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BACKGROUND: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is considered a chronic disease with numerous secondary complications that negatively affect the quality of life of patients. However, the specific, known and validated instruments for Brazilian Portuguese are too extensive, which often makes their use infeasible. OBJECTIVE: To validate the internal structure of the Brazilian version of the Diabetes Quality of Life (DQOL) measure. METHODOLOGY: Patients with DM type 1 or 2, between the ages of 18 and 76, were evaluated between April 2022 and May 2022. The survey was conducted online using the Google Forms platform. The original DQOL contains 46 multiple-choice questions organized into four domains. For structural validity, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed using RStudio software (Boston, MA, USA) with the packages lavaan and semPlot. RESULTS: A total of 354 subjects were evaluated. The 3-domain, 24-item version of the DQOL was the most adequate, with acceptable values for all fit indices (chi-square/GL < 3, TLI and CFI > 0.90, and RMSEA and SRMR < 0.08). CONCLUSION: The structure with three domains and 24 items is the most appropriate based on factor analysis. The Brazilian version of the DQOL with a structure of 3 domains and 24 items has adequate measurement properties that support its use in the clinical and scientific context in patients with DM.

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A pandemia do novo coronavírus (covid-19) é um grave problema de saúde pública. Adicionalmente, a hiperglicemia na gestação (diabetes preexistente, diabetes diagnosticado pela primeira vez na gestação e diabetes mellitus gestacional) é uma das complicações maternas mais frequentes na população obstétrica. A sobreposição desses problemas pode refletir na saúde materna e fetal. Desse modo, o objetivo deste estudo é reunir evidências acerca da saúde materna de mulheres com hiperglicemia na gestação durante a pandemia de covid-19 no Brasil. Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa, em que a fonte de dados compreendeu artigos publicados até maio de 2023 nas bases de dados Medline, via PubMed, Lilacs e WHO COVID-19 Research Database. Foram listados 167 artigos e, após a aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade, cinco estudos foram incluídos, compreendendo 1.469 gestantes e puérperas com diabetes mellitus gestacional ou diabetes preexistente. Quanto à saúde materna, os principais desfechos foram relacionados à infecção por covid-19, como gravidade da doença e risco de morte. Além disso, foi observada maior prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns, como ansiedade e depressão. Portanto, a saúde materna de mulheres com hiperglicemia na gestação foi impactada negativamente durante a pandemia de covid-19 no país.

The new coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is a major public health issue. Hyperglycemia during pregnancy (pre-existing diabetes, diabetes first diagnosed in pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus) is a frequent maternal complication in the obstetric population. Their overlap may impact maternal and fetal health. Thus, this narrative review gathered evidence on the maternal health of women with gestational hyperglycemia during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Articles published until May 2023 in the Medline (via PubMed), Lilacs and WHO COVID-19 Research Database online databases were eligible. Bibliographic search retrieved a total of 167 articles, of which five remained after applying the inclusion criteria, resulting in a sample of 1,469 pregnant and postpartum women with gestational diabetes or pre-existing diabetes. Regarding maternal health, the main outcomes were related to COVID-19 infection, such as disease severity and risk of death. Additionally, results showed a higher prevalence of common mental disorders such as anxiety and depression. In conclusion, the maternal health of women with gestational hyperglycemia was negatively impacted during the COVID-19 pandemic.

La pandemia del nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19) es un grave problema de salud pública. Además, la hiperglucemia durante el embarazo (diabetes preexistente, diabetes diagnosticada por primera vez durante el embarazo y diabetes mellitus gestacional) es una de las complicaciones maternas más frecuentes en la población obstétrica. La superposición de estos problemas puede afectar la salud materna y fetal. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio es recopilar evidencia sobre la salud materna de las mujeres con hiperglucemia en el embarazo durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 en Brasil. Se trata de una revisión narrativa, y la fuente de datos comprendió artículos publicados hasta mayo de 2023 en las bases de datos MEDLINE vía PubMed, LILACS y WHO COVID-19 Research Database. Se enumeró un total de 167 artículos y, después de aplicar los criterios de elegibilidad, se incluyeron cinco estudios con 1.469 mujeres embarazadas y puérperas con diabetes gestacional o diabetes preexistente. En cuanto a la salud materna, los principales resultados se relacionaron con el contagio por COVID-19, como la gravedad de la enfermedad y el riesgo de muerte. Además, se observó una mayor prevalencia de trastornos mentales comunes, como la ansiedad y la depresión. Por lo tanto, la salud materna de las mujeres con hiperglucemia durante el embarazo se ha visto afectada negativamente durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 en Brasil.

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La investigación tuvo por Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la adherencia al tratamiento y la salud física en los pacientes diabéticos del programa de diabetes de un público del Perú. Material y Métodos: Se utilizó la metodología descriptiva, transversal y de enfoque cuantitativo, de diseño no experimental-correlacional. La muestra fue de 50 pacientes, empleándose la técnica de la encuesta y como instrumento un cuestionario estructurado validado y confiabilidad Alfa de Cronbach de 0.79. Resultados: La adherencia al tratamiento fue regular 86% y bueno 14% y por otro lado, la salud física estuvo medianamente afectada 54%, y nada afectada en el 46%. Conclusiones: Existe relación entre la adherencia al tratamiento y la salud física en los pacientes diabéticos del programa de diabetes (r = 0.322, p = 0.004).

