RESUMO

Introduction: Integrating genetic data into conservation management decisions is a challenging task that requires strong partnerships between researchers and managers. Conservation in Latin America is of crucial relevance worldwide given the high biodiversity levels and the presence of hotspots in this region. Methods: We conducted a survey across Latin America to identify gaps and opportunities between genetic researchers and conservation managers. We aimed to better understand conservation managers' points of view and how genetic research could help conservation practitioners to achieve their goals, by implementing genetic assessments that could effectively inform conservation practices. We distributed an online survey via four regional collaborating organizations and 32 focal points based in 20 Latin American countries. The target respondents were conservation managers of species or areas in Latin America. Results: We collected a total of 468 answered questionnaires from 21 Latin American countries. Most respondents (44%) were from an academic or research institution while non-academics were mainly from non-governmental institutions (30%) and government agencies (25%). Most respondents (65%) have performed or used genetic assessments in their managed area or species, either alone, in partnership, contracting someone else or using published results. For the majority of this group, the genetic results were relevant to their conservation management goals, helping to inform management decisions. Respondents that had not performed genetic assessments (35%) were mainly from the non-academic group, and their main barriers were limited access to funds, genetic lab facilities, and trained personnel to design studies and conduct lab work. Discussion: From the findings, we describe the current situation and provide a general diagnosis of the conservation-genetics gap in Latin America. We describe the gender gap, academic-practitioner co-development of conservation questions and projects, and the nationality and residency of Latin American conservation managers in relation to the countries where they work. We discuss opportunities to co-create research questions and co-develop studies based on conservation practitioners' needs. We offer recommendations for overcoming barriers to integrate genetic information into conservation actions, and advance agendas that fit the needs and realities of the highly heterogeneous, biodiverse and challenging Latin American region.

RESUMO

The southern black-horned capuchin, Sapajus nigritus cucullatus, is considered Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List and Vulnerable in Argentina. The species is mainly threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation. The aim of this study was to compare range size, group size, and density in S. n. cucullatus groups between areas of continuous and fragmented habitat in the Atlantic Forest in Argentina. The study was carried out in two areas in northern Misiones province, one continuous and one anthropogenic fragment. Fieldwork was carried out for 5 days each month from November 2019 to March 2020 and from November 2020 to March 2021. SARS-CoV-2 restrictions meant we could not survey in the intervening period. Group counts were made on existing trails and subsequent group follows. We georeferenced encounters and follows to estimate home range sizes. We calculated density based on home range modeling using 100% minimum convex polygons (MCP), and compared these using generalized linear models (GLM). Smaller groups and lower density of S. n. cucullatus were found in continuous forest, with group sizes between 12 and 23 individuals, and density of 0.14 ind/ha, whereas in the fragmented forest, group sizes were between 32 and 36, with density of 0.62 ind/ha (n = 107; zero-inflated negative binomial regression [ZINB], p < 0.05). The higher density in forest fragments may be due to reduced dispersal ability. This work highlights data on species plasticity that could contribute to the development of conservation management strategies for S. n. cucullatus and its habitat.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Leatherback turtles migrate long distances between nesting beaches and distant foraging areas worldwide. This study analyzes the genetic diversity, life history stage, spatiotemporal distribution, and associated threats of a foraging aggregation in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean. A total of 242 leatherbacks stranded or bycaught by artisanal fisheries were recorded from 1997 to 2021 in Uruguay, with sizes ranging from 110.0 to 170.0 cm carapace lengths, indicating that the aggregation is composed of large juveniles and adults. Results of Bayesian mixed-stock analysis show that leatherbacks come primarily from the West African rookeries, based on mitochondrial DNA sequences obtained from 59 of the turtles representing seven haplotypes, including a novel one (Dc1.7). The main threat identified in the area is the fisheries bycatch but most of the carcasses observed were badly decomposed. There was significant seasonal and interannual variability in strandings that is likely associated with the availability of prey and the intensity of the fishing effort. Taken together, these findings reinforce the importance of these South American foraging areas for leatherbacks and the need to determine regional habitat use and migratory routes across the broader Atlantic region, in order to develop effective conservation measures to mitigate threats both at nesting beaches and foraging areas.

RESUMO

Integrated agricultural production systems have the potential to increase organic matter content, which is reflected in the soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations. Here, we evaluated the C and N stocks and its compartments in a typical distro cohesive yellow Ultisol under the no-till (NT) and crop-livestock integration (CLI) systems, in eastern Maranhão. Five areas with different management strategies were evaluated, more specifically, one area was managed under the NT system in succession for 14 years (soybean/millet), three areas had different CLI system adoption histories (i.e., CLI was adopted 2, 4, or 8 years prior to sample collection); and finally, one area consisted of native Cerrado (savannah) vegetation. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0-0.10, 0.10-0.20, 0.20-0.30, and 0.30-0.50 m,to analyze the content and total stocks of carbon (C) and its compartments (physical and chemical), N content, soil microbial biomass, and basal respiration. Results revealed higher content and stock of C and N in areas with CLI. The principal humic substance reported was humin, and higher concentrations of C associated with minerals were present in areas under more recent CLI adoption (2 and 4 years). We demonstrated that the adoption of CLI, even if recent, leads to immediate increases in the concentrations of C and its fractions as a result of using forage crops. NT for 14 years and CLI for 8 years exhibited higher levels of C management and higher soil biological activity due to the greater stability of these systems.

