RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have emerged as a new paradigm in nicotine delivery systems. Although they are marketed as safer alternatives to tobacco, public perceptions of their safety and utility vary widely. This study aims to understand the percentage of use, factors associated, perceptions, and attitudes about e-cigarettes among Ecuadorian adults. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the Ecuadorian population aged 18-65 years through a convenience sample, using a structured online questionnaire designed to collect responses from voluntary participants over three months, from February to April 2023. The questionnaire assessed the respondents' attitudes and perceptions towards e-cigarettes. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests, and adjusted logistic regression analyses to identify factors associated with e-cigarette use. RESULTS: Out of a total of 3047 Ecuadorian adults, the percentage of e-cigarette ever use was 27.9% (n=850), with 19.4% being current users and 8.5% former users. A negative stance towards e-cigarettes was predominant, with 66.3% considering e-cigarette use a public health problem in Ecuador. A significant association was observed between e-cigarette use and perceived harmfulness (p<0.001). Among non-users, there was a predominant stance in favor of control measures and disapproval of e-cigarette use among minors (p<0.001). The factors associated with the use of electronic cigarettes included being health personnel (AOR=1.51; 95% CI: 1.26-1.80). Older age (aged >24 years) and a history of tobacco use were associated with lower e-cigarette use (current users, OR=0.31; 95% CI: 0.25-0.38; previous users, OR=0.23; 95% CI: 0.18-0.28). CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight a significant percentage of e-cigarette use among Ecuadorian adults, especially among younger groups. There is a need for comprehensive public health education about e-cigarettes in Ecuador. There is strong support from the public for control measures, suggesting the potential acceptability of regulations concerning e-cigarettes.

RESUMO

Data on the temporal and spatial evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and local control measures and their effects on morbidity and mortality patterns in rural Brazil are scarce. We analyzed the data from case notification systems, epidemiological investigation reports, and municipal decrees in Itapajé, a small municipality in Ceará State in northeast Brazil. For spatial and spatio-temporal analyses, cases and deaths were mapped. There were a total of 3020 cases of COVID-19, recorded between April 2020 and December 2021; 135 (4.5%) died. The cumulative incidence and mortality rates were 5650.3 cases and 252.6 deaths per 100,000 people, respectively. The index case of SARS-CoV-2 in Itapajé was diagnosed in March 2020. The first peak of cases and deaths occurred in May 2020. The second wave peaked in May 2021, with the highest number of deaths in March 2021. According to the spatial analysis, the highest density of cases and deaths occurred in the central urban areas. In these areas, there were also the clusters of highest risk according to the spatio-temporal analyses. The municipal government issued 69 decrees on restriction measures, surveillance, and the maintenance of social isolation as a response to the pandemic. The spread of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Itapajé mirrored the dynamics in large metropolitan regions, going from central neighborhoods of low socio-economic status to the wealthier peripheries.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this paper is to bring to the fore the type of economic analyses that have been carried out on the invasion of the Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and what has been learned. The analysis is limited to the original research articles published in peer-reviewed journals and book chapters. A total of 20 relevant studies are identified. The studies are analysed based on their main purpose, which is either economic impact assessment or economic evaluation of management programmes. The analysis also considers the key methodological points highlighted in recent reviews of the economic literature on alien invasive species. Over time, the focus of these studies has gradually shifted from raising awareness of the magnitude of the impact, particularly on agricultural production, to supporting the decision-making process concerning effective pest management. Most studies have been conducted from a private perspective, measuring private costs and providing guidance to the industry. However, some papers include, or focus on, the societal costs caused by the invasions of D. suzukii. This review has found few impact studies in the recently invaded areas and no economic evaluation of management programmes. There are not only geographical areas, but also themes that need more attention and analysis in the economic studies on D. suzukii. Assessing the economic effectiveness of integrated pest management programmes in specific settings, included the Latin American countries, is crucial.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Resumen Las infecciones hospitalarias causadas por bacilos gram negativos resistentes a carbapenems (BGNCR) están asociadas al aumento de morbimortalidad y gasto sanitario. La identificación mediante cultivos de vigilancia y las medidas de control de infecciones permiten reducir su diseminación. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el impacto de un programa de vigilancia integrado a protocolos de control de infecciones sobre la incidencia de BGNCR y conocer su epidemiología molecular en una unidad de cuidados intensivos. Se realizaron auditorías seguidas de un programa de cultivo de vigilancia activa y caracterización molecular de BGNCR, antes y después de la implementación de programas de prevención y control de infecciones. El screening microbiológico se realizó en medios cromogénicos; la caracterización molecular de p-lactamasas (blaKPC, bla0XA-48-like, blaVIM, blaiMP, blaNDM, blaSHV y blaCTx-M) por PCR y la tipificación molecular por PFGE y MLST para Klebsiella pneumoniae. El protocolo desarrollado permitió reducir la colonización global de 16,92% al 9,67%. La diseminación de K. pneumoniae fue a expensas de diversos clones portadores de KPC-2 asociada a BLEE SHV-2 y CTX-M-15, y distribuidos en varios secuenciotipos (ST17, ST13, ST2256, ST353); no se observó persistencia de un clon particular y ningún aislamiento presentó factores de virulencia asociados a hipervi-rulencia. Los aislamientos de Acinetobacter baumannii fueron mayoritariamente productores de IMP-1. El análisis PFGE individualizó 3 clusters, asumiendo que la diseminación fue clonal.