The research was Objective: To determine the relationship between treatment adherence and physical health in diabetic patients in the diabetes program of a public in Peru. Material and Methods:The descriptive, transversal methodology and quantitative approach, with a non-experimental-correlational design, were used. The sample was 50 patients, using the survey technique and as an instrument a validated structured questionnaire and Cronbach's Alpha reliability of 0.79. Results: Adherence to treatment was fair in 86% and good in 14%, and on the other hand, physical health was moderately affected in 54%, and not at all affected in 46%. Conclusions: There is a relationship between treatment adherence and physical health in diabetic patients in the diabetes program (r = 0.322, p = 0.004).

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Objective: Pregnant women with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have an increased risk of maternal-fetal complications. Regarding treatment, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) has advantages compared to multiple daily injections (MDI), but data about the best option during pregnancy are limited. This study's aim was to compare maternal-fetal outcomes among T1D patients treated with CSII or MDI during pregnancy. Subjects and methods: This study evaluated 174 pregnancies of T1D patients. Variables of interest were compared between the groups (CSII versus MDI), and logistic regression analysis was performed (p < 0.05). Results: Of the 174 included pregnancies, CSII was used in 21.3% (37) and MDI were used in 78.7% (137). HbA1c values improved throughout gestation in both groups, with no difference in the first and third trimesters. The frequency of cesarean section was significantly higher in the CSII group [94.1 vs. 75.4%, p = 0.017], but there was no significant difference in the frequency of other complications, such as miscarriage, premature delivery and preeclampsia. The mean birth weight and occurrence of neonatal complications were also similar, except for the proportion of congenital malformations, which was significantly lower in the CSII group [2.9 vs. 15.6%, p = 0.048]. In regression analysis, the association of CSII with cesarean section and malformations lost significance after adjusting for HbA1c and other covariates of interest. Conclusion: In this study, we observed a higher frequency of cesarean section and a lower occurrence of congenital malformations in the CSII group, but the adjusted results might indicate that these associations are influenced by glycemic control.

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A pandemia da COVID-19 provocada, pelo SARS-CoV-2, levou a humanidade ao estabelecimento do isolamento social. Tal contexto acarretou fragilidades na realização de ações coletivas nos denominados Grupos Operativos da Atenção Primária em Saúde (APS). Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a contribuição do processo grupal para hipertensos e diabéticos na APS frente a interrupção das atividades coletivas durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Para tal, utilizou-se o limite geopolítico do município Paraopeba/MG e, como amostra, todos os usuários pertencentes ao território da UBS Papa João Paulo II, com laudo médico de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e diabetes mellitus tipo, que participavam regularmente das atividades do grupo operativo para hipertensos/diabéticos, entre o período de 2018 a 2021. Para realização desta pesquisa optou-se pela abordagem quali-quantitativa. Para a abordagem qualitativa, realizou-se uma análise a partir de fontes documentais do município e dados do IBGE, para caracterizar o município de forma macro quanto aos seus aspectos sociais, ambientais, econômicos e de saúde. Já para caracterização da população hipertensa, diabética e das atividades desenvolvidas no Grupo Operativo, foi realizado uma análise descritiva de forma micro, dos participantes do Grupo Operativo da UBS Papa João Paulo II. Para tal análise, recorreu-se a fonte documental e relatórios disponíveis no município e na UBS que registravam a situação de saúde de hipertensos, diabéticos e a realização das atividades. O método quantitativo foi do tipo longitudinal retrospectivo, por meio da consulta e acompanhamento longitudinal de dados retrospectivos referentes à pressão arterial sistólica, diastólica e da glicemia capilar. Utilizou-se dados coletados do cartão municipal do hipertenso, cartão municipal do diabético e do prontuário físico e/ou eletrônico do cidadão (PEC), dos participantes do Grupo Operativo da UBS Papa João Paulo II de Paraopeba/MG. Assim sendo, a amostra foi composta por 36 indivíduos hipertensos, que tiveram acompanhamento referente aos níveis pressóricos, sendo que quatorze destes indivíduos também eram diabéticos que, além do acompanhamento dos níveis pressóricos, tiveram acompanhamento dos seus glicêmicos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram verificar que os níveis de pressão sistólica aumentaram significativamente no período pandêmico, enquanto o diastólico manteve-se estável. Apesar disso, os valores, tanto sistólicos quanto diastólicos, estiveram dentro da faixa considerada como pressão não elevada. Quanto aos níveis glicêmicos, não houve diferença significativa, mas estes se mantiveram altos nos dois períodos comparados. Sendo assim, a interrupção das atividades regulares do Grupo Operativo durante a pandemia parece ter tido efeito no controle da hipertensão arterial e diabetes mellitus, haja vista que não houve melhora significativa nos níveis pressóricos e glicêmicos. Com efeito, foi percebida a necessidade de normatização dos trabalhos do grupo operativo de hipertensão/diabetes, por meio de planejamento, acompanhamento e avaliação das ações educativas, com o propósito de orientar o processo de aprendizagem dos participantes para o manejo adequado dos seus problemas de saúde.

