RESUMO
While conducting research in a protected ecological reserve within Ecuador's subtropical rainforest, a 49-year-old biologist, residing in an Andean city, contracted hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans (Hr-CLM) in the vesiculobullous clinical form. Since there were no domestic dogs or cats in the reserve, it is likely that wild animals carrying Ancylostoma sp. larvae infected the patient. She was effectively treated with two doses of oral ivermectin, administered 31 days after getting the infection. This case was diagnosed in a temperate city; therefore, a comprehensive travel history and clinical assessments are crucial for an accurate diagnosis and timely treatment.
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Abstract Ancylostoma spp. are found worldwide. Infected dog and cat feces can contaminate soil in public places. Despite prophylactic measures being available, studies on direct remediation of Ancylostoma-contaminated soils are scarce. This study aimed to determine the impact of heat treatment and liming on the viability of Ancylostoma spp. eggs in artificially contaminated sandy soil. Sterilized sand samples were contaminated with Ancylostoma spp. eggs extracted from infected dogs' feces. Samples were heated (trial I) to 70 °C or 80 °C, then sieved after 24 hours (212, 90, 38, and 25 µm). Larval cultures were assessed for larval development following heat treatment. Five quicklime concentrations (trial II; 50, 30, 20, 10 and 5%) were used to treat sand. The effect of liming on larval cultures was assessed by measuring embryonic development. Filariform larvae were exposed to 20% quicklime (25 °C and 37 °C, 20 min). Heat treatment destroys Ancylostoma spp. eggs and prevents in vitro larval development. Liming at 50, 30, and 20% concentrations made embryonic development impossible. However, filariform larvae treated with 20% lime solution retained their motility. Heating at 70 °C and liming at 20% were sufficient to make Ancylostoma spp. egg embryogenesis impossible in experimentally contaminated sand samples.
Resumo Ancylostoma spp. são nematódeos que infectam cães e gatos e podem contaminar locais públicos. Apesar da existência de medidas profiláticas, estudos sobre tratamento do solo são escassos. No presente estudo, foi avaliado o efeito do tratamento térmico e caleação na viabilidade de ovos de Ancylostoma spp., em solo arenoso estéril. Amostras de solo foram contaminadas com ovos de Ancylostoma spp. obtidos de fezes de cães naturalmente infectados, aquecidas a 70°C ou 80°C, e filtradas em tamises metálicas (212, 90, 38 e 25 µm) após 24 horas (Teste I). Cultivos de larvas foram realizadas para a avaliação do desenvolvimento larval. Na caleação (Teste II), cinco concentrações (50, 30, 20, 10 e 5%) de cal virgem foram utilizadas. O efeito da caleação foi avaliado com observação do desenvolvimento larval nos cultivos. Ainda, larvas foram expostas (20 minutos) ao leite de cal (20% a 25°C e 37°C). O tratamento térmico foi capaz de degenerar ovos de Ancylostoma spp. e impedir o desenvolvimento larval, enquanto a caleação (50, 30, e 20%) impossibilitou o desenvolvimento larval. Entretanto, as larvas filariformes, expostas ao leite de cal (20%) mantiveram motilidade. O aquecimento (70°C) e caleação (20%) impediram o embrionamento de ovos de Ancylostoma spp. em solo experimentalmente contaminado.
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Cutaneous larva migrans is a common infestation among travelers. Although the diagnosis may be suspected clinically, cases can show atypical presentations. We present the ultrasound features of 4 cases at 18 and 70 MHz. Small linear hyperechoic and hyper-refringent subepidermal and intrafollicular structures suggestive of fragments of larvae, hypoechoic dermal and hypodermal tunnels that match with dilatation of lymphatic ducts, and inflammatory dermal and hypodermal ultrasound signs can support the diagnosis. This work suggests that larvae can penetrate the cutaneous basement membrane through the ostia of the hair follicles and potentially disseminate through the dermal and hypodermal lymphatic network.
