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The concrete industry is a significant consumer of drinking water and natural aggregates, such as sand and gravel. However, the scarcity of water and aggregate resources and the challenges associated with the disposal of construction and demolition waste prompted the exploration of alternative materials. This study investigates the feasibility of incorporating secondary treated wastewater from UASB reactors followed by trickling filters and mixed recycled aggregates as potential alternatives. To assess the viability of these alternatives, the study considered the replacement of 100% potable water with treated wastewater, as well as varying proportions of recycled gravel (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%) and recycled sand (10, 20, 30, 40, and 100%). Physical and mechanical properties were negatively affected, but it was possible to reach compressive results over 40 MPa and splitting tensile strength over 4 MPa for almost all mixes. Regarding physical properties, the use of alternative materials caused poorer outcomes for density, water absorption, and air-void ratio. The limited magnitude of these detrimental effects indicates the potential of manufacturing concrete with the addition of combined treated wastewater and recycled aggregate as a viable strategy while enhancing reuse practices.

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Construction and demolition waste (CDW) worldwide generation accounts 10 billion tonnes yearly. The major fraction is landfilled requiring innovative recycling methods to reduce the associated environmental impacts and to increase its circularity. Our study demonstrated the feasibility of using different CDW fines to develop recycled cements and optimized the content of CDW recycled cements with well-graded crushed stone (WGCS) for use as pavement base layer. We scaled up the study obtaining CDW cement and aggregates from a local recycling plant, as well as pilot pavement sections designed, constructed and field deflections measured. As results, the CDW cement pastes exhibited accumulated heat values of up to 111 J g-1 and achieved a compressive strength of approximately 16 MPa. The unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus (RM) achieved using CDW cement and WGCS were 2-3 and >3000 MPa, respectively. The sections constructed using CDW cement exhibited intermediate behaviour compared to those obtained using reference materials (6% Portland cement-WGCS and a conventional granular base made using WGCS). The deflection decreased over time owing to the pozzolanic reaction.

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This article demonstrates the possibility of producing hybrid cementitious materials (pastes, mortars, concretes, and precast elements) based on fly ash (FA) and construction and demolition wastes (CDW) using alkaline activation technology. Sodium sulfate was used as an activator and fine and coarse aggregates were obtained from CDW residues. An addition of Portland cement (OPC) (10 to 30%) allowed for improvement in the mechanical behavior of the hybrid cements and them to be cured at room temperature (25 °C). The FA and CDW cementitious materials obtained compressive strengths of 37 MPa and 32 MPa, respectively. The compressive strength of FA and CDW alkali-activated concretes at 28 days of curing was 22 MPa and 18 MPa, respectively, which identifies them as structural concretes according to NSR-10 title C in Colombia. The potential use of these concretes was validated by obtaining and classifying precast materials.

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Construction and demolition waste (CDW) is an environmental problem that affects all regions of the world. Particularly in the Brazilian Amazon Forest region, the volume of CDW generated almost doubled between 2007 and 2019. Indeed, despite Brazil having environmental regulations for waste management, these have been insufficient to solve the environmental problem because there is no CDW reverse supply chain (RSC) properly developed in the Amazon region. Previous studies have proposed a conceptual model of a CDW RSC but have hitherto failed to apply them against real world practice. This paper, therefore, attempts to test existing conceptual models that describe a CDW RSC against real industry practice prior to developing an applied model of a CDW RSC for the Brazilian Amazon. To modify the conceptual model for CDW RSC, qualitative data through 15 semi-structured interviews with five different types of stakeholders of the Amazonian CDW RSC were collected and analyzed using qualitative content analysis methods using NVivo software. The proposed applied model includes present and future reverse logistics (RL) practices, and strategies and tasks necessary for the implementation of a CDW RSC in the city of Belém of Pará, in the Brazilian Amazon. Findings reveal that several overlooked problems, particularly the limitations of the existing legal framework in Brazil, are not enough to promote a robust CDW RSC. This is perhaps the first study to examine CDW RSC in the Amazonian rainforest. Arguments provided in this study highlight the necessity for an Amazonian CDW RSC that must be promoted and regulated by the government. This can be addressed by the utilizing public-private partnership (PPP) for developing a CDW RSC.