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has led to socialisolation. This context demanded the interruption of collective actions in the so- called Primary Health Care (PHC) operative groups. This research aimed to analyze the contribution of the operative group for hypertensive and diabetic PHC patients in view of the interruption of group activities during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was restricted to the geopolitical boundary of the municipality of Paraopeba/MG and included all users belonging to the territory of the UBS Papa João Paulo II, with a medical report of systemic arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, whoregularly participated in the activities of an operative group for hypertensive/diabetic patients, between the period of 2018 to 2021. To carry out this research, a qualitative-quantitative approach was chosen. For the qualitative approach, an analysis was carried out based on documentary sources from the municipality and data from the IBGE, to characterize the municipality in terms of its social, environmental, economic and health aspects. To the characterization of the hypertensive and diabetic population participating to the Operative Group of UBS Papa João Paulo II and the activities carried out in the Operative Group, a descriptive analysis was carried out. To this analysis, we accessed documents and reports available in the city and in the UBS records, including the health status of hypertensive and diabetic patients and the performance of activities. The quantitative method was a retrospective longitudinal type, through the consultation and follow-up data on systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and capillary blood glucose. We accessed data from the municipal hypertensive patient's passbook, the diabetics passbook and the physical and/or electronic medical records of citizens (PEC). Therefore, the sample consisted of 36 hypertensive individuals, who had their blood pressure levels monitored. The results obtained allowed verifying that the levels of systolic pressure increased significantly in the pandemic period, while the diastolic pressure remained stable. Despite this, both systolic and diastolic values were within the range considered as non-elevated pressure. Concerning the glycemic levels, there was no significant difference, but these remained high in the two compared periods. Therefore, the interruption of the regular activities of the operative group during the pandemic seems to have had an effect on the control of arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus, given that there was no significant improvement in blood pressure and glucose levels. Indeed, the need to standardize the work of the hypertension/diabetes operative group was perceived, through planning, monitoring and evaluation of educational actions, with the purpose of guiding the participants' learning process towards the adequate management of their health problems.

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ABSTRACT Objective: Pregnant women with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have an increased risk of maternal-fetal complications. Regarding treatment, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) has advantages compared to multiple daily injections (MDI), but data about the best option during pregnancy are limited. This study's aim was to compare maternal-fetal outcomes among T1D patients treated with CSII or MDI during pregnancy. Subjects and methods: This study evaluated 174 pregnancies of T1D patients. Variables of interest were compared between the groups (CSII versus MDI), and logistic regression analysis was performed (p < 0.05). Results: Of the 174 included pregnancies, CSII was used in 21.3% (37) and MDI were used in 78.7% (137). HbA1c values improved throughout gestation in both groups, with no difference in the first and third trimesters. The frequency of cesarean section was significantly higher in the CSII group [94.1 vs. 75.4%, p = 0.017], but there was no significant difference in the frequency of other complications, such as miscarriage, premature delivery and preeclampsia. The mean birth weight and occurrence of neonatal complications were also similar, except for the proportion of congenital malformations, which was significantly lower in the CSII group [2.9 vs. 15.6%, p = 0.048]. In regression analysis, the association of CSII with cesarean section and malformations lost significance after adjusting for HbA1c and other covariates of interest. Conclusion: In this study, we observed a higher frequency of cesarean section and a lower occurrence of congenital malformations in the CSII group, but the adjusted results might indicate that these associations are influenced by glycemic control.

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Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Cuando la mujer embarazada tiene déficit de zinc, esta carencia puede ser un factor que contribuya a la aparición de alteraciones en el feto, como las malformaciones congénitas y otros trastornos del desarrollo. OBJETIVO: Identificar los aspectos relevantes del estado actual del conocimiento de las complicaciones de la diabetes en la mujer embarazada y el déficit de zinc en el feto. Además, explicar cuál es la posible consecuencia de la deficiencia del micronutriente, entre otras causas moleculares subyacentes. METODOLOGÍA: Revisión bibliográfica efectuada en las bases de datos de Google, PubMed-Medline y SciELO de artículos publicados en inglés o español del año 2012 al 2022, con los MeSH: Maternal diabetes; Hyperglycemia; Zinc deficiency; Congenital malformations; Epigenetics; con su correspondiente traducción al español. Criterios de selección: artículos originales, estudios prospectivos, de revisión bibliográfica, metanálisis, capítulos de libro y reportes de la Asociación Americana de Diabetes (ADA) y la Asociación Latinoamericana de Diabetes (ALAD). RESULTADOS: Se localizaron 187 artículos de los que se excluyeron 126 no adecuados para el tema de la revisión, duplicados o en idioma diferente al inglés y español. CONCLUSIONES: El análisis bibliográfico evidenció que los trastornos metabólicos provocados por la hiperglucemia de la madre, el déficit de zinc, la alteración de su homeostasis y su interacción con el desequilibrio redox, la inflamación de bajo grado, la activación apoptósica y las modificaciones epigenéticas producen un ambiente intrauterino adverso que condiciona la aparición de malformaciones y otros trastornos del desarrollo en la descendencia.

Abstract BACKGROUND: When pregnant women are deficient in zinc, this deficiency may be a contributing factor to foetal disorders, such as congenital malformations and other developmental disorders. OBJECTIVE: To identify the relevant aspects of the current state of knowledge of the complications of diabetes in pregnant women and zinc deficiency in the foetus. In addition, to explain the possible consequences of micronutrient deficiency, among other underlying molecular causes. METHODOLOGY: Bibliographic review carried out in Google, PubMed-Medline and SciELO databases of articles published in English or Spanish from 2012 to 2022, with the MeSH: Maternal diabetes; Hyperglycemia; Zinc deficiency; Congenital malformations; Epigenetics; with their corresponding translation into Spanish. Selection criteria: original articles, prospective studies, literature reviews, meta-analyses, book chapters and reports of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the Latin American Diabetes Association (ALAD). RESULTS: 187 articles were located of which 126 unsuitable for the review topic, duplicates or in language other than English and Spanish were excluded. CONCLUSIONS: The literature review evidenced that metabolic disorders caused by maternal hyperglycemia, zinc deficiency, alteration of its homeostasis and its interaction with redox imbalance, low-grade inflammation, apoptotic activation and epigenetic modifications produce an adverse intrauterine environment that conditions the appearance of malformations and other developmental disorders in the offspring.