Assuntos
Larva Migrans/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Ultrassonografia/métodosRESUMO
Tropical regions receive a significant part of the traveling population. It is very important that health professionals are familiar with the main tropical skin diseases and able to advice patients appropriately. This article reviews the main tropical diseases of travelers, with an emphasis on diagnosis, management, and prevention. Among others, cutaneous larva migrans, myiasis, tungiasis, Chagas disease, Dengue fever, African trypanosomiasis, filariasis, and leishmaniasis are discussed. Increasing awareness among travelers and health care professionals can help reduce morbidity and mortality. Continued research on new drugs and vaccines is needed to reduce the risks of tropical diseases.
Assuntos
Dermatopatias/terapia , Viagem , Doença de Chagas/diagnóstico , Doença de Chagas/prevenção & controle , Doença de Chagas/terapia , Exantema/diagnóstico , Exantema/prevenção & controle , Exantema/terapia , Humanos , Larva Migrans/diagnóstico , Larva Migrans/prevenção & controle , Larva Migrans/terapia , Leishmaniose/diagnóstico , Leishmaniose/prevenção & controle , Leishmaniose/terapia , Miíase/diagnóstico , Miíase/prevenção & controle , Miíase/terapia , Escabiose/diagnóstico , Escabiose/prevenção & controle , Escabiose/terapia , Dermatopatias/diagnóstico , Dermatopatias/prevenção & controle , Tripanossomíase Africana/diagnóstico , Tripanossomíase Africana/prevenção & controle , Tripanossomíase Africana/terapia , Tungíase/diagnóstico , Tungíase/prevenção & controle , Tungíase/terapia , Febre Amarela/diagnóstico , Febre Amarela/prevenção & controle , Febre Amarela/terapiaRESUMO
This case report describes the second reported case of gnathostomiasis acquired in Brazil. The French traveller returned from a sport fishing trip from Tocantins where he was repeatedly consuming raw freshwater fish marinated with lemon juice. Gnathostoma infection was diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, dietary record and by detection of specific antibodies in the blood.
Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/parasitologia , Gnatostomíase/parasitologia , Idoso , Albendazol/administração & dosagem , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagem , Brasil , Doenças Transmissíveis Emergentes/tratamento farmacológico , Gnathostoma/isolamento & purificação , Gnatostomíase/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Ivermectina/administração & dosagem , MasculinoRESUMO
Introducción: La larva migrans cutánea (LMC) es la dermatitis tropical más frecuente y corresponde a una zoonosis causada por nemátodos, cuyo hospedero son los gatos y los perros. El hombre actúa como hospedero accidental. Clínicamente se presenta como una placa lineal eritematosa pruriginosa, de crecimiento lento en la planta del pie. El diagnóstico es clínico, basado en la morfología de la lesión, asociado al antecedente de viaje a zonas endémicas. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de LMC autóctona en Chile. Caso clínico: Niño de 3 años sano, con lesión lineal en la planta del pie, clínicamente compatible con LMC. Se indica tratamiento con ivermectina, evolucionando con resolución completa de la lesión. El paciente no presentaba antecedentes de viajes fuera de Chile, pero sí de contacto con perros. Conclusión: La LMC es descrita clásicamente como una dermatitis del viajero. Se presenta este caso debido a que hasta la fecha no se registran reportes previos de LMC en niños adquirida en Chile.
Introduction: Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is the most common tropical dermatitis. It is caused by nematodes hosted by cats and dogs. Humans act as an accidental reservoir. Clinically, it manifests as a slow-growing, elevated linear, erythematous and pruritic plaque, on the sole of the foot. Diagnosis is clinical, based on the morphology of the lesion associated with recent travel to endemic areas. Objective: To present an autochthonous case of CLM in Chile. Clinical case: A 3-year-old boy, presented with a linear lesion on his foot, clinically compatible with CLM. He received a single dose of ivermectin and had complete resolution of the lesion. The patient had no history of travel outside of Chile, but had contact with dogs. Conclusion: CLM is classically described as travellers dermatitis. We present this case, because there are no previous reports of CLM acquired in Chile by children.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Pré-Escolar , Cães , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Larva Migrans/diagnóstico , Antiparasitários/uso terapêutico , Larva Migrans/tratamento farmacológico , Chile , Resultado do Tratamento , PéRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is the most common tropical dermatitis. It is caused by nematodes hosted by cats and dogs. Humans act as an accidental reservoir. Clinically, it manifests as a slow-growing, elevated linear, erythematous and pruritic plaque, on the sole of the foot. Diagnosis is clinical, based on the morphology of the lesion associated with recent travel to endemic areas. OBJECTIVE: To present an autochthonous case of CLM in Chile. CLINICAL CASE: A 3-year-old boy, presented with a linear lesion on his foot, clinically compatible with CLM. He received a single dose of ivermectin and had complete resolution of the lesion. The patient had no history of travel outside of Chile, but had contact with dogs. CONCLUSION: CLM is classically described as travellers dermatitis. We present this case, because there are no previous reports of CLM acquired in Chile by children.