Os sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária possuem potencial de incrementar a matéria orgânica, com reflexos nas concentrações de carbono e de nitrogênio no solo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar estoques de carbono e nitrogênio e seus compartimentos em um Argissolo Amarelo Distrocoeso típico sob plantio direto e integração lavoura-pecuária no Leste maranhense. Os manejos avaliados foram: sistema de plantio direto em sucessão há 14 anos (soja/milheto), três áreas com diferentes históricos de sucessão com a adoção do sistema integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP), sendo dois, quatro e oito anos, além de uma área de Cerrado nativo. Foram coletadas amostras de solo nas profundidades de 0,00-0,10; 0,10-0,20; 0,20-0,30; 0,30-0,50 metros para análise de teores e estoques totais de carbono (C) e de seus compartimentos (físico e químico), nitrogênio (N) e da biomassa microbiana do solo e respiração basal. Os resultados revelam maior teor e estoque de C e N nas áreas com ILP. A substância húmica predominante foi a humina e maiores concentrações do carbono associado a minerais estiveram presentes na área sob ILP mais recente (dois e quatro anos). A adoção da ILP, mesmo que recente, proporciona incrementos imediatos nas concentrações de C e suas frações em função do emprego de forrageiras. O plantio direto há 14anos e ILP há oito anos são sistemas com maior índice de manejo do C, como, também, apresentam maior atividade biológica do solo, devido à maiores estabilidade destes sistemas.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Reef fish assemblages are exposed to a wide range of anthropogenic threats as well as chronic natural disturbances. In upwelling regions, for example, there is a seasonal influx of cool nutrient-rich waters that may shape the structure and composition of reef fish assemblages. Given that climate change may disrupt the natural oceanographic processes by altering the frequency and strength of natural disturbances, understanding how fish assemblages respond to upwelling events is essential to effectively manage reef ecosystems under changing ocean conditions. This study used the baited remote underwater video stations (BRUVS) and the traditional underwater visual census (UVC) to investigate the spatiotemporal patterns of reef fish assemblages in an upwelling region in the North Pacific of Costa Rica. A total of 183 reef fish species from 60 families were recorded, of which 166 species were detected using BRUVS and 122 using UVC. Only 66% of all species were detected using both methods. This study showed that the upwelling had an important role in shaping reef fish assemblages in this region, but there was also a significant interaction between upwelling and location. In addition, other drivers such as habitat complexity and habitat composition had an effect on reef fish abundances and species. To authors' knowledge, this is the first study in the Eastern Tropical Pacific that combines BRUVS and UVC to monitor reef fish assemblages in an upwelling region, which provides more detailed information to assess the state of reef ecosystems in response to multiple threats and changing ocean conditions.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Entre los años 2013 y el 2017, siete (7) interacciones de pumas con comunidades rurales fueron registradas, cuatro (n= 4) de las cuales incluyeron ataques a animales domésticos, y donde la respuesta de la comunidad fue la persecución y muerte del puma. En los otros tres (n 3) registros, no se reportaron daños a rebaños, y los pumas fueron capturados, o por la comunidad, o por el servicio público, y translocados por el servicio público a una nueva área. A pesar del bajo número de muestras, los resultados revelan: (1) que existen casos en los que la población no elimina al felino inmediatamente sucedida la interacción, y solicitan asistencia de las autoridades; (2) aunque las autoridades reaccionan de la mejor manera posible para efectuar translocaciones, en una ocasión un puma silvestre fue enviado a un zoológico y en la otra el puma fue abatido, lo que demanda la implementación de un protocolo para ayudar a la toma de decisiones en estas situaciones. Los resultados también indicarían: (1) que los niveles de tolerancia de la población serían menores cuando hay pérdidas de rebaños domésticos; (2) que las interacciones en áreas residenciales rurales y el registro cerca del litoral desértico, zona distante de hábitats característicos de los pumas, serían indicios de una posible expansión de las poblaciones de pumas.

Records of interactions of pumas with rural communities (n= 7) are registered from 2013 to 2017, four of them with attacks on domestic herds, which resulted in the persecution and death of the puma. In the remaining three records, without damage to domestic herds, the puma was captured, either by the community, or by the public service, and translocated by the public service to a new area. Despite the low sample size, the results revealed: (1) That, there are cases in which the population does not eliminate the feline promptly, but calls for assistance from the authorities; (2) That the authorities react as best they can to carry out translocations in spite of that, in one occasion a wild puma was sent to a zoo and in other it was killed, which requires the implementation of a standardized protocol to aid decision making in these situations. The results indicate other possible consequences: (1) That the tolerance levels of the population appear to be lower when there are losses of domestic herds; (2) A possible expansion of the puma population, as in other regions of its distribution, due to interactions in residential areas and registry near the desert coast, away from appropriate habitats.