Abstract Hospital-acquired infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CRGNB) have been increasingly reported worldwide and are associated with high rates of mortality especially in intensive care units(ICUs). Early identification through rectal surveillance cultures and implementation of infection control measures(ICM) including contact precautions, staff education on cleaning and hand hygiene may reduce the spread of these microorganisms. The aim of this work was to assess the impact of enhanced ICM on CRGNB colonization and to describe the molecular epidemiology of these bacteria in a polyvalent ICU in a tertiary level hospital. A prospective study including audits and active surveillance culture program, with molecular characterization, was conducted before and after the implementation of prevention programs and infection control measures. Microbiological screening was performed in chromogenic media; PCR targeting p-lactamases genes (ó/qkpc, óíQndm, blaviM and blaoxA-48, blasHv and ó/qctx-m), molecular typing by PFGE; and MLST in K. pneumoniae were performed. CRGNB colonization was reduced from 16.92% to 9.67% upon implementing the infection control measures. In K. pneumoniae the most frequent carbapenemase type was KPC-2 associated with SHV-2 and CTX-M-15, and was disseminated in various STs (ST17, ST13, ST2256, ST353); there was no persistence of particular clones and virulence factors showed no association with hypervirulence. IMP-1 carbapenemase predominated in A. baumannii and the PFGE analysis individualized 3 clusters, assuming that the dissemination in the ICU was clonal. The early detection of patients colo-nized with CRBGN by using epidemiological surveillance cultures and the implementation of prophylactic measures are key to reducing the incidence of these microorganisms.