Assuntos
Antiparasitários/uso terapêutico , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Larva Migrans/diagnóstico , Animais , Pré-Escolar , Chile , Cães , Pé , Humanos , Larva Migrans/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Cutaneous larva migrans is a parasitic disease caused by Ancylostoma braziliense and Ancylostoma caninum larvae, which is transmitted by contact with sand infested with these parasites. Dogs and cats are the definitive hosts. This parasitic disease is endemic in the Caribbean, Africa, Australia, and Asia. We present the case of a 27-year-old woman, who developed skin lesions compatible with cutaneous larva migrans on her right foot after returning from beach vacations in the Mexican Caribbean. After clinical diagnosis, oral ivermectin was administered, with good clinical response.
La larva migrans cutánea es una parasitosis ocasionada por las larvas de Ancylostoma braziliense y Ancylostoma caninum, cuyo vehículo es la arena de playas infestadas. Los perros y gatos son los hospederos definitivos. Esta parasitosis es endémica en las costas del Caribe, África, Australia y Asia. Presentamos el caso clínico de una mujer de 27 años de edad, quien tras haber realizado un viaje al Caribe mexicano y haber estado en contacto con arena de playa, presentó unas lesiones en el pie derecho compatibles con larva migrans cutánea. El diagnóstico fue clínico. Recibió tratamiento con ivermectina oral, con buena respuesta.
Assuntos
Adulto , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Larva Migrans/diagnóstico , Dermatopatias Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Antiparasitários/uso terapêutico , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Larva Migrans/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatopatias Parasitárias/tratamento farmacológico , ViagemRESUMO
Larva migrans cutánea es el resultado de una infección por nematodos y muestra una erupción serpiginosa característica. Con el aumento de los viajes a zonas tropicales, muchos pacientes pueden volver con ésta infección, que es a menudo, mal diagnosticada o tratada incorrectamente. Esta enfermedad cutánea parasitaria es causada por la migración de larvas provenientes de animales en la epidermis humana.
Cutaneous larva migrans is a result of a nematode infection and shows a characteristic creeping eruption. As travel to the tropics zone increases, many patients may be returning with this infection, which is often misdiagnosed or treated incorrectly. This parasitic skin disease is caused by the migration of animal hookworm larvae in the human epidermis.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Eczema Disidrótico/complicações , Larva Migrans/complicações , Larva Migrans/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Larva Migrans/terapia , PrognósticoRESUMO
Hookworm-related cutaneous larva migrans (Hr-CLM) is caused by animal hookworm larvae migrating in the human epidermis where they elicit an inflammatory response. This study describes the immunological profile in Hr-CLM patients. In 77 Hr-CLM patients from Manaus, Brazil, peripheral eosinophils were counted, and serum concentrations of total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and selected cytokines were determined by ELISA before and after treatment with ivermectin. Controls included patients' household members (endemic controls), non-endemic Brazilian and Japanese individuals. Eosinophil counts and total IgE in Hr-CLM patients were higher than in controls and correlated with disease severity. Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10 were higher in Hr-CLM patients than in endemic controls (p < 0.001) while no differences were detected for interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1ß, IL-2, or transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß. Following ivermectin treatment, numbers of eosinophils and concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 decreased whereas IgE, IFN-γ, and TGF-ß concentrations increased. The IL-5/IFN-γ ratio declined from 5.9 (interquartile range [IQR] 0.8-31.6) before to 0.1 (IQR 0.05-0.2; p = 0.001) after treatment. Thus, although an impact of other infections on the immune parameters determined cannot be excluded, Hr-CLM in endemic areas is associated with eosinophilia and elevated cytokine levels, particularly of IL-5 and IL-10, which decrease following ivermectin treatment.