RESUMO

Current debates in the conservation sciences argue for better integration between research and practice, often citing the importance of the diffusion, dissemination and implementation of scientific knowledge for environmental management and policy. This paper focuses on a relatively well-researched protected area (Madidi National Park) in Bolivia in order to present different interpretations and understandings of the implications and availability of research findings. We draw on findings from quantitative and qualitative methods to determine the extent to which research carried out in the region was disseminated and/or implemented for management actions, and to understand subsequent implications for how local actors perceive the value of research and its role in management and conservation. We discuss the critical consequences of these findings for the future of conservation science and practice in biologically and culturally diverse landscapes, with an explicit call to action for academic institutions to support researchers in developing appropriate dissemination strategies.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The biodiversity crisis we live in, marked by high extinction rates, requires well-planned conservation efforts. To overcome this issue, red lists of threatened species are recognized as the main objective approach for evaluating the conservation status of species and therefore guiding conservation priorities. This work focuses on the Myriapoda (Chilopoda and Diplopoda) species listed in the Brazilian red list of fauna to enable discussion of the practical implications of red lists for conservation. Almost all myriapods assessed are endemic to Brazil (99 %) and 73 % are known from subterranean habitats only. Despite of 33 % being recorded from protected areas (PAs), downgrading, degazettement or downsizing of PAs and intense and unregulated ecotourism represent great threats. The PAs network in Brazil tends to fail in conserving myriapod species. The number of data deficient species (42 %) states the need of investing in ecological and taxonomic studies about the group, in order to fill in important knowledge gaps in species assessments nationally and globally. In this work we show that there is a lack of communication between national and global agencies concerning red lists, which results in a significant loss for science and for conservation. Despite investing in national and state red lists, individual countries must take the final step of submitting its data to IUCN global database, as significant international funding is available for IUCN red listed species conservation. Being one of the most diverse countries in the world, and facing the biggest cuts ever on national science funding, losing these important funding opportunities is a huge loss for Brazilian biodiversity conservation and for science. This study raises awareness on subterranean habitats conservation, due to its high endemism and fragility. Since the first edition of the Brazilian Red List in 1968, centipedes are now included for the first time, and millipedes for the second time. The presence of these myriapods in the list brings attention to the group, which usually receives little or no attention in conservation programs and environmental impact assessments. Rather than a specific case for Myriapoda and for Brazil, the points discussed here can be related to arthropods and the tropics, as the most biodiverse countries are emerging economies facing similar challenges in PAs network management, species extinction risks and science funding.

RESUMO

Knowledge of the quantity and quality of the material lost by soil erosion due to soil management is a basic need to identify land management zones in catchments. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of soil management on the quantity and quality of soil material lost by erosion in the Posses sub-watershed, Municipality of Extrema, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Water and sediments lost by natural rainfall erosion were sampled from erosion plots located on a Red-Yellow Argisol (PVA) under the following systems: bare soil, subsistence farming (maize/beans/pumpkin/jack-beans/fallow), degraded pasture, well-managed pasture, and reforestation set up in 2013; and in a Litholic Neosol (RL): reforestation set up in 2008, bare soil, and native forest. Ca, Mg, K, P, N and soil organic matter (SOM) contents were determined in sediment and soil samples (at 0-5 cm depth) for the determination of the runoff enrichment ratios. Management influences soil losses more so than water losses. Minor losses were found in reforestation set up in 2013 (soil); in well-managed pasture (water); and in reforestations (nutrients and SOM). These losses tend to stability with time. The general sequence of nutrient losses was N > Ca > Mg > K > P in PVA; and N > Ca > K > Mg > P in RL. Loss rates of SOM and N followed the order: bare soil > subsistence farming > degraded pasture > well-managed pasture >reforestation, in PVA; and bare soil > native forest > reforestation, in Argisol. Reforestation and wellmanagementpasture are effective conservation strategies in order to lower the erosion process in thePosses sub-watershed. Soil losses, as well as nutrients and organic matter losses were more influencedby soil management than water losses. The safeguarding native forest under Argisol is essential to theconservation of this pedoenvironment, especially in steep slopes.(AU)