RESUMO

Hospital-acquired infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CRGNB) have been increasingly reported worldwide and are associated with high rates of mortality especially in intensive care units(ICUs). Early identification through rectal surveillance cultures and implementation of infection control measures(ICM) including contact precautions, staff education on cleaning and hand hygiene may reduce the spread of these microorganisms. The aim of this work was to assess the impact of enhanced ICM on CRGNB colonization and to describe the molecular epidemiology of these bacteria in a polyvalent ICU in a tertiary level hospital. A prospective study including audits and active surveillance culture program, with molecular characterization, was conducted before and after the implementation of prevention programs and infection control measures. Microbiological screening was performed in chromogenic media; PCR targeting ß-lactamases genes (blaKPC, blaNDM, blaVIM and blaOXA-48, blaSHV and blaCTX-M), molecular typing by PFGE; and MLST in K. pneumoniae were performed. CRGNB colonization was reduced from 16.92% to 9.67% upon implementing the infection control measures. In K. pneumoniae the most frequent carbapenemase type was KPC-2 associated with SHV-2 and CTX-M-15, and was disseminated in various STs (ST17, ST13, ST2256, ST353); there was no persistence of particular clones and virulence factors showed no association with hypervirulence. IMP-1 carbapenemase predominated in A. baumannii and the PFGE analysis individualized 3 clusters, assuming that the dissemination in the ICU was clonal. The early detection of patients colonized with CRBGN by using epidemiological surveillance cultures and the implementation of prophylactic measures are key to reducing the incidence of these microorganisms.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The goat milk industry has unquestionably grown in recent years due to the high demand for dairy products, which are considered nutritious and hypoallergenic. As a result, security measures are required in the production chain to provide consumers with safe products, although the concept of biosecurity is still incipient in Brazilian goat farming. Therefore, this study aimed to review the main biosecurity measures applied to dairy goat farms and suggest a program that contemplates these measures to promote animal health and welfare, given that biosecurity bolsters environmental sustainability and improves this agricultural sector. Biosecurity programs (BP) are composed of a set of measures and procedures aimed at herd health and applied in all stages of animal husbandry, interacting with different sectors that make up the production system and providing a set of policies and operational norms to protect herds against potentially pathogenic agents. Thus, BP require planning, execution, monitoring, audits, updates, understanding of the procedures, and awareness of those involved in the production chain. In addition, it includes continuing education programs and the development of contingency plans for specific emergencies. The information included in this study provides input to dairy goat farms to implement practices that improve the productivity of this agricultural sector.

A caprinocultura leiteira é um setor produtivo em crescimento, devido à alta demanda dos produtos lácteos considerados nutritivos e hipoalergênicos. Em consequência disso, são exigidas medidas de segurança na cadeia produtiva a fim de fornecer produtos inócuos ao consumidor. No entanto, os conceitos de biosseguridade ainda são incipientes na caprinocultura brasileira. Desta forma, este estudo tem a finalidade de revisar as principais medidas de biosseguridade aplicadas à caprinocultura leiteira e sugerir um programa que contemple estas medidas visando promover a saúde e o bem-estar animal. Além disso, a biosseguridade propicia a sustentabilidade do meio ambiente e potencializa melhorias neste setor agropecuário. Salienta-se que um programa de biosseguridade (PB) é composto por um conjunto de medidas e procedimentos de atenção à saúde do plantel, aplicados em todas as etapas da criação animal, interagindo com diversos setores que compõe o sistema produtivo, além de propiciar a implantação de um conjunto de políticas e normas operacionais, com o objetivo de proteger os rebanhos contra a introdução de qualquer agente infeccioso potencialmente patogênico. O PB necessita de planejamento, execução, monitoramento, auditorias, atualizações, bem como demanda de compreensão dos procedimentos e da sensibilização de todos os envolvidos nos processos da cadeia produtiva. Adicionalmente, inclui programas de educação continuada de todos os indivíduos e a elaboração de planos de contingência para situações emergenciais específicas. As informações incluídas neste estudo fornecerão aporte às propriedades de caprinocultura de leite para a implementação de ações que promovam melhorias na produtividade deste setor agropecuário.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Bacteriophages represent the main microbiological threat for the manufacture of fermented foods. The dairy industry is the most affected by this problem, as phages are naturally present in raw milk, surfaces, vats, tanks, floors, and distributed by air displacements. Cheese whey may also contain high phage concentrations. Prophages harbored by lysogenic strains could be induced, generating new lytic phages. In this context, where phages cannot be eradicated from dairies, methods of phage monitoring are mandatory. These are mainly based in microbiological features, like classical methods, that are the most used, economic and simple to carry out. Phage DNA detection and quantification by PCR and qPCR, more complex and expensive, are faster, although not able to discern between viable and non-viable virions. Electron microscopy allows direct visualization and characterization of phage morphology, but the apparatus is expensive. Alternative methods based in other phage traits also exist, though less studied and not applicable on a daily basis. Recognition of contamination sources and correct phage monitoring in dairy factories allow a correct application of control measures. These include general measures such as proper factory design, efficient programs of sanitization, good treatment of raw materials, especially milk, and careful handling of by-products. Additionally, the use of starts cultures should be adequate, with application of rotation schemes when possible. Finally, the selection of bacteriophage insensitive mutants (BIM) is essential, and can be achieved simply and empirically, though the study of CRISPR-Cas and other newly discovered mechanisms provide a more rational basis to obtain BIMs with optimized features.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The effect of employing collars impregnated with deltamethrin 4% (DM4) to control canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) was evaluated. as were the individual factors associated with this infection. A cohort study that included household dogs was conducted between 2002 and 2006. The presence of pathognomonic signals, peridomiciliary sleep habits and breed were the main factors associated with the infection. The use of DM4 collars contributed to the reduction of CVL with an effectiveness of 66%, and the dogs' survival rate was greater than 90% at 50 months. In conclusion, the adoption of DM4 collars reduced the number of euthanized canines and in the incidence of CVL, and this reduction was sustained for one year after discontinuing the use of the collar.