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Pregestational Diabetes Mellitus (PDM) during pregnancy constitutes an unfavorable embryonic and fetal development environment, with a high incidence of congenital malformations (CM). Neural tube defects are the second most common type of CM in children of diabetic mothers (CDM), who also have an elevated risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders. The mechanisms that lead to these neuronal disorders in CDM are not yet fully understood. The present study aimed to know the effect of hyperglycemia on proliferation, neuronal differentiation percentage, and expression of neuronal differentiation mRNA markers in human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (hUCWJMSC) of children from normoglycemic pregnancies (NGP) and PDM. We isolated and characterized hUCWJMSC by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, RT-PCR and were induced to differentiate into adipocytes, osteocytes, and neurons. Proliferation assays were performed to determine the doubling time, and Nestin, TUBB3, FOXO1, KCNK2, LMO3, and MAP2 mRNA gene expression was assessed by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Hyperglycemia significantly decreased proliferation and neuronal differentiation percentage in NGP and PDM cells treated with 40 mM d-glucose. Nestin mRNA expression decreased under control glycemic conditions, while FOXO1, KCNK2, LMO3, and MAP2 mRNA expression increased during neuronal differentiation in both NGP and PDM cells. On the other hand, under hyperglycemic conditions, Nestin was significantly decreased in cells from NGP but not in cells from PDM, while mRNA expression of FOXO1 and LMO3 was significantly increased in cells from NGP, but not in cells from PDM. We found evidence that maternal PDM, with hyperglycemia in culture, affects the biological properties of fetal cells. All these results could be part of fetal programming.

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La diabetes pregestacional requiere un control glicémico estricto durante el embarazo. Los dispositivos de monitoreo continuo de glucosa (MCG) miden niveles de glucosa intersticial sin necesidad de punción capilar. Se estudió 4 gestantes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 pregestacional con la ayuda del MCG durante 2 semanas de su gestación. Ellas tuvieron sesiones nutricionales semanales y controles médicos con un endocrinólogo. El promedio de nivel de glucosa osciló entre 82 y 171 mg/dL. El MCG permitió cambios tempranos en el tratamiento de una paciente con hipoglicemia. Todas las pacientes manifestaron que el MCG les ayudó en la selección de sus alimentos. En conclusión, el MCG ayudó en el reconocimiento de carbohidratos y en el reajuste del tratamiento. El MCG tuvo buena aceptación de su uso.

Pregestational diabetes requires strict glycemic control during pregnancy. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices measure interstitial glucose levels without the need for capillary puncture. Four pregnant women with pregestational type 2 diabetes mellitus were studied with the aid of CGM during 2 weeks of their gestation. They had weekly nutritional sessions and medical controls with an endocrinologist. The average glucose level ranged from 82 to 171 mg/dL. The CGM allowed early changes in the treatment of one patient with hypoglycemia. All patients stated that the GCM helped them in their food selection. In conclusion, the GCM helped in carbohydrate recognition and treatment readjustment. The CGM was well accepted for use.

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RESUMEN Introducción: la diabetes mellitus es un trastorno metabólico caracterizado por hiperglucemia crónica con alteraciones en carbohidratos, grasas y proteínas. Debido al aumento de la morbimortalidad por diabetes, esta constituye un problema de salud en el mundo, en Cuba y en el contexto matancero. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de diabéticos controlados con la hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c), los factores asociados, y las barreras para una intervención posterior. Materiales y métodos: estudio epidemiológico, transversal, analítico a una cohorte de 601 diabéticos tipo 2 mayores de 18 años, en dos policlínicos, estudiados anteriormente. Se encuestaron y procesaron en el programa Epi-Info 7. Se obtuvieron frecuencias y proporciones de variables, prevalencia de diabéticos controlados con la hemoglobina HbA1c, los factores asociados, las comorbilidades con el OR, y las diferencias de variables entre los dos policlínicos, con el Chi2 y p < 0,05 %. Resultados: la prevalencia de diabéticos controlados fue de un 69,3 %. Las variables demográficas, comorbilidades y factores del estilo de vida no tuvieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Todas las variables (presencia y ausencia del factor) presentaron un control por encima del 64 %. El peso saludable, sobrepeso, enfermedades del corazón y respiratorias crónicas, ingestión de bebidas azucaradas y alimentación inadecuada, presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos policlínicos. Conclusiones: No existieron diferencias entre las variables de diabéticos controlados y no controlados. Se identificaron las barreras para mejorar el control de los pacientes para una postintervención y mejorar su calidad de vida, pues un 30 % de los diabéticos no controlados presentaron algunos de los factores de riesgo estudiados (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with alterations in carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Due to the increase of the morbidity and mortality rates, this is a health problem in the world, in Cuba and the province of Matanzas. Objective: to determine the prevalence of diabetics controlled with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), associated factors, and barriers to further intervention. Materials and method: an epidemiological, cross-sectional, analytical study was carried out in a cohort of 601 previously studied, type 2 diabetics over 18 years of age, in two polyclinics. The patients were surveyed and data processed in the Epi-Info 7 program. Frequencies and proportions of variables, prevalence of diabetics controlled by hemoglobin HbA1c, associated factors, comorbidities with odds ratio, as well as differences of variables between the two polyclinics were calculated by using Chi2 and p value <0.05 %. Results: the prevalence of controlled diabetics was 69.3 %. There were no statistically significant differences between demographic variables, co-morbidities and associated life style risk factors. All variables (presence and absence of the factor) showed control above 64 %. Healthy weight, overweight, heart and chronic respiratory diseases, sweet beverages intake and inadequate diet revealed statistically significant differences between the two polyclinics. Conclusions: there were no differences between the variables controlled and non-controlled diabetics. Barriers to improve patients control were identified for the sake of performing a subsequent intervention and improving their life quality, because 30 % of uncontrolled diabetic patients had some of the studied risk factors (AU).