O conhecimento da quantidade e qualidade de material perdido por erosão hídrica em função do manejo do solo constitui uma necessidade básica para a definição de zonas de manejo em áreas de recarga de água. O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar a influência do manejo do solo sobre a quantidade e qualidade de material perdido por erosão hídrica na sub-bacia hidrográfica das Posses, Extrema-MG. Para isso, foram coletados água e sedimentos erodidos através de parcelas de erosão, instaladas, sob chuva natural, em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (PVA) nos manejos: solo descoberto, rotação cultural (milho/feijão-de-porco/pousio), pastagens degradada e bem manejada, e reflorestamento implantado em 2013; e em Neossolo Litólico (RL) nos manejos: reflorestamento implantado em 2008, solo descoberto e mata nativa. Nas amostras de sedimentos e de solos (coletadas na profundidade de 0-5 cm) foram determinados os teores de Ca, Mg, K, P, N (NT) e de matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e com isso, calculada a taxa de enriquecimento de enxurrada. O manejo exerce maior influência nas perdas de solo do que nas perdas de água. Menores perdas foram encontradas no reflorestamento implantado em 2013 (solo), pasto bem manejado (água) e reflorestamentos (nutrientes e matéria orgânica). Há uma tendência de estabilização dessas perdas com o tempo de implantação dos sistemas. A tendência geral das perdas de nutrientesno PVA foi NT > Ca > Mg > K > P; e no Argisol foi de NT > Ca > K > Mg > P. As taxas de perdasde MOS e NT seguem a ordem: solo descoberto > rotação cultural > pasto degradado > pasto bemmanejado > reflorestamento, no PVA; e solo descoberto > mata nativa > reflorestamento, no Argisol. Oreflorestamento e o manejo das pastagens são estratégias conservacionistas que minimizam as perdaspor erosão hídrica na sub-bacia das Posses, Extrema-MG. O manejo exerce maior influencia nas perdas de solo e de materiais a ele relacionados do que nas perdas de água. A manutenção da mata nativa sob...(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Knowledge of the quantity and quality of the material lost by soil erosion due to soil management is a basic need to identify land management zones in catchments. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of soil management on the quantity and quality of soil material lost by erosion in the Posses sub-watershed, Municipality of Extrema, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Water and sediments lost by natural rainfall erosion were sampled from erosion plots located on a Red-Yellow Argisol (PVA) under the following systems: bare soil, subsistence farming (maize/beans/pumpkin/jack-beans/fallow), degraded pasture, well-managed pasture, and reforestation set up in 2013; and in a Litholic Neosol (RL): reforestation set up in 2008, bare soil, and native forest. Ca, Mg, K, P, N and soil organic matter (SOM) contents were determined in sediment and soil samples (at 0-5 cm depth) for the determination of the runoff enrichment ratios. Management influences soil losses more so than water losses. Minor losses were found in reforestation set up in 2013 (soil); in well-managed pasture (water); and in reforestations (nutrients and SOM). These losses tend to stability with time. The general sequence of nutrient losses was N > Ca > Mg > K > P in PVA; and N > Ca > K > Mg > P in RL. Loss rates of SOM and N followed the order: bare soil > subsistence farming > degraded pasture > well-managed pasture >reforestation, in PVA; and bare soil > native forest > reforestation, in Argisol. Reforestation and wellmanagementpasture are effective conservation strategies in order to lower the erosion process in thePosses sub-watershed. Soil losses, as well as nutrients and organic matter losses were more influencedby soil management than water losses. The safeguarding native forest under Argisol is essential to theconservation of this pedoenvironment, especially in steep slopes.

O conhecimento da quantidade e qualidade de material perdido por erosão hídrica em função do manejo do solo constitui uma necessidade básica para a definição de zonas de manejo em áreas de recarga de água. O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar a influência do manejo do solo sobre a quantidade e qualidade de material perdido por erosão hídrica na sub-bacia hidrográfica das Posses, Extrema-MG. Para isso, foram coletados água e sedimentos erodidos através de parcelas de erosão, instaladas, sob chuva natural, em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (PVA) nos manejos: solo descoberto, rotação cultural (milho/feijão-de-porco/pousio), pastagens degradada e bem manejada, e reflorestamento implantado em 2013; e em Neossolo Litólico (RL) nos manejos: reflorestamento implantado em 2008, solo descoberto e mata nativa. Nas amostras de sedimentos e de solos (coletadas na profundidade de 0-5 cm) foram determinados os teores de Ca, Mg, K, P, N (NT) e de matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e com isso, calculada a taxa de enriquecimento de enxurrada. O manejo exerce maior influência nas perdas de solo do que nas perdas de água. Menores perdas foram encontradas no reflorestamento implantado em 2013 (solo), pasto bem manejado (água) e reflorestamentos (nutrientes e matéria orgânica). Há uma tendência de estabilização dessas perdas com o tempo de implantação dos sistemas. A tendência geral das perdas de nutrientesno PVA foi NT > Ca > Mg > K > P; e no Argisol foi de NT > Ca > K > Mg > P. As taxas de perdasde MOS e NT seguem a ordem: solo descoberto > rotação cultural > pasto degradado > pasto bemmanejado > reflorestamento, no PVA; e solo descoberto > mata nativa > reflorestamento, no Argisol. Oreflorestamento e o manejo das pastagens são estratégias conservacionistas que minimizam as perdaspor erosão hídrica na sub-bacia das Posses, Extrema-MG. O manejo exerce maior influencia nas perdas de solo e de materiais a ele relacionados do que nas perdas de água. A manutenção da mata nativa sob...