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In this research, the mechanical behavior of masonry mortars made with partial substitution of sand by recycled fine aggregates (RFAs) of mortar (MT) and recycled clay brick (RCB) was compared. Mortar specimens were built in two groups (MT and RCB) considering different replacement proportions by dry weight. To reduce the water absorption of RFAs during mortar making, the prewetting method was utilized. All the mixtures were assembled with a volumetric cement-to-aggregate ratio of 1:4 and a consistency of 175 ± 5 mm. The properties in the fresh and hardening state of mortars were analyzed separately. The experimental results showed that the properties of mortars in a fresh state (bulk density and air content) were affected if RFA was added to the mixture; however, mortars assembled with up to 40% and 50% of MT and RCB, respectively, accomplished a compressive strength value of reference for new mixtures. Both mortar groups showed good results in adhesive strength values, with the RCB mortars standing up as they achieved greater adherence than the control mortar with substitution percentages of up to 30%. Therefore, the reutilization of both RFAs is feasible, notably in rendering and bonding functions.

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Construction and demolition activities consume large amounts of natural resources, generating 4.5 bi tons of solid waste/year, called construction and demolition waste (C&DW) and other wastes, such as ceramic, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), glass, and slag. Furthermore, around 32 bi tons of natural aggregate (NA) are extracted annually. In this scenario, replacing NA with recycled aggregate (RA) from C&DW and other wastes can mitigate environmental problems. We review the use of RA for concrete production and draw the main challenges and outlook. RA reduces concrete's fresh and hardened performance compared to NA, but these reductions are often negligible when the replacement levels are kept up to 30%. Furthermore, we point out efficient strategies to mitigate these performance reductions. Efforts must be spent on improving the efficiency of RA processing and the international standardization of RA.

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In order to encourage increased rates in respect of sorting, recycling and the diversion of construction and demolition waste (C&DW), the world's more advanced economies have developed innovative new technologies and studies to improve the creation of sustainable societies. To achieve this, it is important to dedicate greater efforts to the elaboration of tariff schemes and studies to determine society's disposition to improve the management of C&DW. This study analyzes willingness of construction companies in Chile to pay (WTP) to improve the C&DW management, through the contingent valuation method (CVM). This aims to provide analytical background and market information to circular business models and, in turn, provide information which can be used to define public policies governing the subject, as a contribution to future regulatory developments. The Chilean construction industry was surveyed and a total of 57 valid questionnaires were collected. The results show that the average WTP for inert C&DW, non-inert C&DW, mixed C&DW with a greater quantity of inert waste and mixed C&DW with a greater quantity of non-inert waste was 8.77 (US $/ton), 7.73 (US $/ton), 7.98 (US $/ton) and 8.22 (US $/ton), respectively. Additionally, the cost of waste removal and disposal had an average value of 9.68 (US $/ton). Through multiple regression analysis, it was discovered that the variables related to knowledge about circular economy, state actions, management of C&DW and productivity have a significant effect on WTP. These results provide new evidence for the development of appropriate public policies to address the problem of C&DW and improve management in Chile.

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This article demonstrates the possibility of producing alkali-activated hybrid cements based on fly ash (FA), and construction and demolition wastes (concrete waste, COW; ceramic waste, CEW; and masonry waste, MAW) using sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) (2-6%) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) (5-10%) as activators. From a mixture of COW, CEW, and MAW in equal proportions (33.33%), a new precursor called CDW was generated. The precursors were mixed with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) (10-30%). Curing of the materials was performed at room temperature (25 °C). The hybrid cements activated with Na2SO4 reached compressive strengths of up to 31 MPa at 28 days of curing, and the hybrid cements activated with Na2CO3 yielded compressive strengths of up to 22 MPa. Based on their mechanical performance, the optimal mixtures were selected: FA/30OPC-4%Na2SO4, CDW/30OPC-4%Na2SO4, FA/30OPC-10%Na2CO3, and CDW/30OPC-10%Na2CO3. At prolonged ages (180 days), these mixtures reached compressive strength values similar to those reported for pastes based on 100% OPC. A notable advantage is the reduction of the heat of the reaction, which can be reduced by up to 10 times relative to that reported for the hydration of Portland cement. These results show the feasibility of manufacturing alkaline-activated hybrid cements using alternative activators with a lower environmental impact.