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Wearable skin sensors is a promising technology for real-time health care monitoring. They are of particular interest for monitoring glucose in diabetic patients. The concentration of glucose in sweat can be more than two orders of magnitude lower than in blood. In consequence, the scientific and technological efforts are focused in developing new concepts to enhance the sensitivity, decrease the limit of detection (LOD) and reduce the response time (RT) of glucose skin sensors. This work explores the effect of adsorbed superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) and conductive nanoparticles (CNPs) on carbon nanotube substrates (CNTs) used to immobilize glucose oxidase enzyme in the working electrode of skin sensors. MNPs and CNPs are made of magnetite and gold, respectively. The performance of the sensors was tested in standard buffer solution, artificial sweat, fresh sweat and on the skin of a healthy volunteer during an exercise session. In the case of artificial sweat, the presence of MNPs accelerated the RT from 7 to 5 s at the expense of increasing the LOD from 0.017 to 0.022 mM with slight increase of the sensitivity from 4.90 to 5.09µAm M-1cm-2. The presence of CNPs greatly accelerated the RT from 7 to 2 s and lowered the LOD from 0.017 to 0.014 mM at the expense of a great diminution of the sensitivity from 4.90 to 4.09µAm M-1cm-2. These effects were explained mechanistically by analyzing the changes in the concentration of free oxygen and electrons promoted by MNPs and CNPs in the CNTs and its consequences on the the glucose oxidation process.

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Objetivo: Describir la posible presencia de complicaciones posoperatorias en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2, operados de catarata por la técnica de facochop. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, y longitudinal prospectivo, con 128 pacientes diabéticos (168 ojos) operados de catarata en el Centro de Microcirugía Ocular del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología "Ramón Pando Ferrer", entre septiembre del año 2017 y diciembre de 2018. Las variables clínicas y epidemiológicas objeto del estudio fueron la edad, el sexo, el color de la piel, la queratometría, la profundidad de la cámara, la longitud axial, la dureza del cristalino, la presión intraocular pre- y posoperatoria y las complicaciones posoperatorias en las primeras 72 horas. Resultados: En el estudio predominaron las mujeres (63,3 por ciento), de piel blanca (74,2 por ciento), quienes presentaron ojos biométricamente normales, con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa. La presión intraocular aumentó a las 24 horas de la cirugía. De los 128 pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 operados de catarata senil por la técnica de facochop, se pudo determinar que el promedio y la desviación estándar de la edad se ubicaron en los 69,49 ± 8,96 años, y osciló entre los 50 y 88 años. Conclusiones: Las complicaciones posoperatorias más frecuentes son el edema corneal y la uveítis. Es significativamente más probable encontrar la uveítis posquirúrgica en pacientes menores de 70 años, y el edema corneal en quienes sobrepasan esta edad(AU)

Objective: Describe the possible presence of postoperative complications in type 2 diabetic patients undergoing phaco chop cataract surgery. Methods: An observational prospective longitudinal descriptive study was conducted of 128 diabetic patients (168 eyes) undergoing cataract surgery at the Center for Ocular Microsurgery of Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology from September 2017 to December 2018. The clinical and epidemiological variables analyzed were age, sex, skin color, keratometry, chamber depth, axial length, crystalline hardness, pre- and postoperative intraocular pressure, and postoperative complications in the first 72 hours. Results: A predominance was found of women (63.3 percent) of white skin color (74.2 percent) and biometrically normal eyes, with a statistically significant difference. Intraocular pressure rose 24 hours after surgery. Mean age and standard deviation were 69.49 ± 8.96 years, range of 50-88 years, in the 128 type 2 diabetic patients undergoing senile cataract surgery by the phaco chop technique. Conclusions: The most common postoperative complications are corneal edema and uveitis. It is significantly more probable to find postsurgical uveitis in patients aged under 70 years and corneal edema in patients aged over 70 years(AU)

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To investigate sleep alterations and associated factors in pregnant diabetic women (n=141). METHODS: Sleep profile, sociodemographics and clinical information were collected. Poor sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index >5) and excessive daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale ≥10), sleep duration (h), sleep latency (min), frequent sleep interruption and short sleep (≤6 h) were assessed in type 1 diabetes mellitus (16.3%), type 2 diabetes mellitus (25.5%) and gestational diabetes mellitus (58.2%). RESULTS: Poor sleep quality was found in 58.8% of patients and daytime sleepiness in 25.7%, regardless of hyperglycemia etiology. No correlation existed between daytime sleepiness and poor sleep quality (Pearson correlation r=0.02, p=0.84). Short sleep duration occurred in 1/3 of patients (31.2%). Sleep interruptions due to frequent urination affected 72% of all and sleep interruptions due to any cause 71.2%. Metformin was used by 65.7% of type 2 diabetes mellitus and 28.7% of gestational diabetes mellitus. In gestational diabetes mellitus, parity number was independently associated with poor sleep quality (p=0.02; OR=1.90; 95%CI 1.07-3.36) and metformin use was also independently associated with poor sleep quality (p=0.03; OR=2.36; 95%CI 1.05-5.29). CONCLUSIONS: Our study originally shows that poor sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness are frequent in diabetic pregnancy due to different etiologies. Interestingly, only in gestational diabetes mellitus, metformin therapy and higher parity were associated with poor sleep quality.

