RESUMO
Las infecciones perinatales son una causa de morbilidad, tanto fetal como neonatal, y que compromete la salud de la mujer embarazada, por lo que su diagnóstico, tratamiento, e intento de eliminación son una prioridad en América Latina y el Caribe. Este documento representa la segunda entrega realizada por expertos en la región dentro de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Infectología Pediátrica (SLIPE), brindando una mirada actualizada en el manejo de las infecciones congénitas y entrega herramientas para detectar posibles momentos estratégicos de intervención y cambio en el manejo de las infecciones congénitas.
Perinatal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the fetus, neonate, and the health of the pregnant woman. Diagnosis, treatment, and the search for elimination of these diseases are a priority in Latin America and the Caribbean. This document represents the second delivery by a group of experts in the region inside the Latin-American Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SLIPE), presenting a up-to-date look into the management of congenital infectious diseases and give a tool to detect possible strategic sceneries and a change in the management of congenital infections in our region.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/terapia , Infecções por Arbovirus/congênito , Infecções por Arbovirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Arbovirus/terapia , Toxoplasmose/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmose/terapia , Toxoplasmose Congênita , Doenças Transmissíveis , Infecções por Citomegalovirus , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Citomegalovirus/terapia , Dengue , Infecção por Zika virus , COVID-19 , Herpes Simples/congênito , Herpes Simples/diagnóstico , Herpes Simples/terapiaRESUMO
Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that is estimated to infect one-third of the world's population. It is acquired by ingesting contaminated water and food specially undercooked meat, contact with domestic or wild feline feces, and during pregnancy by transplacental transmission.Immunocompetent hosts are usually asymptomatic, and infection will be self-limited, while those patients whose immune system is debilitated by HIV infection, immunosuppressive therapy, long-term steroid treatment, and fetuses infected during gestation will show evidence of systemic activity which is more severe in the central nervous system and eyes due to insufficient immune response caused by their respective blood barriers. Congenital toxoplasmosis has an estimated incidence of 8% in mothers who were seronegative at the beginning of their pregnancy. Infection in the first trimester may result in spontaneous abortion or stillbirth; however, it is estimated that the highest risk for vertical transmission is during the second and third trimesters when blood flow and placenta thickness favor parasitic transmission.Congenital toxoplasmosis can be detected with periodic surveillance in endemic areas, and with appropriate treatment, the risk of vertical transmission can be reduced, and the severity of the disease can be reversed in infected fetuses.While most infected newborns will show no evidence of the disease, those who suffer active intrauterine complications will present with cerebral calcifications in 8-12% of cases, hydrocephalus in 4-30%, and chorioretinitis in 12-15%. Also, seizure disorders, spasticity, and varying degrees of neurocognitive deficits can be found in 12%.Four distinct patterns of hydrocephalus have been described: aqueductal stenosis with lateral and third ventricle dilatation, periforaminal calcifications leading to foramen of Monro stenosis with associated asymmetrical ventricle dilatation, a mix of aqueductal and foramen of Monro stenosis, and overt hydrocephalus without clear evidence of obstruction with predominant dilatation of occipital horns (colpocephaly).While all patients diagnosed with congenital toxoplasmosis should undergo pharmacological treatment, those presenting with hydrocephalus have traditionally been managed with CSF shunting; however, there are reports of at least 50% success when selected cases are treated with endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Successful hydrocephalus management with appropriate treatment leads to better intellectual outcomes.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV , Hidrocefalia , Neurocirurgia , Terceiro Ventrículo , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmose Congênita , Gravidez , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Gatos , Animais , Toxoplasmose Congênita/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmose Congênita/parasitologia , Toxoplasmose Congênita/cirurgia , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/cirurgia , Constrição Patológica/cirurgia , Terceiro Ventrículo/cirurgia , Hidrocefalia/etiologia , Hidrocefalia/cirurgia , Ventriculostomia/efeitos adversosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Analyze the inhibitory effect of contralateral noise on transient otoacoustic emissions in infants with congenital syphilis (CS). METHODS: Cross-sectional study, approved by the Research Ethics Committee n° 3.360.991. Infants with treated CS at birth and infants without risk indicators for hearing impairment were selected. Both groups had the waves I, III and V presence at 80 dB nHL with click BAEP and the presence of response in the nonlinear TEOAEs at 80 dB NPS bilaterally. For suppression, TEOAE were analyzed without the contralateral noise, with the linear stimulus at 60 dB SPL. The neonates who presented a response in three frequencies per ear performed the second TEOAE collection with the contralateral white noise at an intensity of 60 dB SPL. Inferential analysis were performed using the Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon test, adopting a significance level p < 0.05. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 30 subjects divided into two groups, the Study Group (SG), consisting of 16 infants, and the Control Group (CG), consisting of 14 infants with no risk indicators for hearing loss. No differences were observed between the groups and the inhibition values, in the SG 30.8% presented inhibition and 25% for the CG in the right ear, in the left ear it was 46.7% in the SG and 38.5% in the CG. The SG demonstrated greater inhibition in the RE for the frequency bands from 1.5 to 4 KHz. CONCLUSIONS: The analyses adopted in this study point out that the inhibitory effect of contralateral noise on TEOAEs in infants with CS does not differ from infants without risk indicators for hearing loss.