RESUMO

Introducción: La COVID-19, enfermedad respiratoria viral, producida por el SARS- CoV- 2, los primeros casos aparecieron en Wuhan, China, en diciembre 2019, evolucionó a pandemia. La OMS declaró emergencia mundial el 30 de enero del 2020. Se presentan los datos generales de la epidemia en Cuba, Australia y Nueva Zelandia. Objetivo: Describir la evolución de la epidemia en dichos países, las medidas tomadas y sus resultados. Material y Métodos: Investigación descriptiva, cuanti - cualitativa, utilizó la revisión documental, para cotejar información publicada sobre la epidemia en los países seleccionados, en revistas médicas, prensa periódica, sitios web oficiales. Se analizó información hasta el 13 de junio. Resultados: Australia tuvo 7 283 casos, 6 888 (94,48 por ciento) recuperados. Realizaron 1 782 651 test diagnósticos (69,91 por 10 000 habitantes) y positividad de 0.4 por ciento. Reportaron 102 fallecidos, mayores tasas entre 70 - 89 años, letalidad de 1,39 por ciento. Nueva Zelandia totalizó 1 515 casos, con 1 483 recuperados (97,8 por ciento), fallecieron 22. Realizaron 310 297 (36 por 10 000 habitantes) pruebas de PCR, con 0,7 por ciento de positivos. La letalidad fue de 1,9 por ciento. Cuba, acumulaba 2 238 casos, recuperados 1 923 (86 por ciento). Fallecieron 84 pacientes, con letalidad de 3,75 por ciento. Realizaron PCR (12,16 x 10 000 hab.), con 1,7 por ciento positivas. Conclusiones: El control resultó de la voluntad política de enfrentar y contener la epidemia con drásticas medidas de distanciamiento social, cierre de fronteras y aislamiento de territorios, aplicación de test diagnósticos, y la existencia de sistemas de salud públicos robustos y gratuitos(AU)