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The lack of usable aggregates for civil construction in Rio Branco (capital of Acre, a Federal State in the Amazon region) makes the production and use of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste (CDW) an alternative of great interest. In this study, a comprehensive characterization of CDW collected from 24 construction sites of six building types and three different construction phases (structures, masonry, and finishing) was carried out. The fine and coarse recycled aggregates were produced and evaluated in 10 different compositions. The aggregates' performance was evaluated in four mixtures designed for laying and coating mortars with a total replacement of conventional aggregates and a mixture designed for a C25 concrete with 50% and 100% replacement of conventional aggregates. CDW mortars showed lower densities and greater water retention, initial adhesion, and mechanical strength than conventional mortars. CDW concretes presented lower densities and greater resistance to chloride penetration than conventional concrete, with a small mechanical strength reduction. The recycled CDW aggregates proved to be technologically feasible for safe application in mortars and concrete; for this reason, it is believed that the alternative and proposed methodology is of great interest to the Amazonian construction industry, considering the high costs of raw materials and the need for defining and consolidating a sustainable development model for the Amazon region.

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Construction and demolition waste (CDW) substantially contributes to environmental degradation because of its intrinsic characteristics of fast and high generation volume, low recycling rate, and low revenue margins. A systemic problem is that recycling facilities are not usually a part of a reverse supply chain (RSC) specific for CDW. This makes the recovery process costs prohibitive, especially where companies are unable to receive and process large volumes of waste continuously. This paper presents a systematic analysis of the extant literature and utilizes the results accrued to develop a conceptual RSC model for CDW. In so doing, the research seeks to provide clarity on this phenomenon, while simultaneously stimulating wider academic discourse and further research endeavours. A mixed philosophies epistemological design was adopted using both interpretavism and constructivism to undertake a qualitative systematic analysis of the literature. A process diagram was produced to represent the conceptual model (CM) and thematically group the nodes into three key swim lanes that delineate the boundaries between distribution, manufacturing, and sourcing and warehousing processes. Within each swim lane, stakeholders were incorporated as key actors. A further layer of nuanced complexity was added to illustrate the key actors involved in the process, government strategies, and activity flow paths. This novel CM offers both practical and theoretical contributions to existing knowledge and signposts a future research direction. Such work will demystify reverse logistics for managing CDW, and assist government policy-makers to develop informed policies that reduce the negative environmental impact of construction activities.

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RESUMO Desastres naturais envolvem, com frequência, múltiplos esforços nas fases de resposta e resiliência. Um dos desafios que surgem nessas ocasiões é o de reaproveitar detritos - na sua maioria compostos por resíduos sólidos de baixo nível de contaminação, mas de pouco interesse comercial, devido às dificuldades envolvidas no seu recolhimento e segregação. Este artigo busca mostrar que tal tarefa pode contribuir beneficamente para a logística humanitária (LH) em países que já tenham uma regulamentação em vigor quanto ao gerenciamento de resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD). A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) no Brasil é apresentada e comentada, bem como as principais normas e tecnologias para o tratamento de RCD, existentes há duas décadas, mas que apenas recentemente vêm sendo oferecidas por meio de máquinas menores em tamanho, escala de processamento e consumo de energia, permitindo o tratamento desses resíduos também em situações emergenciais. A seguir, mostra-se como a ocorrência de um desastre pode auxiliar cidades atingidas a se adequarem mais rapidamente à regulamentação enquanto gera, a partir dos detritos, subprodutos de maior valor agregado, com potencial de utilização no esforço de reconstrução tanto de obras públicas quanto privadas. Utilizou-se como estudo de caso o evento de chuvas em excesso ocorrido na cidade de Nova Friburgo, nos dias 11 e 12 de janeiro de 2011. Conclui-se que uma grande oportunidade está sendo desperdiçada, também para se diminuir o stress pós-traumático, tanto pelas comunidades atingidas como por quem planeja ou executa ações de resposta e resiliência pós-desastres naturais.