Assuntos
Surdez , Sífilis Congênita , Recém-Nascido , Humanos , Lactente , Emissões Otoacústicas Espontâneas/fisiologia , Estudos Transversais , Ruído , Estimulação AcústicaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess whether microcephaly is a risk factor for alterations in the chronology and sequence of tooth eruption and for developmental defects of enamel. MATHERIALS AND METHODS: In this case-control study, 81 children aged 30-36 months, including 40 normoreactive children and 41 with microcephaly, were submitted to oral clinical examination to determine the frequency of alterations in the chronology and sequence of tooth eruption and developmental enamel defects. The sample was matched for sex and age (1:1) and allocated to the case (presence of dental alterations) and control (absence of dental alterations) groups. Gestational age, birthweight and socioeconomic characteristics were also analyzed. Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were applied (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Microcephaly was significantly associated with delayed tooth eruption, alterations in the sequence of tooth eruption, and defects in dental enamel (p < 0.001). Low birthweight also showed a significant association with this alterations (p < 0.005) and prematurity was associated with defects in enamel development (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: Microcephaly is a risk factor for alterations in the tooth eruption process and enamel formation in primary teeth.
Assuntos
Hipoplasia do Esmalte Dentário , Microcefalia , Anormalidades Dentárias , Criança , Humanos , Hipoplasia do Esmalte Dentário/epidemiologia , Peso ao Nascer , Microcefalia/epidemiologia , Microcefalia/complicações , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Anormalidades Dentárias/complicações , Fatores de Risco , Dente DecíduoRESUMO
Toxoplasmosis, worldwide protozoan disease, is usually benign, except when acute disease occurs in pregnant women, resulting in fetal infection with deaths or high morbidity after birth. Treatment blocks fetal infection or damage after infection, imposing a quick and effective diagnosis. Maternal infection is mostly asymptomatic thus regular serology are the main tool for detect seroconversion and acute infection in prenatal care. Screening test for specific anti T. gondii IgG, IgM and IgA must be quick, cheaper and available for the prenatal care. Fluorescent solid phase assays appears as a good alternative as they allow one well detection of IgG and IgM aside to allow high throughput in 384 wells. Here, we standardize and analyze a single well anti-T. gondii IgG, IgM and IgA immunosorbent fluorescent assay in a large sample of a public hospital. We construct conjugates for each immunoglobulin with specific fluorophores, which allows concomitant detection in a microplate fluorimeter, with stability and reproducibility, allowing cheaper 384 wells use. Tested in our 600 mother samples from a large public hospital, they presented the same reactivity as standard routine tests, but with adequate IgM and IgA screening, as adequately standardized in house ELISA, while the design of most commercial assays give false positive results. The few TFISA positive IgG, IgM and IgA samples also had low avidity IgG, confirming recent infection. TFISA will help a screening toxoplasmosis in pregnancy program in large cities, with , allowing testing large numbers of samples at low cost and must be considered for other serological purposes.