Introduction: COVID-19 is a viral respiratory disease produced by SARS-CoV-2. The first cases were diagnosed in Wuhan, China in December 2019; then the disease became a pandemic. The WHO declared it a global emergency on January 30, 2020. General data on the epidemic in Cuba, Australia and New Zealand are presented. Objective: To present the evolution of the epidemic in these countries as well as the measures taken and their results. Material and Methods: A descriptive, quantitative and qualitative research used documentary review to compare information about the epidemic in the selected countries. The information was obtained from medical journals, periodical press, and official websites and it was analyzed before June 13. Results: Australia had 7,283 cases of which 6,888 (94.48 percent) patients recovered. They performed 1,782,651 diagnostic tests (69.91 per 10,000 inhabitants) and the positivity was 0.4 percent. They reported 102 deaths with higher rates in people aged 70 - 89 years, and a case fatality of 1.39 percent. New Zealand reported 1,515 cases, with 1,483 recovered (97.8 percent) and 22 deaths. They performed 310,297 (36 per 10,000 population) PCR tests, with 0.7 percent positive cases. The case fatality was 1.9 percent. Cuba accumulated 2,238 cases and 1,923 (86 percent) recovered. A total of 84 patients died, with a lethality of 3.75 percent. PCR tests (12.16 x 10,000 inhabitants) were performed reporting 1.7 percent of positive cases. Conclusions: The control resulted from the political will to confront and contain the epidemic with drastic measures of social distancing, closure of borders and isolation of territories, application of diagnostic tests, and the existence of robust and free public health systems(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Rabies transmitted by common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) has been known since the early 1900s but continues to expand geographically and in the range of species and environments affected. In this review, we present current knowledge of the epidemiology and management of rabies in D. rotundus and argue that it can be reasonably considered an emerging public health threat. We identify knowledge gaps related to the landscape determinants of the bat reservoir, reduction in bites on humans and livestock, and social barriers to prevention. We discuss how new technologies including autonomously-spreading vaccines and reproductive suppressants targeting bats might manage both rabies and undesirable growth of D. rotundus populations. Finally, we highlight widespread under-reporting of human and animal mortality and the scarcity of studies that quantify the efficacy of control measures such as bat culling. Collaborations between researchers and managers will be crucial to implement the next generation of rabies management in Latin America.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Visceral leishmaniasis is an important but neglected disease that is spreading and is highly lethal when left untreated. This study sought to measure the Leishmania infantum seroprevalence in dogs, the coverage of its control activities (identification of the canine reservoir by serological survey, dog culling and insecticide spraying) and to evaluate its relationship with the occurrence of the disease in humans in the municipalities of Araçatuba and Birigui, state of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Information from 2006 to 2015 was georeferenced for each municipality and modeling was performed for the two municipalities together. To do this, latent Gaussian Bayesian models with the incorporation of a spatio-temporal structure and Poisson distribution were used. The Besag-York-Mollie models were applied for random spatial effects, as also were autoregressive models of order 1 for random temporal effects. The modeling was performed using the INLA (Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations) deterministic approach, considering both the numbers of cases as well as the coverage paired year by year and lagged at one and two years. RESULTS: Control activity coverage was observed to be generally low. The behavior of the temporal tendency in the human disease presented distinct patterns in the two municipalities, however, in both the tendency was to decline. The canine serological survey presented as a protective factor only in the two-year lag model. CONCLUSIONS: The canine serological coverage, even at low intensity, carried out jointly with the culling of the positive dogs, suggested a decreasing effect on the occurrence of the disease in humans, whose effects would be seen two years after it was carried out.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract As the Covid-19 pandemic continues to evolve, many countries are in the process of reopening schools, churches, and businesses. In an effort to screen for potentially infected individuals, temporal artery (forehead) temperature is measured in thousands of people each day. This editorial discusses some of the major limitations of this procedure as a screening method for Covid-19 and warns against the danger of the false sense of security that this practice may cause.

Resumen Conforme continúa la evolución de la pandemia por Covid-19, muchos países inician el proceso de reapertura de escuelas, iglesias y negocios. En un esfuerzo de tamizaje para detectar personas potencialmente infectadas, cada día se les está midiendo la temperatura de la arteria temporal (en la frente) a miles de personas. En este editorial se plantean algunas de las limitaciones principales de este procedimiento como método de tamizaje para Covid-19 y se advierte acerca del peligro de caer en una falsa sensación de seguridad, causada por esa práctica.