ABSTRACT Natural disasters often involve work from multiple efforts in both response and resilience phases. One of the challenges that arise on those occasions is recycling the debris - mostly composed of low contamination solid wastes, but offering little commercial interest, due to the difficulties involved in their collection and segregation. This paper aims to show that this task can contribute beneficially to Humanitarian Logistics (HL) in countries that already have regulations in place regarding the management of construction and demolition waste (CDW). The National Solid Waste Policy (Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos - PNRS) in Brazil is presented and commented on, as well as the main standards and technologies for CDW treatment, which have existed for two decades, but which have only recently been offered through equipment smaller in size, processing scale, and energy consumption, allowing the treatment of these wastes also in emergency situations. Then it is showed how disasters can help stricken cities to take some advantage to adapt themselves more quickly to regulation, while generating from the waste by-products of higher added value, with potential to be used in the reconstruction effort of both public and private constructions. The event of excessive rains occurred in the city of Nova Friburgo, on January 11th and 12th, 2011, was used as a case study. It is concluded that a great opportunity is being wasted, also to reduce post-traumatic stress, by both affected population and those who plan or carry out post-disaster response and resilience actions.

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Inadequate construction and demolition waste disposal create severe environmental impacts in cities when it occurs in an uncontrolled manner. For waste with the possibility of recycling, the appropriate destination would be recycling plants or landfills. In the investigative process, no studies were found that considered the sorting procedure by compensatory and non-compensatory multi-criteria analysis integrated to the Geographic Information System to choose suitable landfills or recycling plants in cities. This study aims to fill this gap with a structured methodology for mapping suitable sites to receive inert waste from small and medium cities. For this, it was considered the identification of relevant criteria and weights definition by Analytic Hierarchy Process method and after performing a sorting procedure by ArcGIS 10.0 software (compensatory aspect) and ELECTRE TRI method (non-compensatory aspect). And then, an aggregate analysis in order to support the decision-making was also developed. An experimental study was carried out with the application of this methodology in a city of the south western of Parana, Brazil, allowing the analysis of criteria such as land use, soil type and slope, as well as distances to urban area, education and health institutions, roads and highways and hydrography network. We combined these data in a multi-criteria analysis to provide an aptitude mapping to identify suitable landfill areas with 5 km2, and sorted as low, medium and high aptitude classes by ArcGIS software and ELECTRE TRI method. With all that, it shows to be efficient, providing relevant practical and theoretical implications to this theme.

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Recycling is an important habit to avoid waste. This paper evaluates the performance of masonry mortar, elaborated by replacing natural sand with recycled fine aggregate (RFA) obtained from mortar. Five families of mixtures were prepared with different replacement proportions: 20%, 40%, 60%, and 100%. A 1:4 volumetric cement-to-aggregate ratio was used for all mixtures by experimentally adjusting the amount of water to achieve the same consistency of 175 ± 5 mm. The effects of the following procedures were analyzed: (1) the use of a deconstruction technique to collect the RFA, (2) pre-wetting of the aggregates, and (3) the use of a commercial plasticizer. Experimental results show that it is possible to use this type of recycled fine aggregate as a substitute for natural sand by up to 60% in the manufacture of masonry mortar without significantly affecting its properties.

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Construction and demolition waste represents a significant waste flow, both in Brazil and in other countries. According to specific Brazilian legislation, since 2004 construction and demolition waste can no longer be disposed of in open dumps, municipal solid waste landfills, slopes, waterways and environmental protected areas. Construction and demolition waste should preferably be recycled, but just a small amount of it returns to the construction industry production chain in Brazil. This work aims both to present diagnoses of the construction and demolition waste management in Brazil, the European Union and the United States and to compare their results. It is concluded that Brazil presents performance indicators in relation to construction and demolition waste management well below those found for the other analysed countries. Furthermore, differences and similarities are identified and potentials for improvement in the current situation of construction and demolition waste in Brazil are discussed.