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O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a contaminação do solo de peridomicílios de uma comunidade pesqueira localizadano município de Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, onde é frequente a ocorrência de casos de Larva migrans cutânea.Utilizando-se das técnicas de centrifugo-flutuação, Baermann-Moraes e centrifugo- sedimentação, amostras de solo efezes de cães foram analisadas e os resultados evidenciaram altos índices de contaminação por ovos de Toxocara spp.,Ancilostomídeos e larvas de nematoides. Estes achados podem estar associados aos casos de Larvas migrans cutânea eàs elevadas taxas de eosinofilia em escolares daquela comunidade.(AU)
The aim of this study was to investigate soil contamination in peridomiciliary areas from a fishing community in themunicipality of Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, where is often found the occurrence of cases of cutaneous larvamigrans. Using the techniques of zinc sulphate centrifugal flotation, Baermann-Moraes and centrifugal sedimentation,soil samples and feces of dogs were analyzed and the results showed high levels of contamination by Toxocara spp.,hookworm and larvae of nematodes. These findings may be associated with cases of cutaneous larva migrans and highrates of eosinophilia in school children of that community.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Toxocara/parasitologia , Larva Migrans/parasitologia , Ancilostomíase/parasitologia , Poluição AmbientalRESUMO
O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a contaminação do solo de peridomicílios de uma comunidade pesqueira localizadano município de Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, onde é frequente a ocorrência de casos de Larva migrans cutânea.Utilizando-se das técnicas de centrifugo-flutuação, Baermann-Moraes e centrifugo- sedimentação, amostras de solo efezes de cães foram analisadas e os resultados evidenciaram altos índices de contaminação por ovos de Toxocara spp.,Ancilostomídeos e larvas de nematoides. Estes achados podem estar associados aos casos de Larvas migrans cutânea eàs elevadas taxas de eosinofilia em escolares daquela comunidade.
The aim of this study was to investigate soil contamination in peridomiciliary areas from a fishing community in themunicipality of Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, where is often found the occurrence of cases of cutaneous larvamigrans. Using the techniques of zinc sulphate centrifugal flotation, Baermann-Moraes and centrifugal sedimentation,soil samples and feces of dogs were analyzed and the results showed high levels of contamination by Toxocara spp.,hookworm and larvae of nematodes. These findings may be associated with cases of cutaneous larva migrans and highrates of eosinophilia in school children of that community.
Assuntos
Humanos , Ancilostomíase/parasitologia , Larva Migrans/parasitologia , Toxocara/parasitologia , Poluição AmbientalRESUMO
Introducción: la Larva migrans cutánea (LMC) es una enfermedad muy común en regiones tropicales, por lo que Cuba no está exenta de este tipo de infestación. Objetivo: relatar un caso de Larva migrans cutánea en un recién nacido de 18 días, visto durante estancia en Mozambique. Presentación del Caso: se presenta el caso de un recién nacido de 18 días, quien ingresa en el Servicio Infeccioso del Hospital Central de Beira, Provincia de Mozambique, con el posible diagnóstico de Meningoencefalitis y al que se le encuentra al examen físico lesiones eritematosas de trayecto lineal tortuosas a nivel de la región pre auricular, tórax y región glútea derecha, después de descartar otras entidades nosológicas. Conclusiones: se trata de una Larva migrans cutánea para lo que se impone tratamiento con cloruro de etilo y tiabendazol local. Presentó una evolución satisfactoria.
Introduction: cutaneous larva migrans is a very common disease in tropical regions that's why Cuba is included in the coontries in which this illness is present. Objective: talk about a cutaneous larva migrans case in an 18 days newborn, seen during the stay in Mozambique. Case Presentation: there is the case of a new born of 18 days who is addmited in the contagioos or infective Service of Beira Central Hospital, Mozambike province, with the possible diagnosis of the Meningoencephalitis, and within physical exam, physical lessions are found of the rind of erythematous of a acute lineal way at the level of the pre auricular region, thorax and de right buttock region. After discoonting others nosological entities. Conclussions: we are in the pressence of cutaneous Larva migrans and the local tiabendazol with cloruro of etilo tretment is impossed finding a notorioos satisfactory evolution after this.