Assuntos

RESUMO

Knowledge of the quantity and quality of the material lost by soil erosion due to soil management is a basic need to identify land management zones in catchments. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of soil management on the quantity and quality of soil material lost by erosion in the Posses sub-watershed, Municipality of Extrema, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Water and sediments lost by natural rainfall erosion were sampled from erosion plots located on a Red-Yellow Argisol (PVA) under the following systems: bare soil, subsistence farming (maize/beans/pumpkin/jack-beans/fallow), degraded pasture, well-managed pasture, and reforestation set up in 2013; and in a Litholic Neosol (RL): reforestation set up in 2008, bare soil, and native forest. Ca, Mg, K, P, N and soil organic matter (SOM) contents were determined in sediment and soil samples (at 0-5 cm depth) for the determination of the runoff enrichment ratios. Management influences soil losses more so than water losses. Minor losses were found in reforestation set up in 2013 (soil); in well-managed pasture (water); and in reforestations (nutrients and SOM). These losses tend to stability with time. The general sequence of nutrient losses was N > Ca > Mg > K > P in PVA; and N > Ca > K > Mg > P in RL. Loss rates of SOM and N followed the order: bare soil > subsistence farming > d

O conhecimento da quantidade e qualidade de material perdido por erosão hídrica em função do manejo do solo constitui uma necessidade básica para a definição de zonas de manejo em áreas de recarga de água. O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar a influência do manejo do solo sobre a quantidade e qualidade de material perdido por erosão hídrica na sub-bacia hidrográfica das Posses, Extrema-MG. Para isso, foram coletados água e sedimentos erodidos através de parcelas de erosão, instaladas, sob chuva natural, em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo (PVA) nos manejos: solo descoberto, rotação cultural (milho/feijão-de-porco/pousio), pastagens degradada e bem manejada, e reflorestamento implantado em 2013; e em Neossolo Litólico (RL) nos manejos: reflorestamento implantado em 2008, solo descoberto e mata nativa. Nas amostras de sedimentos e de solos (coletadas na profundidade de 0-5 cm) foram determinados os teores de Ca, Mg, K, P, N (NT) e de matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e com isso, calculada a taxa de enriquecimento de enxurrada. O manejo exerce maior influência nas perdas de solo do que nas perdas de água. Menores perdas foram encontradas no reflorestamento implantado em 2013 (solo), pasto bem manejado (água) e reflorestamentos (nutrientes e matéria orgânica). Há uma tendência de estabilização dessas perdas com o tempo de implantação dos sistemas. A tendência geral das perdas de nutrien

RESUMO

Abstract The introduction of species has become an important problem for biodiversity and natural ecosystem conservation. The lake system of the middle Rio Doce (MG, Brazil) comprises c. 200 lakes at various conservation states, of which 50 are located within the Rio Doce State Park (PERD). Previous studies had verified several of these lakes suffered non-native fishes introductions and the presence of these species needs for the implementation of actions aiming at not only their control but also the preservation of the native species. This study discusses the effects of non-native fish species in the largest conservation unit of Atlantic Forest in Minas Gerais, southeast of Brazil, using data from 1983 to 2010 distributed as follow: data prior to 2006 were obtained from previous studies, and data from September 2006 to July 2010 were obtained in Lake Carioca at four sampling stations using gillnets, seine nets and sieve. A total of 17 fish species was collected (2006-2010) of which five were introduced species. Among the small to medium size native species (30 to 2000 mm standard length) seven had disappeared, two are new records and one was recaptured. The non-native species Cichla kelberi (peacock bass) and Pygocentrus nattereri (red piranha) are within the most abundant captured species. Integrated with other actions, such as those preventing new introductions, a selective fishing schedule is proposed as an alternative approach to improve the conservation management actions and the local and regional biodiversity maintenance.(AU)

Resumo A introdução de espécies tornou-se um importante problema para a conservação da biodiversidade e dos ecossistemas naturais. O sistema de lagos do médio Rio Doce (MG, Brasil) compreende cerca de 200 lagos em vários estados de conservação, dos quais 50 estão localizados dentro do Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (PERD). Estudos anteriores demonstraram que vários desses lagos sofreram introduções de peixes não nativos. Este estudo discute os efeitos das espécies de peixes não nativos na maior unidade de conservação da Mata Atlântica em Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil, utilizando dados de 1983 até 2010, distribuídos da seguinte forma: dados de 1983 a 2005 obtidos de estudos realizados anteriormente, e dados de setembro de 2006 a julho de 2010 obtidos no lago Carioca, utilizando redes de emalhar, redes de arrasto e peneira. Um total de 17 espécies de peixes foi coletado (2006-2010), sendo cinco introduzidas. Dentre estas, Cichla kelberi (tucunaré) e Pygocentrus nattereri (piranha vermelha) estiveram dentre as mais abundantes. Entre as espécies nativas de pequeno a médio porte (30-2000 mm de comprimento padrão), duas foram novos registros e uma foi recapturada. O desaparecimento de sete destas espécies, registradas em estudos anteriores, e a baixa representatividade nas amostragens da maioria das espécies remanescentes, evidencia o alto impacto da invasão de peixes na comunidade estudada. Considerando a importância de ações de manejo de espécies não nativas visando à conservação e manutenção da biodiversidade local e regional, propõem-se a realização de pescas seletivas intensivas, juntamente com ações que previnam novas introduções, incluindo ações educativas junto às comunidades locais.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract The introduction of species has become an important problem for biodiversity and natural ecosystem conservation. The lake system of the middle Rio Doce (MG, Brazil) comprises c. 200 lakes at various conservation states, of which 50 are located within the Rio Doce State Park (PERD). Previous studies had verified several of these lakes suffered non-native fishes introductions and the presence of these species needs for the implementation of actions aiming at not only their control but also the preservation of the native species. This study discusses the effects of non-native fish species in the largest conservation unit of Atlantic Forest in Minas Gerais, southeast of Brazil, using data from 1983 to 2010 distributed as follow: data prior to 2006 were obtained from previous studies, and data from September 2006 to July 2010 were obtained in Lake Carioca at four sampling stations using gillnets, seine nets and sieve. A total of 17 fish species was collected (2006-2010) of which five were introduced species. Among the small to medium size native species (30 to 2000 mm standard length) seven had disappeared, two are new records and one was recaptured. The non-native species Cichla kelberi (peacock bass) and Pygocentrus nattereri (red piranha) are within the most abundant captured species. Integrated with other actions, such as those preventing new introductions, a selective fishing schedule is proposed as an alternative approach to improve the conservation management actions and the local and regional biodiversity maintenance.