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The study evaluated the environmental performance of the construction and demolition waste (C&DW) management in the area of PCJ Watershed, located in the São Paulo State, Brazil, by means of an attributional Life Cycle Assessment. The entire C&DW management under the responsibility of the municipal government was considered. The potential environmental impacts were assessed by using two specific life cycle impact assessment methodologies, CML baseline (v3.03) and Impact 2002+ (v2.12). The results obtained by both methodologies highlighted the importance of the avoided impacts from recovered materials, mainly those related to steel, glass and plastics recycling. In particular, the CML baseline indicated "Human Toxicity" as the most important category, mainly due to the avoided impacts from steel recycling and the generated impacts from transportation in all the C&DW management stages. The Impact 2002+ highlighted instead the role of the categories of "Respiratory Inorganics" and "Global Warming", in accordance with the results related again to steel recycling and transportation but also to landfilling of solid residues. The study considered some alternative scenarios of the mineral fraction management, which quantified the expected advantages of increasing C&DW recycling and improving the quality of recycled aggregates.

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ABSTRACT Construction and demolition waste generally represents the majority of solid waste generated in Brazilian cities, and characterization of this waste stream is still incipient. Therefore, to support managers in the process in the diagnostic phase, this study consisted in a proposal qualitative characterization method in field, that use of construction and demolition (C&D) waste generation indicators. For this, a survey which have been divided in two stages: quantitative characterization based on a three-indicator-analysis of C&D waste generation and qualitative characterization consists of an image analysis procedure on C&D waste samples. The qualitative characterization method has proved to be efficient for samples with high-volume parts. However, this method is limited to represent characterizations that contain residues which might cover the other C&D waste types, for example, plastic sheeting, cardboard and packaging. This method of image analysis is suitable for use in early diagnostics, which require fast results about C&D waste composition.

RESUMO Os resíduos da construção civil podem representar a maior parte dos resíduos sólidos gerados nos municípios, e o conhecimento de sua composição ainda é limitado. Para apoiar gestores na fase de diagnóstico desses resíduos, este estudo propõe um método de campo que forneça a sua caracterização qualitativa apoiado em indicadores de geração. Para tanto, a pesquisa foi dividida em duas etapas: caracterização quantitativa baseada na análise de três indicadores de geração de resíduos da construção civil; e caracterização qualitativa, que consistiu em um procedimento de análise de imagem de amostras de resíduos da construção civil. O método de caracterização qualitativa provou ser eficiente para amostras volumosas. No entanto, esse método foi considerado limitado para representar caracterizações que contêm resíduos que podem abranger outros tipos de resíduos de construção civil, a exemplo de plásticos, papelão e embalagens. O método de análise de imagem mostrou-se adequado para uso em diagnósticos preliminares, os quais exigem resultados rápidos sobre a composição dos resíduos da construção civil.

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The aim of this study was to assess the economic and environmental advantages of implementing reverse logistics to recycle solid waste from construction companies. The adopted research method was based on a systematic literature review and two case studies. For the economic assessment, the return on investment, the internal rate of return, and the discounted payback factors were considered, while the material intensity factor was used for the environmental impact assessment. This study shows that there are economic and environmental advantages associated with the use of reverse logistics for solid waste treatment and recycling. In 2016, the purchase of recycled blocks resulted in a profit of over US$45,000 for one company, and another company earned almost US$250,000 in the same year by recycling solid waste from manufacturing blocks and selling iron, wood, paper, and plastics. Furthermore, the environmental impact was reduced. This paper contributes to the dissemination of knowledge regarding the advantages of adopting reverse logistics for recycling construction and demolition waste, and creates new opportunities for companies.

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His article aims to show and evaluate the current management of Waste from Construction and Demolition (WCD) and show the importance of public, private and social involvement, since we have in our Federal Constitution of 1988, the art. 225, caput, establishes that: "Everyone has the right to an ecologically balanced environment, a good common use of the people and essential to the healthy quality of life, imposing on the Public and the collective the duty to defend and preserve it for present and future generations". The intention was to show that the responsibility in the management of the correct disposal, of any type of waste, is the responsibility of all, with the main reason the conservation of the environment. When we speak of WCD we have resolution 307 of CONAMA determining that all municipalities should give an environmentally correct destination to the WCDs in order to effectively reduce the environmental impacts generated by this type of waste. With this, we understand that for effective management to occur we need to feel responsible and conscientious and environmentally correct disposal with greater public interest, with effective service and supervision, because in Brazil we have laws and resolutions that are disrespectful and not fulfilled. Opening a question, what is the responsibility of each in solving a problem at all?(AU)

