex compounds already present in soil, but did not lessen NO3(-) fluxes. Thus, biochar amendments in vinasse application areas may decrease carbon leaching.

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Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is nowadays recognized as the main substrate and source of energy for aquatic microbial community. The great part of available organic carbon for bacterioplankton might be formed after photolytic degradation of humic material, which constitutes the major part of DOC in almost all natural waters. The effects of DOC photo-degradation were evaluated, as was its utilization by bacterioplankton, through a two-step experiment, one involving photo-degradation of DOC and the other bacterial growth on the photo-degraded substrate. Photo-degradation was responsible for the consumption of 19% of DOC, reduced SUVA254, an increase in the E2/E3 and E3/E4 ratios, in addition to modifications in the fluorescence spectra that indicated a rise in the labile fraction of DOC. However, these alterations on DOC were not reflected in differences in bacterioplankton growth, as shown by the fact that there were no significant differences in density, biomass, bacterial production, bacterial respiration and bacterial growth efficiency between treatment and control.(AU)

O carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) é reconhecido atualmente como o principal substrato e fonte de energia para a comunidade microbiana aquática. Grande parte do COD biodisponível para o bacterioplâncton pode ser gerada após degradação fotolítica do material húmico dissolvido, que constitui a maior parte do carbono orgânico total. Neste trabalho foram avaliados os efeitos da fotodegração no COD de um ambiente húmico e a sua posterior utilização pelo bacterioplâncton, por meio de um experimento em duas etapas, uma de fotodegradação do COD e outra de crescimento microbiano sobre o substrato fotodegradado. A fotodegradação causou consumo de 19% do COD, diminuição na SUVA254, aumento nas razões E2/E3 e E3/E4 e modificações nos espectros de fluorescência apontando aumento da fração lábil. No entanto, as alterações no COD não se refletiram em diferenças no crescimento do bacterioplâncton, não havendo diferenças significativas com relação à densidade, biomassa, produção, respiração e eficiência de crescimento bacteriano.(AU)

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Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is nowadays recognized as the main substrate and source of energy for aquatic microbial community. The great part of available organic carbon for bacterioplankton might be formed after photolytic degradation of humic material, which constitutes the major part of DOC in almost all natural waters. The effects of DOC photo-degradation were evaluated, as was its utilization by bacterioplankton, through a two-step experiment, one involving photo-degradation of DOC and the other bacterial growth on the photo-degraded substrate. Photo-degradation was responsible for the consumption of 19% of DOC, reduced SUVA254, an increase in the E2/E3 and E3/E4 ratios, in addition to modifications in the fluorescence spectra that indicated a rise in the labile fraction of DOC. However, these alterations on DOC were not reflected in differences in bacterioplankton growth, as shown by the fact that there were no significant differences in density, biomass, bacterial production, bacterial respiration and bacterial growth efficiency between treatment and control.

O carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) é reconhecido atualmente como o principal substrato e fonte de energia para a comunidade microbiana aquática. Grande parte do COD biodisponível para o bacterioplâncton pode ser gerada após degradação fotolítica do material húmico dissolvido, que constitui a maior parte do carbono orgânico total. Neste trabalho foram avaliados os efeitos da fotodegração no COD de um ambiente húmico e a sua posterior utilização pelo bacterioplâncton, por meio de um experimento em duas etapas, uma de fotodegradação do COD e outra de crescimento microbiano sobre o substrato fotodegradado. A fotodegradação causou consumo de 19% do COD, diminuição na SUVA254, aumento nas razões E2/E3 e E3/E4 e modificações nos espectros de fluorescência apontando aumento da fração lábil. No entanto, as alterações no COD não se refletiram em diferenças no crescimento do bacterioplâncton, não havendo diferenças significativas com relação à densidade, biomassa, produção, respiração e eficiência de crescimento bacteriano.