Resumo A introdução de espécies tornou-se um importante problema para a conservação da biodiversidade e dos ecossistemas naturais. O sistema de lagos do médio Rio Doce (MG, Brasil) compreende cerca de 200 lagos em vários estados de conservação, dos quais 50 estão localizados dentro do Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (PERD). Estudos anteriores demonstraram que vários desses lagos sofreram introduções de peixes não nativos. Este estudo discute os efeitos das espécies de peixes não nativos na maior unidade de conservação da Mata Atlântica em Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil, utilizando dados de 1983 até 2010, distribuídos da seguinte forma: dados de 1983 a 2005 obtidos de estudos realizados anteriormente, e dados de setembro de 2006 a julho de 2010 obtidos no lago Carioca, utilizando redes de emalhar, redes de arrasto e peneira. Um total de 17 espécies de peixes foi coletado (2006-2010), sendo cinco introduzidas. Dentre estas, Cichla kelberi (tucunaré) e Pygocentrus nattereri (piranha vermelha) estiveram dentre as mais abundantes. Entre as espécies nativas de pequeno a médio porte (30-2000 mm de comprimento padrão), duas foram novos registros e uma foi recapturada. O desaparecimento de sete destas espécies, registradas em estudos anteriores, e a baixa representatividade nas amostragens da maioria das espécies remanescentes, evidencia o alto impacto da invasão de peixes na comunidade estudada. Considerando a importância de ações de manejo de espécies não nativas visando à conservação e manutenção da biodiversidade local e regional, propõem-se a realização de pescas seletivas intensivas, juntamente com ações que previnam novas introduções, incluindo ações educativas junto às comunidades locais.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract The introduction of species has become an important problem for biodiversity and natural ecosystem conservation. The lake system of the middle Rio Doce (MG, Brazil) comprises c. 200 lakes at various conservation states, of which 50 are located within the Rio Doce State Park (PERD). Previous studies had verified several of these lakes suffered non-native fishes introductions and the presence of these species needs for the implementation of actions aiming at not only their control but also the preservation of the native species. This study discusses the effects of non-native fish species in the largest conservation unit of Atlantic Forest in Minas Gerais, southeast of Brazil, using data from 1983 to 2010 distributed as follow: data prior to 2006 were obtained from previous studies, and data from September 2006 to July 2010 were obtained in Lake Carioca at four sampling stations using gillnets, seine nets and sieve. A total of 17 fish species was collected (2006-2010) of which five were introduced species. Among the small to medium size native species (30 to 2000 mm standard length) seven had disappeared, two are new records and one was recaptured. The non-native species Cichla kelberi (peacock bass) and Pygocentrus nattereri (red piranha) are within the most abundant captured species. Integrated with other actions, such as those preventing new introductions, a selective fishing schedule is proposed as an alternative approach to improve the conservation management actions and the local and regional biodiversity maintenance.