Este artigo tem como objetivo mostrar e avaliar a atual gestão dos resíduos da Construção Civil e Demolição (RCD) e mostrar a importância do envolvimento público, privado e social, visto que temos em nossa Constituição Federal de 1988, o art. 225, caput, institui que: Todos têm direito ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, bem de uso comum do povo e essencial à sadia qualidade de vida, impondo-se ao Pode Público e à coletividade o dever de defendê-lo e preservá-lo para as presentes e futuras gerações. O intuito foi mostrar que a responsabilidade na gestão do descarte correto, de qualquer tipo resíduo, é responsabilidade de todos, com o principal motivo a preservação do meio ambiente. Quando falamos de RCD, temos a resolução 307 do CONAMA determinando que todos os municípios devam dar uma destinação ambientalmente correta aos RCDs buscando a efetiva diminuição dos impactos ambientais gerados por este tipo de resíduo. Com isso, entendemos que para a efetiva gestão ocorrer precisamos nos sentir responsáveis e realizar um descarte consciente e ambientalmente correto com maior interesse público, com serviço e fiscalização eficazes, pois no Brasil temos leis e resoluções que são desrespeitas e não cumpridas. Abrindo a questão, qual a responsabilidade de cada um em resolver um problema de todos?(AU)

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The objective of this article was to plan a network for municipal management of construction and demolition waste in Brazil with the assistance of a geographic information system, using the city of Recife as a case study. The methodology was carried out in three stages. The first was to map the illegal construction and demolition of waste disposal points across Recife and classify the waste according to its recyclability. In sequence, a method for indicating suitable areas for installation of voluntary delivery points, for small waste generators, are presented. Finally, a method for indicating suitable areas for the installation of trans-shipment and waste sorting areas, developed for large generators, is presented. The results show that a geographic information system is an essential tool in the planning of municipal construction and demolition waste management, in order to facilitate the spatial analysis and control the generation, sorting, collection, transportation, and final destination of construction and demolition waste, increasing the rate of recovery and recycling of materials.

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His article aims to show and evaluate the current management of Waste from Construction and Demolition (WCD) and show the importance of public, private and social involvement, since we have in our Federal Constitution of 1988, the art. 225, caput, establishes that: "Everyone has the right to an ecologically balanced environment, a good common use of the people and essential to the healthy quality of life, imposing on the Public and the collective the duty to defend and preserve it for present and future generations". The intention was to show that the responsibility in the management of the correct disposal, of any type of waste, is the responsibility of all, with the main reason the conservation of the environment. When we speak of WCD we have resolution 307 of CONAMA determining that all municipalities should give an environmentally correct destination to the WCDs in order to effectively reduce the environmental impacts generated by this type of waste. With this, we understand that for effective management to occur we need to feel responsible and conscientious and environmentally correct disposal with greater public interest, with effective service and supervision, because in Brazil we have laws and resolutions that are disrespectful and not fulfilled. Opening a question, what is the responsibility of each in solving a problem at all?

Este artigo tem como objetivo mostrar e avaliar a atual gestão dos resíduos da Construção Civil e Demolição (RCD) e mostrar a importância do envolvimento público, privado e social, visto que temos em nossa Constituição Federal de 1988, o art. 225, caput, institui que: Todos têm direito ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, bem de uso comum do povo e essencial à sadia qualidade de vida, impondo-se ao Pode Público e à coletividade o dever de defendê-lo e preservá-lo para as presentes e futuras gerações. O intuito foi mostrar que a responsabilidade na gestão do descarte correto, de qualquer tipo resíduo, é responsabilidade de todos, com o principal motivo a preservação do meio ambiente. Quando falamos de RCD, temos a resolução 307 do CONAMA determinando que todos os municípios devam dar uma destinação ambientalmente correta aos RCDs buscando a efetiva diminuição dos impactos ambientais gerados por este tipo de resíduo. Com isso, entendemos que para a efetiva gestão ocorrer precisamos nos sentir responsáveis e realizar um descarte consciente e ambientalmente correto com maior interesse público, com serviço e fiscalização eficazes, pois no Brasil temos leis e resoluções que são desrespeitas e não cumpridas. Abrindo a questão, qual a responsabilidade de cada um em resolver um problema de todos?

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