Resumo Com o avanço contínuo da pandemia de Covid-19, muitos países estão em processo de reabertura de escolas, igrejas e empresas. Em um esforço para rastrear indivíduos potencialmente infectados, a temperatura da artéria temporal (testa) é medida em milhares de pessoas todos os dias. Este editorial discute algumas das principais limitações deste procedimento como método de triagem para o Covid-19 e alerta contra o perigo da falsa sensação de segurança que essa prática pode causar.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Green spaces in urban areas can play a key role in protecting wildlife. However, the presence of wildlife in urban areas can lead to human health risks. Although the presence of the rodent species Oligoryzomys flavescens (hantavirus reservoir) has been recorded in cities of Argentina, its population dynamics in this type of habitat is still unknown. Here, we evaluated: (1) long-term spatial and temporal patterns of O. flavescens abundance and how these patterns were influenced by weather factors and (2) the seroprevalence of hantavirus and the identity of the viral lineage circulating in the population that inhabits the Costanera Sur Ecological Reserve, a protected area in the city of Buenos Aires. Genetic results confirmed that the pathogenic ANDES Central Lechiguanas virus is present in O. flavescens populations inhabiting this urban reserve. Abundance of O. flavescens showed interannual and seasonal fluctuations, with maximum values in winter and spring and minimum ones in summer and autumn. Summers with the highest abundances of O. flavescens were preceded by warmer winters, while winters with lower abundances were preceded by warmer summers. On the other hand, accumulated precipitations in the previous 6 months positively affected winter abundance. These results could help the authorities in charge of the green spaces of Buenos Aires to identify priority areas and times of the year for the implementation of preventive measures that minimize the contact of rodents with visitors. Such measures could be intensified when winters are warmer than normal, and summers are cooler and wetter than normal.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Population pressure, urbanization, and industrial developments, among other factors, have resulted in severe degradation of environmental resources such as wetlands. Thus, a groundwater model (MODFLOW) was integrated with a particle tracking MODPATH model to simulate the hydrodynamic flow head field and to analyze the vulnerability of the Salburua ecosystem and propose control measures to protect the riparian area. The simulations show that pathways of particle tracking originating at potential contaminant sources will tend to migrate downwards towards the sensitive ecosystem, which suggests that the quality of the hydrological ecosystem is likely to deteriorate in the future. Variation in exit points of particles indicates that the time-related capture areas are affected by changes of the hydraulic gradients. Two control measures of potential sources of pollutants in the vicinity of the Salbarua ecosystem were analyzed. The study results suggest that the travel time-related capture zone with a funnel-and-gate system is much smaller than without the control alternative, which indicates that the gate configuration has an effect on capture zone size and shape and on the residence time with a better attenuation performance. It is also shown that a leakage-proof barrier is less effective for point-source containment, assuming that hydraulic control performance and cost-efficiency are the criteria for pollution control effectiveness. Instead, a program of monitoring wells would effectively characterize water quality in the aquifer and provide a decision support system. This approach may be used in helping water managers to develop more physically based and quantitative protection strategies.

Assuntos

RESUMO

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: Viral respiratory infections have been recognized as a cause of severe illness in immunocompromised and non-immunocompromised hosts. This acknowledgement is a consequence of improvement in diagnosis and better understanding of transmission. Available vaccines and antiviral drugs for prophylaxis and treatment have been developed accordingly. Viral respiratory pathogens are increasingly recognized as nosocomial pathogens as well. The purpose of this review is to describe the most frequent and relevant nosocomial viral respiratory infections, their mechanisms of transmission and the infection control measures to prevent their spread in the healthcare setting. RECENT FINDINGS: Although most mechanisms of transmission and control measures of nosocomial viral infections are already known, improved diagnostic tools allow better characterization of these infections and also lead to the discovery of new viruses such as the coronavirus, which is the cause of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, or the human bocavirus. Also, the ability to understand better the impact, dissemination and prevention of these viruses, allows us to improve the measures to prevent these infections. SUMMARY: Healthcare viral respiratory infections increase patient morbidity. Each virus has a different mechanism of transmission; therefore, early detection and prompt implementation of infection control measures are very important in order to avoid their transmission in the hospital setting.