Resumo A introdução de espécies tornou-se um importante problema para a conservação da biodiversidade e dos ecossistemas naturais. O sistema de lagos do médio Rio Doce (MG, Brasil) compreende cerca de 200 lagos em vários estados de conservação, dos quais 50 estão localizados dentro do Parque Estadual do Rio Doce (PERD). Estudos anteriores demonstraram que vários desses lagos sofreram introduções de peixes não nativos. Este estudo discute os efeitos das espécies de peixes não nativos na maior unidade de conservação da Mata Atlântica em Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil, utilizando dados de 1983 até 2010, distribuídos da seguinte forma: dados de 1983 a 2005 obtidos de estudos realizados anteriormente, e dados de setembro de 2006 a julho de 2010 obtidos no lago Carioca, utilizando redes de emalhar, redes de arrasto e peneira. Um total de 17 espécies de peixes foi coletado (2006-2010), sendo cinco introduzidas. Dentre estas, Cichla kelberi (tucunaré) e Pygocentrus nattereri (piranha vermelha) estiveram dentre as mais abundantes. Entre as espécies nativas de pequeno a médio porte (30-2000 mm de comprimento padrão), duas foram novos registros e uma foi recapturada. O desaparecimento de sete destas espécies, registradas em estudos anteriores, e a baixa representatividade nas amostragens da maioria das espécies remanescentes, evidencia o alto impacto da invasão de peixes na comunidade estudada. Considerando a importância de ações de manejo de espécies não nativas visando à conservação e manutenção da biodiversidade local e regional, propõem-se a realização de pescas seletivas intensivas, juntamente com ações que previnam novas introduções, incluindo ações educativas junto às comunidades locais.

RESUMO

Methods for evaluation the soil structure quality based on field evaluations are useful to determine strategies for soil management, with the advantage of requirement the use of little equipment and the possibility of immediate interpretation. A new methodology was recently developed to temperate soils for this purpose, called Visual Soil Structure Assessment (Ball et al., 2007). It was tested the hypothesis that it is possible to apply and advance in the interpretation of the results from use of Visual Soils Structure Assessment in cultivated Oxisols. Therefore the goal of this study was to apply, evaluate and enhance the potential of the methodology developed by Ball et al. (2007) in two Oxisols under long-term, no-till in Parana State, Brazil, as well as in a soil under native forest, used as reference of soil structural quality. The proposed implementation and progress in terms of structural quality for the distinct layers provided an assessment of soil physical quality more practical and detailed. This is useful to support the selection of appropriate techniques for mechanical and biological management systems in order to achieve the physical quality of soil suitable for crop development. Visual scores of soil structure quality proposed by Ball et al. (2007) can be applied to Brazilian Oxisols cultivated under no-tillage system.

Métodos para avaliação da qualidade da estrutura do solo baseados em avaliações de campo são úteis para estabelecer estratégias de manejo do solo, com a vantagem de exigirem a utilização de poucos equipamentos e a possibilidade de interpretações imediatas. Recentemente foi desenvolvido um novo método com este objetivo para solos de clima temperado, denominado Avaliação Visual da Estrutura do Solo (Ball et al., 2007). Testou-se a hipótese que é possível aplicar e avançar na interpretação dos resultados obtidos por meio da Avaliação Visual da Estrutura do Solo em Latossolos cultivados. Para tanto avaliou-se o potencial de utilização da metodologia desenvolvida por Ball et al. (2007) em dois Latossolos sob plantio direto de longa duração no Estado do Paraná, Brasil, bem como em um solo sob floresta nativa, utilizado como referência de qualidade estrutural do solo. A hipótese foi confirmada, uma vez que a aplicação e o avanço proposto, em termos de qualidade estrutural para as diferentes camadas do solo permitiram uma avaliação da qualidade física mais prática e detalhada, além de útil como suporte para selecionar técnicas apropriadas de manejo mecânico e biológico com o intuito de alcançar a qualidade física do solo adequada para o desenvolvimento das culturas. Os escores visuais de qualidade da estrutura do solo propostos por Ball et al. (2007) podem ser aplicados a Latossolos brasileiros cultivados sob sistema plantio direto.

RESUMO

Methods for evaluation the soil structure quality based on field evaluations are useful to determine strategies for soil management, with the advantage of requirement the use of little equipment and the possibility of immediate interpretation. A new methodology was recently developed to temperate soils for this purpose, called Visual Soil Structure Assessment (Ball et al., 2007). It was tested the hypothesis that it is possible to apply and advance in the interpretation of the results from use of Visual Soils Structure Assessment in cultivated Oxisols. Therefore the goal of this study was to apply, evaluate and enhance the potential of the methodology developed by Ball et al. (2007) in two Oxisols under long-term, no-till in Parana State, Brazil, as well as in a soil under native forest, used as reference of soil structural quality. The proposed implementation and progress in terms of structural quality for the distinct layers provided an assessment of soil physical quality more practical and detailed. This is useful to support the selection of appropriate techniques for mechanical and biological management systems in order to achieve the physical quality of soil suitable for crop development. Visual scores of soil structure quality proposed by Ball et al. (2007) can be applied to Brazilian Oxisols cultivated under no-tillage system.