Assuntos
Fluorometria/métodos , Imunoglobulina A/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Técnicas de Imunoadsorção , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal/métodos , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasmose Congênita/diagnóstico , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Toxoplasmose Congênita/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) comprises a complex molecular cascade with two counter-regulatory axes, the classical and the alternative. Angiotensin II and Angiotensin-(1-7), the main peptides of the RAS, exert opposite effects in multiple organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, renal, pulmonary, and immune systems. Strong evidence supports the hypothesis of a local RAS in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and its modulatory roles in neuroendocrinology and neurotransmission. OBJECTIVE: In this narrative review, we provide a comprehensive approach to experimental and clinical data regarding RAS molecule expression and their possible roles in the physiology and physiopathology of CNS diseases. METHODS: This non-systematic review summarizes evidence on RAS implications in CNS diseases and their possible relationships with COVID-19. RESULTS: We divided the possible RAS mechanisms in distinct conditions during the lifespan, approaching from congenital infections to neurodegenerative alterations, passing through mood disorders and cerebrovascular diseases. We also gathered current evidence about the possible effects of RAS in Covid-19, particularly in cases with neurological manifestations. CONCLUSION: Although there are limitations and controversies, the analysis of RAS mechanisms in the CNS certainly represents an interesting field of research. However, further investigation is necessary to support the noteworthy interactions and provide a better comprehension of the cross-talk between RAS and the CNS. Investigations in this research field may shed light on the novel therapeutic targets.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina , Humanos , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismo , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
There are certain critical periods during pregnancy when the fetus is at high risk for exposure to teratogens. Some microorganisms, including Toxoplasma gondii, are known to exhibit teratogenic effects, interfering with fetal development and causing irreversible disturbances. T. gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite and the etiological agent of Toxoplasmosis, a zoonosis that affects one third of the world's population. Although congenital infection can cause severe fetal damage, the injury extension depends on the gestational period of infection, among other factors, like parasite genotype and host immunity. This parasite invades the Central Nervous System (CNS), forming tissue cysts, and can interfere with neurodevelopment, leading to frequent neurological abnormalities associated with T. gondii infection. Therefore, T. gondii is included in the TORCH complex of infectious diseases that may lead to neurological malformations (Toxoplasmosis, Others, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, and Herpes). The retina is part of CNS, as it is derived from the diencephalon. Except for astrocytes and microglia, retinal cells originate from multipotent neural progenitors. After cell cycle exit, cells migrate to specific layers, undergo morphological and neurochemical differentiation, form synapses and establish their circuits. The retina is organized in nuclear layers intercalated by plexus, responsible for translating and preprocessing light stimuli and for sending this information to the brain visual nuclei for image perception. Ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) is a very debilitating condition and may present high severity in areas in which virulent strains are found. However, little is known about the effect of congenital infection on the biology of retinal progenitors/ immature cells and how this infection may affect the development of this tissue. In this context, this study reviews the effects that congenital infections may cause to the developing retina and the cellular and molecular aspects of these diseases, with special focus on congenital OT.
Assuntos
Doenças Transmissíveis , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão) , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmose Congênita , Citomegalovirus , Feminino , Humanos , GravidezRESUMO
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in pregnancy is associated with congenital neurological abnormalities. Our understanding of the full clinical spectrum of ZIKV infection is incomplete. Using data from this prospective cohort study consisting of 650 women attending a high-risk pregnancy clinic during the Zika virus outbreak in Brazil, we investigated the extent to which specific symptoms can be utilized to differentiate ZIKV-infected pregnant women from those with other pregnancy-related problems. All were tested for ZIKV in urine by RT-qPCR. Demographic and clinical data including physical symptoms during follow-up were recorded and analyzed with respect to Zika virus exposure status. Forty-eight (7.4%) women were positive for ZIKV by RT-qPCR. The majority (70.8%) were asymptomatic, and only four ZIKV-positive women (8.3%) reported symptoms during pregnancy that met the WHO case definition. Zika-positive and -negative women reported similar frequencies of ZIKV-like symptoms (as per the WHO definition): fever (16.7% vs. 13.6%), arthralgia/arthritis (10.4% vs. 11.3%), rash (4.2% vs. 5.3%), and conjunctivitis (2.1% vs. 3.2%). Most pregnant women positive for ZIKV in urine are asymptomatic and do not deliver a baby with microcephaly. Physical symptoms alone did not differentiate between high-risk pregnant women positive or negative for ZIKV.