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RESUMO

The aim of this study is to evaluate the kinetics of aerobic decomposition of Saccharum officinarum and Talauma ovata leaves. For each species, decomposition chambers (leaves and water) were set up, which were maintained under controlled conditions. Each sampling day (1, 7, 15, 30, 39, 58, 72 and 90 days), the concentrations of total organic carbon, pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were determined in the dissolved fraction, while the mass and cell wall fractions (CWF) were determined in the particulate fraction. The pH stabilization of the chambers with T. ovata and S. officinarum leaves occurred in alkaline (ca. 8 - 8.5) and close to the neutrality (ca. 7 - 7.5) environment, respectively. The EC values were on average 1.6 times higher in incubations with T. ovata leaves. The mass loss did not differ between the species (mean = 53.85%), however the decay coefficient was higher for S. officinarum (k4 = 0.007 day-1) than for T. ovata (k4 = 0.005 day-1) leaves. The CWF mass loss (mean = 50.16%) and their coefficient (0.0090 day-1) were similar. S. officinarum decomposed faster due to its high concentrations of energetic compounds of interest to the microbiota. The slower decomposition of T. ovata may have occurred due to the presence of secondary compounds with negative effects to the microorganisms.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as cinéticas da decomposição aeróbia de folhas de Talauma ovata e Saccharum officinarum. Para cada espécie foram montadas câmaras de decomposição (folhas e água) que foram mantidas sob condições controladas. A cada dia amostral (1, 7, 15, 30, 39, 58, 72 e 90 dias), as concentrações de carbono orgânico total, pH e condutividade elétrica (CE) foram determinadas na fração dissolvida, enquanto a massa e as frações de parede celular (FPC) foram determinadas na fração particulada. A estabilização do pH das câmaras com folhas de T. ovata e S. officinarum ocorreram em meio básico (ca. 8 - 8,5) e próximo à neutralidade (ca. 7 - 7,5), respectivamente. Os valores de CE foram em média 1,6 vezes maiores nas incubações com folhas de T. ovata. A perda de massa não diferiu entre as espécies (média = 53,85%). No entanto, o coeficiente de decaimento foi maior para as folhas de S. officinarum (k4 = 0,007 dia-1) que para T. ovata (k4 = 0,005 dia-1). As perdas de massa da FPC (média = 50,16%) e seus respectivos coeficientes (0,0090 dia-1) foram similares. S. officinarum decompôs mais rapidamente devido às elevadas concentrações de compostos energéticos de interesse para a microbiota. A decomposição mais lenta de T. ovata pode ter ocorrido pela presença de compostos secundários com efeitos negativos sobre os micro-organismos.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The chemical speciation of the soil solution is an important tool for evaluating nutrient availability and aluminum phytotoxicity. The effect of liming in the composition of the soil solution under the no-till (NT) system is still not well known. We evaluated the chemical speciation of Al and nutrients in the soil solution (water extract 1:1), five years after liming at the moment of the establishment of NT in a native pasture, in Ponta Grossa, Paraná State, Brazil. Dolomitic lime was applied at a rate of 4.5 t ha-1 (either incorporated or surface-applied), or split in three annual rates of 1.5 t ha-1. Soil samples from a dystrophic clayey Rhodic Hapludox were collected at the 0 - 0.05; 0.05 - 0.1; 0.1 - 0.2; 0.2 - 0.4; 0.4 - 0.6; and 0.6 - 0.8 m layers, in May, 2003. Aluminum was mainly complexed to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and fluoride, while the free form Al3+ was present in fewer amounts even under acidic conditions. Calcium and magnesium were found as free forms (Ca2+, Mg2+) and complexed by organic anions. Phosphorus was found as free forms (HPO4(2-), H2PO4-) and complexed with aluminum (ionic pair Al-HxPO4x) up to 0.1 m. Complexation of Al by DOC was not influenced by surface-applied or incorporated liming. Liming did not change Ca and Mg speciation in the soil solution under NT system. The presence of free forms HPO4(2-) and H2PO4-, however, was influenced by liming, because of the increase in cation associated forms.