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The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and intensity of Ancylostoma spp. in 33 dogs and 52 cats by means of coproparasitological examinations and parasitological necropsy, and assess the presence of contaminated feces with eggs of that parasite in public places of Andradina Municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. Willis-Mollay and Sedimentation methods indicated Ancylostoma spp. eggs in 87.8 percent (29/33) dogs and 94.2 percent (49/52) cats. The species A. caninum and A. braziliense were found in 63.6 percent (21/33) and 30.3 percent (10/33) of dogs, respectively. Considering cats, 67.3 percent (35/52) were parasitized by A. braziliense, 21.1 percent (11/52) by A. caninum, and 9.6 percent (5/52) by A. tubaeforme. Forty-two canine fecal samples were collected from public environments, including 23 squares/gardens and 19 streets/sidewalks. Positive samples for Ancylostoma spp. accounted for 64.3 percent (27/42); squares/gardens had 60.9 percent (14/23) positive samples, and streets and sidewalks, 68.4 percent (13/19). No association was observed between the number of Ancylostoma spp parasites and age, sex and breed of the animals and also the ratio of EPG counts and the parasitic intensity observed at necropsy (p > 0.05). Based on the high occurrence of hookworm in dogs and cats in this study, the treatment with anti helminthics are needed even in those animals with negative stool tests, besides adopting control of the number of animals in public places, in order to decrease the likelihood of environmental contamination, since this parasite represents a potential hazard to human and animal health.
O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a freqüência e intensidade parasitária de Ancylostoma spp. em 33 cães e 52 gatos por meio de exames coproparasitológicos e pela necropsia parasitológica, bem como avaliar a presença de fezes contaminadas com ovos deste parasito em locais públicos do município de Andradina/SP. Por meio das técnicas de Willis-Mollay e Sedimentação, ovos de Ancylostoma spp. foram observados em 87,9 por cento (29/33) e 94,2 por cento (49/52) dos cães e gatos, respectivamente. As espécies constatadas nos cães foram A. caninum em 63,6 por cento (21/33) e A. braziliense em 30,3 por cento (10/33). Dos gatos, 67,3 por cento (35/52) estavam parasitados por A. braziliense, 21,1 por cento (11/52) por A. caninum e 9,6 por cento (5/52) por A. tubaeforme. Foram coletadas 42 amostras fecais caninas do ambiente público sendo, 23 de praças/jardins e 19 de ruas/calçadas. Positividade para Ancylostoma spp. foi observada em 64,3 por cento (27/42) destas fezes sendo 60,9 por cento (14/23) provenientes de praças/jardins e 68,4 por cento (13/19) de ruas e calçadas. Não foi observada associação entre a presença do parasito e a idade, sexo e raça dos animais, bem como entre o número de parasitos observado na necropsia e o OPG (p > 0.05). Baseado na alta ocorrência de ancilostomídeos em cães e gatos neste estudo, o tratamento com anti-helmínticos faz-se necessário, mesmo nos animais com exames de fezes negativos, além da necessidade de adoção de controle do número de animais em locais públicos, a fim de diminuir a probabilidade de contaminação do meio ambiente, uma vez que este parasito representa um perigo potencial à saúde humana e animal.
Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Cães , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Ancilostomíase/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/parasitologia , Doenças do Cão/parasitologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Logradouros Públicos , Fatores Etários , Ancylostoma/isolamento & purificação , Ancilostomíase/parasitologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Cidades/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , Contagem de Ovos de ParasitasRESUMO
Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) represents the most common tropically acquired dermatosis. CLM is caused by infection with hookworm larvae in tropical and sub-tropical areas, and people who have a history of foreign travel and of walking barefoot on sandy soil or beaches are at a high risk of getting infected with it. The diagnosis is usually made on the basis of the typical appearance of the lesion, intense itching and history of foreign travel. CLM is a common parasitic skin disease that can be easily prevented by wearing 'protective' footwear. A case of CLM is described in this article.