Assuntos
Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/virologia , Infecção por Zika virus/diagnóstico , Infecção por Zika virus/fisiopatologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Infecções Assintomáticas/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Microcefalia/prevenção & controle , Microcefalia/virologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Gravidez de Alto Risco , Gestantes , Estudos Prospectivos , Organização Mundial da Saúde , Adulto Jovem , Zika virus , Infecção por Zika virus/urinaRESUMO
Determination of antibodies against ToRCH antigens at the beginning of pregnancy allows assessment of both the maternal immune status and the risks to an adverse pregnancy outcome. Age-standardised seroprevalences were determined in sera from 1009 women of childbearing age residing in Mexico, Brazil, Germany, Poland, Turkey or China using a multiparametric immunoblot containing antigen substrates for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1, HSV-2), Bordetella pertussis, Chlamydia trachomatis, parvovirus B19, Treponema pallidum and varicella zoster virus (VZV). Seroprevalences for antibodies against HSV-1 were >90% in samples from Brazil and Turkey, whereas the other four countries showed lower mean age-adjusted seroprevalences (range: 62.5-87.9%). Samples from Brazilian women showed elevated seroprevalences of antibodies against HSV-2 (40.1%), C. trachomatis (46.8%) and B. pertussis (56.6%) compared to the other five countries. Seroprevalences of anti-T. gondii antibodies (0.5%) and anti-parvovirus B19 antibodies (7.5%) were low in samples from Chinese women, compared to the other five countries. Samples from German women revealed a low age-standardised seroprevalence of anti-CMV antibodies (28.8%) compared to the other five countries. These global differences in immune status of women in childbearing age advocate country-specific prophylaxis strategies to avoid infection with ToRCH pathogens.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Infecções Bacterianas/epidemiologia , Saúde Global , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Adulto , Infecções Bacterianas/sangue , Infecções Bacterianas/transmissão , Feminino , Humanos , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Infecções por Protozoários/sangue , Infecções por Protozoários/epidemiologia , Infecções por Protozoários/transmissão , Viroses/sangue , Viroses/epidemiologia , Viroses/transmissão , Adulto JovemRESUMO
During pregnancy, the organization of complex tolerance mechanisms occurs to assure non-rejection of the semiallogeneic fetus. Pregnancy is a period of vulnerability to some viral infections, mainly during the first and second trimesters, that may cause congenital damage to the fetus. Recently, Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has gained great notoriety due to the occurrence of congenital ZIKV syndrome, characterized by fetal microcephaly, which results from the ability of ZIKV to infect placental cells and neural precursors in the fetus. Importantly, in addition to the congenital effects, studies have shown that perinatal ZIKV infection causes a number of disorders, including maculopapular rash, conjunctivitis, and arthralgia. In this paper, we contextualize the immunological aspects involved in the maternal-fetal interface and vulnerability to ZIKV infection, especially the alterations resulting in perinatal outcomes. This highlights the need to develop protective maternal vaccine strategies or interventions that are capable of preventing fetal or even neonatal infection.
Assuntos
Troca Materno-Fetal/imunologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/imunologia , Infecção por Zika virus/imunologia , Zika virus/imunologia , Feminino , Feto/imunologia , Feto/virologia , Humanos , Microcefalia/imunologia , Microcefalia/virologia , Placenta/imunologia , Placenta/virologia , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/virologia , Zika virus/fisiologia , Infecção por Zika virus/virologiaRESUMO
Resumen El síndrome nefrótico se define como la unión de proteinuria masiva, hipoalbuminemia e hiperlipidemia, que pueden asociarse a edemas e hipercoagulabilidad. Se origina de una anormalidad de la barrera de filtración glomerular con una fuga masiva de proteína y los efectos secundarios consecuentes. En sus formas primarias, ocurre con una incidencia de 1-3 por cada 100.000 niños menores de 16 años. La forma congénita es una variante poco frecuente del síndrome nefrótico, la cual se presenta en el nacimiento o dentro de los tres primeros meses de vida, y suele ser resistente a la corticoterapia. Se debe evaluar primero la existencia de infecciones congénitas y luego buscar las enfermedades monogénicas más comunes, finalmente se puede recurrir a la secuenciación de nueva generación para buscar mutaciones en los demás genes candidatos. Se presenta el caso de una niña con síndrome nefrótico congénito de difícil control, enfatizando en el proceso diagnóstico y el manejo de soporte. Se resalta la importancia de la asesoría genética a la familia en todos los casos.