A especiação química da solução do solo é uma importante ferramenta para avaliar a disponibilidade de nutrientes e o potencial fitotóxico do alumínio. As formas em que os elementos ocorrem na solução dos solos sob sistema plantio direto (SPD) ainda são pouco conhecidas, sobretudo em áreas que receberam aplicação de calcário. Avaliou-se a distribuição das espécies químicas de alumínio e nutrientes na solução do solo (extrato aquoso 1:1), cinco anos após a aplicação de calcário, na introdução do SPD em área de pastagem nativa, em Ponta Grossa -PR. Aplicaram-se 4,5 t ha-1 de calcário dolomítico na superfície, em dose única ou parcelada durante três anos, ou com incorporação na camada de 0 - 0,20 m, de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico textura argilosa. As amostras de solo foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0 - 0,05; 0,05 - 0,1; 0,1 - 0,2; 0,2 - 0,4; 0,4 - 0,6 e 0,6 - 0,8 m. O alumínio (Al) ocorreu predominantemente complexado pelo carbono orgânico dissolvido (DOC) e pelo fluoreto, e em baixíssimas proporções na forma livre Al3+, mesmo em condições de alta acidez. Para cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg), as espécies químicas que ocorreram em maiores proporções foram as formas livres (Ca2+ e Mg2+) e complexadas pelo DOC. O fósforo, além das formas livres (H2PO4-, HPO4(2-)), interagiu com alumínio (par iônico Al-HxPO4x), sobretudo até 0,1 m de profundidade. A complexação do alumínio pelo carbono orgânico dissolvido não foi influenciada pela correção da acidez do solo por meio da calagem na superfície ou com incorporação. A aplicação de calcário não alterou a especiação de cálcio e magnésio na solução do solo sob sistema plantio direto. Contudo, a ocorrência das formas livres H2PO4- e HPO4(2-) foi influenciada pela calagem, havendo incremento das formas associadas com cátions.

RESUMO

The chemical speciation of the soil solution is an important tool for evaluating nutrient availability and aluminum phytotoxicity. The effect of liming in the composition of the soil solution under the no-till (NT) system is still not well known. We evaluated the chemical speciation of Al and nutrients in the soil solution (water extract 1:1), five years after liming at the moment of the establishment of NT in a native pasture, in Ponta Grossa, Paraná State, Brazil. Dolomitic lime was applied at a rate of 4.5 t ha-1 (either incorporated or surface-applied), or split in three annual rates of 1.5 t ha-1. Soil samples from a dystrophic clayey Rhodic Hapludox were collected at the 0 - 0.05; 0.05 - 0.1; 0.1 - 0.2; 0.2 - 0.4; 0.4 - 0.6; and 0.6 - 0.8 m layers, in May, 2003. Aluminum was mainly complexed to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and fluoride, while the free form Al3+ was present in fewer amounts even under acidic conditions. Calcium and magnesium were found as free forms (Ca2+, Mg2+) and complexed by organic anions. Phosphorus was found as free forms (HPO4(2-), H2PO4-) and complexed with aluminum (ionic pair Al-HxPO4x) up to 0.1 m. Complexation of Al by DOC was not influenced by surface-applied or incorporated liming. Liming did not change Ca and Mg speciation in the soil solution under NT system. The presence of free forms HPO4(2-) and H2PO4-, however, was influenced by liming, because of the increase in cation associated forms.

A especiação química da solução do solo é uma importante ferramenta para avaliar a disponibilidade de nutrientes e o potencial fitotóxico do alumínio. As formas em que os elementos ocorrem na solução dos solos sob sistema plantio direto (SPD) ainda são pouco conhecidas, sobretudo em áreas que receberam aplicação de calcário. Avaliou-se a distribuição das espécies químicas de alumínio e nutrientes na solução do solo (extrato aquoso 1:1), cinco anos após a aplicação de calcário, na introdução do SPD em área de pastagem nativa, em Ponta Grossa -PR. Aplicaram-se 4,5 t ha-1 de calcário dolomítico na superfície, em dose única ou parcelada durante três anos, ou com incorporação na camada de 0 - 0,20 m, de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico textura argilosa. As amostras de solo foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0 - 0,05; 0,05 - 0,1; 0,1 - 0,2; 0,2 - 0,4; 0,4 - 0,6 e 0,6 - 0,8 m. O alumínio (Al) ocorreu predominantemente complexado pelo carbono orgânico dissolvido (DOC) e pelo fluoreto, e em baixíssimas proporções na forma livre Al3+, mesmo em condições de alta acidez. Para cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg), as espécies químicas que ocorreram em maiores proporções foram as formas livres (Ca2+ e Mg2+) e complexadas pelo DOC. O fósforo, além das formas livres (H2PO4-, HPO4(2-)), interagiu com alumínio (par iônico Al-HxPO4x), sobretudo até 0,1 m de profundidade. A complexação do alumínio pelo carbono orgânico dissolvido não foi influenciada pela correção da acidez do solo por meio da calagem na superfície ou com incorporação. A aplicação de calcário não alterou a especiação de cálcio e magnésio na solução do solo sob sistema plantio direto. Contudo, a ocorrência das formas livres H2PO4- e HPO4(2-) foi influenciada pela calagem, havendo incremento das formas associadas com cátions.