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Aims: To evaluate risk factors for preeclampsia (PE) in women with pregestational diabetes.Methods: Retrospective cohort study of women with pregestational diabetes cared for at a specialized prenatal care facility. Maternal characteristics at booking and during pregnancy were studied for their association with preeclampsia. Multivariable models were tested using Poisson regression with robust estimates; results were expressed as relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).Results: Preeclampsia was diagnosed in 62 of 206 women (30%, 95% CI 24-37%). Previous chronic hypertension was found in 53 subjects (26%; 95% CI 20-32%), of whom 41 (77%, 95% CI 64-88) were type 2 women. Type 1 diabetes, chronic hypertension, systolic blood pressure >124 mmHg at booking and gestational weight gain, either total or excessive for body mass index category, behaved as independent risk factors.Conclusions: In women with pregestational diabetes, some risk factors may predict PE, similar to those found in non-diabetic pregnant women. Two non-modifiable factors (type of diabetes and chronic hypertension) and two modifiable ones (systolic blood pressure levels and gestational weight gain) were found relevant in this cohort. A policy of close monitoring of blood pressure and weight gain, aiming adequate weight gain, may be added to current recommended measures. The high prevalence of PE in women with prepregnancy diabetes, especially those with initial pregnancy systolic blood pressure >124 mmHg, supports a policy of early institution of low dose aspirin. Further multicentric studies will help define the role of these risk factors as contributors to PE in pregestational diabetes.

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Antecedentes: Dentro de la gran diversidad de microorganismos en la microbiota oral, el género Staphylococcus es causante de una gran variedad de infecciones, desde leves hasta diseminadas que pueden causar la muerte. Los portadores de estas bacterias tienen más riesgo de presentar infecciones por estas mismas. Un grupo vulnerable de sufrir infecciones por estos microorganismos son los pacientes diabéticos por sus características sistémicas propias de la enfermedad, deterioro inmunológico y locales bucales, por lo que es importante conocer si son portadoras de este grupo de bacterias. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de colonización por Staphylococcus spp. en aislamientos obtenidos de la mucosa bucal de pacientes diabéticos y sin diabetes. Material y métodos: Se tomó un raspado superficial de la mucosa bucal de personas diabéticas y sin diabetes para cultivo y análisis microbiológico. Se sembró en agar sal manitol y los aislados se identificaron por galerías API Staph. La concentración de glucosa se determinó con equipo Accu-Chek. El análisis fue descriptivo, las diferencias y asociaciones se investigaron con χ2 y T Student. Se consideró estadísticamente significativo cuando el valor de p < 0.05. Resultados: La colonización por Staphylococcus spp. total fue de 73.7%, no hubo diferencia significativa entre diabéticos y no diabéticos (p = 0.946). S. epidermidis se identificó en 69% y S. aureus en 17.6%, sin diferencia entre ambos grupos con p = 0.556 y p = 0.428 respectivamente. Setenta y seis por ciento de los pacientes portadores de prótesis bucales estaban colonizados con Staphylococcus spp. Conclusiones: No se encontró que los pacientes diabéticos tuvieran porcentajes significativamente mayores de colonización por Staphylococcus spp. a pesar de sus condiciones particulares inmunológicas, glucemia anormal y disminución de flujo salival en la cavidad bucal (AU)

Background: Within the great diversity of microorganisms in the buccal microbiota, the genus Staphylococcus is the cause of a great variety of infections ranging from mild to disseminated, which can cause death. The carriers of these bacteria are more at risk of developing infections by themselves. A vulnerable group to suffer infections by these microorganisms are diabetic patients due to their systemic characteristics of the disease, immunological deterioration and local buccal, so it is important to know if they are carriers of this group of bacteria. Objective: The objective was determined the frequency of colonization by Staphylococcus spp. in isolates obtained from the oral mucosa of diabetic and without diabetes patients. Material and methods: A superficial scraping of the buccal mucosa of diabetic and without diabetes people was taken for culture and microbiological analysis. It was seeded in sal manitol agar and the isolates were identified by API Staph galleries. The glucose concentration was determined with Accu-Chek equipment. The analysis was descriptive, differences and associations were investigated with χ2 and Student T. It was considered statistically significant when the value of p < 0.05. Results: Total colonization by Staphylococcus spp. was 73.7%, there was no significant difference between diabetics and nondiabetics (p = 0.946). S. epidermidis was identified in 69% and S. aureus in 17.6%, without difference between both groups with p = 0.556 and p = 0.428 respectively. 76% of patients with oral prostheses were colonized with Staphylococcus spp. Conclusions: Diabetic patients were not found to have significantly higher rates of colonization by Staphylococcus spp. despite their particular immunological conditions, abnormal glycemia and decreased salivary flow in the oral cavity (AU)

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the action of soy isoflavones and 17 beta estradiol on the extracellular matrix in the uterus and mammary gland of diabetic rats. Sixty adult female rats underwent ovariectomy, then randomized into seven groups of ten animals each: Non-diabetic: GI Sham control animals ovariectomized; and GII control ovariectomized that received propylene glycol vehicle. Diabetic: GIII Sham control diabetic animals ovariectomized; GIV ovariectomized diabetic animals receiving propylene glycol vehicle; GV diabetic ovariectomized animals treated with soy isoflavones (150 mg/kg by gavage); GVI ovariectomized diabetic rats treated with estrogen (17b-estradiol, 10 mg/kg, subcutaneously); GVII diabetic ovariectomized animals treated with soy isoflavones (150 mg/kg by gavage), and with estrogen (17b-estradiol, 10 mg/kg combination therapy). Treatments occurred during 30 consecutive days. After animals euthanasia, a portion of the uterus was immersed in liquid nitrogen for molecular biology analysis, the other portion of uterus and mammary glands were removed and processed for paraffin embedding. Soy isoflavones (GV) and 17b estradiol improved the production of compounds of extracellular matrix, such as small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs). The combination of both therapies had an additive effect in SLRPs expression. Soy isoflavones contribute to the uterine integrity of SLRPs of diabetic rats.