Métodos para avaliação da qualidade da estrutura do solo baseados em avaliações de campo são úteis para estabelecer estratégias de manejo do solo, com a vantagem de exigirem a utilização de poucos equipamentos e a possibilidade de interpretações imediatas. Recentemente foi desenvolvido um novo método com este objetivo para solos de clima temperado, denominado Avaliação Visual da Estrutura do Solo (Ball et al., 2007). Testou-se a hipótese que é possível aplicar e avançar na interpretação dos resultados obtidos por meio da Avaliação Visual da Estrutura do Solo em Latossolos cultivados. Para tanto avaliou-se o potencial de utilização da metodologia desenvolvida por Ball et al. (2007) em dois Latossolos sob plantio direto de longa duração no Estado do Paraná, Brasil, bem como em um solo sob floresta nativa, utilizado como referência de qualidade estrutural do solo. A hipótese foi confirmada, uma vez que a aplicação e o avanço proposto, em termos de qualidade estrutural para as diferentes camadas do solo permitiram uma avaliação da qualidade física mais prática e detalhada, além de útil como suporte para selecionar técnicas apropriadas de manejo mecânico e biológico com o intuito de alcançar a qualidade física do solo adequada para o desenvolvimento das culturas. Os escores visuais de qualidade da estrutura do solo propostos por Ball et al. (2007) podem ser aplicados a Latossolos brasileiros cultivados sob sistema plantio direto.

RESUMO

The increase of soil organic matter stocks under conservation management systems is dependent of soil type and regional climatic conditions, and has influence on the physical quality of soils. In this study the long-term (21 yr) effect of no-tillage on total soil organic carbon (TOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC, >53mm), as well as its relationship with aggregate stability of a South Brazilian Oxisol (Haplohumox), was evaluated. In comparison with TOC stocks of conventionally-tilled soil, no-tillage soil had a net storage of 0.15Mg ha-1 yr-1 of TOC, and 0.06Mg ha-1 yr-1 of POC, in the 0-20cm soil layer. These low accumulation rates of organic carbon probably were due to the high clay content and gibbsitic mineralogy of the soil, which determine a great physical stability of soil organic matter. The mean geometric diameter (MGD) of soil aggregates varied from 1.6 to 3.7mm, and had a positive relationship with TOC and POC, reinforcing the crucial role of organic matter on physical quality of subtropical oxisols.

O aumento do estoque de matéria orgânica do solo em sistemas conservacionistas de manejo é dependente do tipo de solo e das condições climáticas, e tem reflexos na qualidade física do solo. Neste estudo, avaliou-se um experimento de longa duração (21 anos) quanto ao efeito do sistema plantio direto (PD) sobre os estoques de carbono orgânico total (COT) e particulado (COP, >53mm), bem como a sua relação com a estabilidade de agregados de um Latossolo Bruno, em Guarapuava, PR. O solo em PD apresentou taxa de incremento de 0,15Mg ha-1 ano-1 de COT e 0,06Mg ha-1 ano-1 de COP na camada de 0-20cm, as quais foram calculadas em comparação aos estoques de carbono orgânico do solo em preparo convencional. As baixas taxas de incremento nos estoques de carbono orgânico possivelmente estejam relacionadas à alta estabilidade física da matéria orgânica neste solo argiloso e com mineralogia predominantemente gibsítica. O diâmetro médio geométrico (DMG) dos agregados de solo variou de 1,6 a 3,7mm e foi positiva e linearmente relacionado com os teores de COT e COP, o que reforça a importância da matéria orgânica na qualidade física de Latossolos subtropicais.

RESUMO

The increase of soil organic matter stocks under conservation management systems is dependent of soil type and regional climatic conditions, and has influence on the physical quality of soils. In this study the long-term (21 yr) effect of no-tillage on total soil organic carbon (TOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC, >53mm), as well as its relationship with aggregate stability of a South Brazilian Oxisol (Haplohumox), was evaluated. In comparison with TOC stocks of conventionally-tilled soil, no-tillage soil had a net storage of 0.15Mg ha-1 yr-1 of TOC, and 0.06Mg ha-1 yr-1 of POC, in the 0-20cm soil layer. These low accumulation rates of organic carbon probably were due to the high clay content and gibbsitic mineralogy of the soil, which determine a great physical stability of soil organic matter. The mean geometric diameter (MGD) of soil aggregates varied from 1.6 to 3.7mm, and had a positive relationship with TOC and POC, reinforcing the crucial role of organic matter on physical quality of subtropical oxisols.

O aumento do estoque de matéria orgânica do solo em sistemas conservacionistas de manejo é dependente do tipo de solo e das condições climáticas, e tem reflexos na qualidade física do solo. Neste estudo, avaliou-se um experimento de longa duração (21 anos) quanto ao efeito do sistema plantio direto (PD) sobre os estoques de carbono orgânico total (COT) e particulado (COP, >53mm), bem como a sua relação com a estabilidade de agregados de um Latossolo Bruno, em Guarapuava, PR. O solo em PD apresentou taxa de incremento de 0,15Mg ha-1 ano-1 de COT e 0,06Mg ha-1 ano-1 de COP na camada de 0-20cm, as quais foram calculadas em comparação aos estoques de carbono orgânico do solo em preparo convencional. As baixas taxas de incremento nos estoques de carbono orgânico possivelmente estejam relacionadas à alta estabilidade física da matéria orgânica neste solo argiloso e com mineralogia predominantemente gibsítica. O diâmetro médio geométrico (DMG) dos agregados de solo variou de 1,6 a 3,7mm e foi positiva e linearmente relacionado com os teores de COT e COP, o que reforça a importância da matéria orgânica na qualidade física de Latossolos subtropicais.