RESUMO

Introducción: Serratia marcescens, bacilo Gram negativo, familia enterobacteriaceae; se encuentra en la flora intestinal del hombre y animales, en el medio ambiente y en reservorios como agua, cañerías, llaves, en insumos hospitalarios como jabones y antisépticos. Objetivos: determinar la presencia de un brote, localizaciones, comorbilidades presentes; serotipo del agente causal, cortar la cadena de transmisión. Metodología: estudio descriptivo de un brote epidémico por S. marcescens en el periodo comprendido entre 27 de Abril del 2015 a 19 de Junio del 2015. Se definió como caso a cualquier paciente con cultivo positivo para S. marcescens durante el período epidémico, ya que no se había identificado ningún cultivo positivo para esta bacteria con dicha resistencia en los años previos de vigilancia. Hipótesis: Transmisión por contacto, mano portada. Resultados durante el período epidémico se identificaron 5 pacientes con cultivos positivos para S. marcescens. Las comorbilidades fueron, choque séptico de origen enteral 1/5, cardiopatía/ bronquiolitis 1/5, pos operado de hemorragia ventricular 1/5, oclusión intestinal/ sepsis neonatal tardia1/5. Con procedimientos invasivos tales como, asistencia respiratoria mecánica, catéter venoso central, catéter urinario 5/5, cirugía 2/5, catéter de derivación externa 1/5, antibiótico de amplio espectro con 2 o más asociaciones 4/5, promedio de 43 DDI. Localizaciones: S. Traqueal 3/5, PC 2/5, liq. Peritoneal, HMC 1/5. Tasa de ataque 9.4%(5/53), letalidad 60%(3/5) Intervenciones: precauciones de contacto, cohorte, higiene hospitalaria. Conclusiones: brote a Serratia marcescens, productora de carbapenemasa, detectada mediante vigilancia activa en UCIP, más frecuentemente aislado en S. traqueal y PC. Se controló con medidas de prevención y control.

Introduction: Serratia marcescens, Gram negative bacillus, family enterobacteriaceae; Is found in the intestinal flora of man and animals, in the environment and in reservoirs such as water, pipes, keys, in hospital supplies such as soaps and antiseptics. Objectives: to determine the presence of an outbreak, localizations, present comorbidities; Serotype of the causative agent, cut the transmission chain. Methodology: a descriptive study of an outbreak of S. marcescens in the period from April 27, 2015 to June 19, 2015. Any patient with positive culture for S. marcescens during the epidemic period was defined as the case, since No positive culture for this bacterium had been identified with such resistance in previous years of surveillance. Hypothesis: Transmission by contact, hand cover. Results: 5 patients with S. marcescens positive cultures were identified during the epidemic period. Comorbidities were septic shock of enteral origin 1/5, heart disease / bronchiolitis 1/5, postoperative of ventricular hemorrhage 1/5, intestinal occlusion / late neonatal sepsis1 / 5. With invasive procedures such as mechanical ventilation, central venous catheter, urinary catheter 5/5, surgery 2/5, external lead catheter 1/5, broad spectrum antibiotic with 2 or more associations 4/5, average of 43 DDI . Locations: S. Traqueal 3/5, PC 2/5, liq. Peritoneal, HMC 1/5. Attack rate 9.4% (5/53), lethality 60% (3/5) Interventions: contact precautions, cohort, hospital hygiene. Conclusions: outbreak of Serratia marcescens, a producer of carbapenemase, detected by active surveillance in PICU, most frequently isolated in S. tracheal and PC. It was controlled with prevention and control measures.

Assuntos

RESUMO

INTRODUÇÃO: A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma zoonose de grande importância na saúde pública, causada pela Leishmania infantum. No Brasil, o parasito é transmitido pela picada do Lutzomyia longipalpis e o cão é considerado o principal reservatório doméstico. As medidas de controle da LV apresentam limitações que comprometem a sua eficácia. Assim, novas estratégias precisam ser implementadas. A utilização de coleiras impregnadas com deltametrina a 4% têm apresentado resultados promissores na proteção individual de cães contra a picada do vetor flebotomíneo e como medida de controle em regiões endêmicas da Europa. Entretanto, ainda são escassos os estudos de campo que avaliaram a eficácia da utilização da coleira como medida de controle da LV em áreas onde o Lu. longipalpis é o vetor responsável pela transmissão. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia da utilização de coleiras impregnadas com deltametrina a 4% em cães, no controle e prevenção da leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) em uma área endêmica do Brasil. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Um estudo experimental longitudinal foi realizado em Camaçari - BA...

INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis of great importance in public health, caused by Leishmania infantum. In Brazil, the parasite is transmitted by the bite of Lutzomyia longipalpis and the dog is considered the main domestic reservoir. The VL control measures have limitations that impair its efficacy. Thus, new strategies need to be implemented. The use of collars impregnated with deltamethrin 4% have shown promising results in personal protection dogs against the bite of the sandfly vector and as a control measure in endemic regions of Europe. However, there are few field studies that evaluated the efficacy of using the collar as LV control measure in areas where Lu. longipalpis is the vector responsible for transmition. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of using collars impregnated with deltamethrin to 4% in dogs for control and prevention of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in an endemic area of Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A longitudinal experimental study was carried out in Camaçari-BA...

Assuntos

RESUMO

Intoxicação por Senecio spp. é a principal causa de morte de bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e não há medidas terapêuticas eficazes, mas os ovinos são mais resistentes e têm sido usados como controladores naturais da planta. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do pastoreio com ovinos em diferentes estações do ano (primavera-inverno) determinando a melhor época pela interferência desse pastoreio na fenologia da planta, especialmente nas fases reprodutivas, e em relação à infestação na pastagem. O experimento foi desenvolvido em duas propriedades localizadas na região da Campanha do RS, em módulos de 50m X 100m, com água disponível e com diferentes graus de infestação por Senecio spp. O grau de infestação, independentemente da espécie, foi determinado pela média do número de plantas em três pontos aleatórios com diâmetro de 2m cada, dentro da área de estudo. Em 12 pontos de observação fenológica definidos em cada módulo, uma a três plantas representou infestação baixa (IB) e quatro a seis plantas infestação média (IM), ambos localizados na propriedade A; sete a nove plantas infestação alta (IA) e 10 ou mais plantas foi considerada infestação muito alta (IMA), localizados na propriedade B. Os módulos localizaram-se em propriedades distintas porque não foram encontrados todos os níveis de infestação numa única propriedade. Nesses pontos foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros no dia 0 (antes da entrada dos ovinos) e a cada 15 dias durante a primavera de 2009 (primeiro ano) e inverno e primavera de 2010 (segundo ano): número de exemplares das espécies de Senecio presentes, fenofases reprodutivas, vigor e consumo. O controle foi feito no segundo ano do experimento, em seis pontos de observação fenológica, estabelecidos de forma idêntica ao módulo, em área contígua a cada um dos módulos, sem pastoreio ovino, com pastoreio periódico de bovinos e equinos, seguindo o manejo de rodízio aplicado nas propriedades. (...)

Senecio spp. poisoning is the major cause of death among cattle in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. There are no efficient therapeutic measures, but sheep are more resistant and have been used as natural control. The aim of this paper was to assess the efficiency of sheep grazing in different seasons of the year (spring-winter), determining the best time for interference in plant phenology, especially in reproductive phases, and relative Senecio infestation in the pasture. The experiment was conducted on two farms located in the Campanha region of RS, in 50x100m plots, with water availability and with different levels of infestation by Senecio spp. The level of infestation, regardless of the species, was determined by the average number of plants at three random sites measuring 2m in diameter each, within the area of study. In 12 phenological observation points defined in each plot, one to three plants showed low infestation (IB) and four to six plants revealed average infestation (IM), both located on farm A; seven to nine plants had high infestation (IA) and 10 or more plants showed very high infestation (IMA), located on farm B. The plots were on different farms because it was not possible to find all infestation levels on a single farm. The following parameters were evaluated on day 0 (before the introduction of sheep) and every 15 days during the spring of 2009 (year 1) and the winter and spring of 2010 (year 2): number of plants of the Senecio species, reproductive phenophases, vigor, and plant consumption by the sheep. Control was carried out in year 2, in six phenological observation points, which were identical and contiguous to each plot, without sheep grazing, with regular cattle and horse grazing, following the rotation scheme used on the farms. At baseline, each control had the same level of infestation by Senecio spp. corresponding to the experimental area. (...)

Assuntos