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Introducción: La cardiopatía isquémica tiene como uno de sus factores de riesgo más importante a la Diabetes mellitus, la cual influye en el pronóstico, tratamiento, severidad, morbilidad y mortalidad de esta enfermedad. Objetivo: Caracterizar la influencia de la Diabetes mellitus en la cardiopatía isquémica. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre la temática. Resultados: La Diabetes mellitus es un factor de riesgo de alta relevancia de la cardiopatía isquémica. Las personas con diabetes corren el mismo riesgo de tener un infarto de miocardio que las personas sin diabetes que ya han tenido uno. Las mujeres diabéticas son más propensas a cardiopatías isquémicas. Existe una mayor frecuencia de Diabetes mellitus en los pacientes portadores de la cardiopatía isquémica con edades entre 45 y 80 años. Conclusiones: La diabetes impone mayor riesgo de padecer cardiopatía isquémica, la hace más precoz, le impone dificultades diagnósticas y mayor riesgo de complicaciones. La diabetes y la cardiopatía isquémica son enfermedades con incidencias y prevalencias que se incrementan con la edad(AU)

Introduction:Ischemic heart disease has Diabetes mellitus as one of its most important factors, because affects the prognosis, treatment, severity, morbidity and mortality of the first one. Objective: To characterize the influence of diabetes mellitus on ischemic heart disease. Material and Methods: A literature review on the subject was conducted. Results: Diabetes mellitus is confirmed as a highly relevant risk factor for ischemic heart disease. People with diabetes are at the same risk of having a myocardial infarction as people without diabetes who have already had one. Diabetic women are more likely to have ischemic heart disease. There is a higher frequency of Diabetes mellitus in patients with ischemic heart disease aged between 45 and 80 years. Conclusions:Diabetes imposes an increased risk of suffering of ischemic heart disease, makes it more precocious, and imposes diagnostic difficulties and greater risk of complications. Diabetes and ischemic heart disease are illnesses with incidence and prevalence that increase with age(AU)

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Introducción: la atención pregestacional a la mujer diabética es considerada un requisito para lograr buenos resultados en su embarazo. El inicio del embarazo sin un adecuado control metabólico predispone a la pérdida del embarazo o a un riesgo incrementado de malformaciones congénitas, otras alteraciones también son reportadas en el feto y en el recién nacido. Objetivo: determinar si la atención preconcepcional a la mujer diabética pregestacional repercute favorablemente en el embarazo y sus resultados perinatales. Método: se realizó un estudio de cohorte, desarrollado en el Servicio de Diabetes y Embarazo del Hospital Universitario Vladimir Ilich Lenin de Holguín en el periodo de 2004 al 2013. El universo estuvo constituido por 218 gestantes diabéticas pregestacionales. La muestra se conformó por 203 gestantes que presentaron su parto con 28 semanas o más de gestación y fueron distribuidas en dos grupos, uno que involucró 57 gestantes que fueron atendidas desde antes del embarazo (grupo estudio) y un segundo grupo de 146 gestantes (grupo control) a quienes no le fue dispensada esta atención. Resultados: el recién nacido grande para la edad gestacional (23,03%) y la prematuridad (21,07%) predominó en la gestante que no fue atendida desde antes del embarazo y solo en ellas fue vista la muerte fetal (2,94%) y neonatal (0,98%), las malformaciones congénitas (1,12%) y otras complicaciones neonatales. Conclusiones: se demostró que la atención preconcepcional en la mujer con diabetes preexistente impacta positivamente en el embarazo y los resultados perinatales.

Introduction: pregestacional care to diabetic women is considered a requirement to obtain good results during the gestational stage. The beginning of pregnancy without an adequate metabolic control, predispose to the loss of the pregnancy or to a risk of increasing congenital bad formations, although there are other alterations which have been described in the fetus and the newly born. Objective: to determine if the preconceptional care in pregestacional diabetic women have positive repercussions in pregnancy and its perinatal results. Method: a cohort study about the behavior of the perinatal variables in diabetic women was carried out, this study was related to the preconceptional care in the Diabetes and Pregnancy Service of the Universitary Hospital Vladimir I. Lenin of Holguín, in the period of time between 2004-2013. The universe was formed by 218 pregestacional diabetic women. The sample was integrated by 203 pregnant women who presented their childbirth with 28 weeks or more of gestation. The patients were divided in two groups, one involving 57 pregnant women (study group), who were assisted before the pregnancy and a pregnant second group of 146 (control group), to whom, this assistance was not provided. Results: the big newly born to the gestational age of (23,03%) and the prematurity (21,07%) were predominant in the pregnants who were not assisted before pregnancy and just in them the fetal death (2.94%), the neonatal death (0.98%), the bad formations (1.12%) as well as other neonatal complications were seen. Conclusions: the study demonstrated that the preconcepcional care in the woman with pregestational diabetes impacts positively in pregnancy and perinatal results.

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O aumento das atividades físicas habituais (AFH), como a caminhada e as consequentes contrações musculares delas oriundas, pode ser considerado uma estratégia de auxílio do controle metabólico em diabéticos. Apesar disso, complicações como a polineuropatia periférica simétrica distal (PSD) em pessoas com diabetes podem contribuir diretamente para a redução dos níveis da AFH. Com isso, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar e comparar variáveis sanguíneas e o nível de AFH estimado por número de passos em diabéticos portadores e não portadores de PSD. Vinte e sete diabéticos, sendo 14 não portadores e 13 portadores de PSD atendidos no Centro Hiperdia de Viçosa, foram avaliados quanto ao nível de atividade física habitual estimada por número de passos/dia através de pedômetros. Cada participante utilizou o equipamento durante sete dias e os dados relacionados a cinco dias de semana e dois dias do final de semana foram analisados. Além disso, foram submetidos à avaliações antropométricas e bioquímicas. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas variáveis antropométricas e bioquímicas entre os grupos. O grupo sem PSD apresentou médias de passos em 7 dias, nos dias de semana e dias de final de semana estatisticamente superiores ao grupo com PSD (p < 0,05). Apesar do grupo sem PSD ser mais ativo, os dois grupos apresentam baixos níveis de AFH estimada por número de passos/dia, evidenciando a necessidade de elaboração de programas educacionais de atividades físicas específicos para ambas as populações.

The increase of habitual physical activity (HPA), such as walks and the consequent muscular contraction originated, can be considered a strategy to improve metabolic control in diabetics. Nevertheless, complications as the peripheral symmetrical distal polyneuropathy (PSD) in people with diabetes can contribute directly for HPA reduction. The aim of this study was evaluate and compare blood variables and the HPA level estimated by the number of steps in diabetics bearers and non-bearers of PSD. Twenty seven diabetics, being 14 non-bearers and 13 bearers of PSD treated in the Hiperdia Center of Viçosa, were evaluated in terms of the HPA level estimated by the number of steps/day through pedometers. Each participant used the equipment during seven days and the data of five weekdays and 2 weekend days were analyzed. Furthermore, they were submitted through a anthropometric and biochemical evaluation. Significant differences were not observed in the anthropometric and biochemical variables between groups. The group without PSD presented a mean of steps in 7 days, in the weekdays and weekend statistically superior to the group with PSD (p < 0.05). Although the group without PSD was more active, both groups presented low levels of HPA estimated by the number of steps/day, evidencing the necessity of elaborating educational programs of physical activity for both populations.

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Objetivo Apresentar e validar um registro eletrônico de saúde (RES) multifuncional para atendimento ambulatorial a portadoras de endocrinopatias na gestação e comparar a taxa de preenchimento de informações de saúde com o prontuário convencional. Métodos Desenvolvemos um RES denominado Ambulatório de Endocrinopatias na Gestação eletrônico (AMBEG) para registro sistematizado das informações de saúde. O AMBEG foi utilizado para atendimento obstétrico e endocrinológico de gestantes acompanhadas no ambulatório de endocrinopatias na gestação na maternidade referência em gestação de alto risco na Bahia, no período de janeiro de 2010 a dezembro de 2013. Aleatoriamente foramselecionadas 100 pacientes atendidas como AMBEG e 100 pacientes atendidas comprontuário convencional comregistro em papel e comparou-se a taxa de preenchimento de informações clínicas. Resultados Foram realizados 1461 atendimentos com o AMBEG: 253, 963 e 245 respectivamente, admissões, consultas de seguimento e puerpério. Eram portadoras de diabetes 77,2% e sendo 60,1% portadoras de diabetes pré-gestacional. O AMBEG substituiu, satisfatoriamente, o prontuário convencional. O percentual de informações clínicas registradas em ambos os prontuários foi significativamente maior no AMBEG: queixas clínicas (100 versus 87%, p < 0,01), altura uterina (89 versus 75%, p = 0,01), ganho de peso total (91 versus 40%, p < 0,01) e dados específicos sobre o diabetes (dieta, esquema de insulina, controle glicêmico e manejo de hipoglicemias) revelando diferença significativa (p < 0,01). A possibilidade de exportar dados clínicos para planilhas facilitou e agilizou a análise estatística de dados. Conclusões O AMBEG é uma ferramenta útil no atendimento clínico a mulheres portadoras de endocrinopatias na gestação. A taxa de preenchimento de informações clínicas foi superior à do prontuário convencional.

Objective To present and validate a multifunctional electronic medical record (EMR) for outpatient care to women with endocrine disorders in pregnancy and to compare health information data fill rate to conventional medical records. Methods We developed an EMR named Ambulatory of Endocrine Diseases in Pregnancy (AMBEG) for systematic registration of health information The AMBEG was used for obstetric and endocrine care in a sample of pregnant women admitted to the maternity reference in high-risk pregnancies in Bahia from January 2010 to December 2013. We randomly selected 100 patients accompanied with AMBEG and 100 patients monitored with conventional consultation and compared the health information data fill rate of the electronic consultation to that performed using conventional medical records. Results 1461 consultations were held, of which 253, 963 and 245 were first, follow-up and puerperium consultations, respectively. Most patients were pregnant women with diabetes (77.2%) and 60.1% were women with pre-gestational diabetes. The AMBEG satisfactorily replaced the conventional medical record. The percentage of registered information was significantly higher in the AMBEG: clinical symptoms (87% versus 100, p < 0.01), uterine height (89 versus 75%, p = 0.01), total weight gain (91 versus 40%, p < 0.01) and specific diabetes data (diet, insulin regimen, glycemic control and management of hypoglycemia) revealed a significant difference (p < 0.01). The ability to export data to worksheets greatly facilitated and accelerated the statistical analysis of the data. Conclusions AMBEG is a useful tool in clinical care for women with endocrine diseases during pregnancy. The fill rate of clinical information was superior to that registered in conventional medical records.

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