Abstract A nephrotic syndrome is defined as the association of massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and hyperlipidemia, which may be associated with edema and hypercoagulability. It originates from an abnormality of the glomerular filtration barrier with a massive protein leak and the consequent side effects. In its primary forms, it occurs with an incidence of 1 - 3 per 100,000 children under 16 years of age. The congenital form is a rare variant of the nephrotic syndrome, which occurs at birth or within the first three months of life and is usually resistant to corticosteroid therapy. Congenital infections and most common related monogenic diseases should be tested. Finally, new generation sequencing must be used to search for mutations in other candidate genes. We present the case of a girl with congenital nephrotic syndrome difficult to control, emphasizing the diagnostic process and support management. The importance of genetic counseling to the family in all cases is highlighted.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Aconselhamento Genético , Síndrome Nefrótica , Terapêutica , Criança , Colômbia , GenéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Zika virus (ZIKV) vertical transmission may lead to microcephaly and other congenital anomalies. In March and April 2016, the first outbreak of ZIKV occurred in Argentina. The objective was to describe the surveillance of newborns with microcephaly and other selected brain anomalies in Argentina, and evaluation different etiologies. METHODS: Participants were enrolled between April 2016 and March 2017. CASES: newborns from the National Network of Congenital Abnormalities of Argentina (RENAC) with head circumference lower than the 3rd percentile according to gestational age and sex, or selected brain anomalies. Blood and urine samples from cases and their mothers were tested for ZIKV by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), antigen-specific Immunoglobulin M (MAC-ELISA) and plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT90 ). Toxoplasmosis, rubella, herpes simplex, syphilis, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection were also tested. RESULTS: A total of 104 cases were reported, with a prevalence of 6.9 per 10,000 [95% confidence interval (CI): 5.7-8.4], a significant increase when compared with the data prior to 2016, Prevalence Rate Ratio 1.7 (95% CI 1.2-2.3). In five cases positive serology for ZIKV (IgM and IgG by PRNT) was detected. The five cases presented microcephaly with craniofacial disproportion. We detected four cases of CMV infection, three cases of congenital toxoplasmosis, two cases of herpes simplex infection, and one case of congenital syphilis. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of microcephaly was significantly higher when compared with the previous period. The system had the capacity to detect five cases with congenital ZIKV syndrome in a country with limited viral circulation.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/anormalidades , Microcefalia/epidemiologia , Microcefalia/virologia , Vigilância da População , Infecção por Zika virus/congênito , Infecção por Zika virus/epidemiologia , Zika virus/fisiologia , Argentina/epidemiologia , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , PrevalênciaRESUMO
La criptococosis puede afectar niños de todas las edades, especialmente aquellos inmunocomprometidos. Usualmente se adquiere a través de la inhalación de esporas del medio ambiente, aunque existen otras formas de transmisión. Describimos un caso de criptococosis congénita adquirido de una madre con síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA) y tratado en forma exitosa con combinación de antimicoticos.
Cryptococcosis may affect children of all ages, specially those who are inmunocompromised. It is usually acquired from the inhalation of environmental spores, although other sources of transmission exist. We describe a case of congenital cryptococcosis transmitted from a mother with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which was successfully treated with combination antifungal agents.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , HIV , Criptococose , Criptococose/congênito , Esporos , Infecções/congênito , AntifúngicosRESUMO
La finalidad del presente artículo es actualizar, respecto a un trabajo previo, la información existente sobre 13 padecimientos adquiridos por el neonato a través de la vía transplacentaria. El objetivo de esta revisión no es realizar una descripción sistematizada y detallada de cada uno de estos padecimientos sino, más bien, mencionar algunos hechos relevantes que le permitan al médico general y al pediatra pensar en ellos, utilizando algunos datos relevantes sobre la fisiopatogenia, las manifestaciones clínicas o los exámenes de laboratorio; más cuando existe la probabilidad o se tiene la certeza de que la madre desarrolló alguna de estas enfermedades durante la gestación. Se escogieron estos 13 padecimientos porque algunos son de baja frecuencia en el mundo; porque no se han reportado casos en la literatura nacional o porque el número de mujeres en edad fértil que los padecen en México permite pensar que, basados en la frecuencia de transmisión congénita, deberían reportarse mayor número de casos de los que habitualmente se reportan.
This article aims to update a previous study involving approximately 13 diseases acquired transplacentally by the newborn. We did not perform a systematized and detailed description of each condition in this review, but rather we mention some facts that will enable the general practitioner and pediatrician to keep these in mind, using some highlights on the demonstration of the physiopathogeny, clinical or laboratory tests and, even more so, with the probability or certainty that the mother developed any of the diseases during pregnancy. These 13 diseases were selected because 1) some appear in a low frequency worldwide, 2) there are no reported cases in the national literature, or 3) the number of women in Mexico of childbearing age experiencing them. It prompts us to think that, based on the frequency of congenital transmission, there should be more cases than what is actually reported.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: to determine the seroprevalence rate of toxoplasmosis, HIV, syphilis and rubella in a population of puerperal women. METHODS: a prospective, cross-sectional study was performed from February 2007 to April 2008 at Hospital Geral, Universidade de Caxias do Sul in a population of 1,510 puerperal women. Women that gave birth to live born or stillborn infants were included in the study; maternal and perinatal variables were analyzed. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's chi-square with occasional Fisher's correction were used for comparisons. Alpha was set in 5 percent. RESULTS: a total of 148 cases of congenital infection (9.8 percent) were identified: 66 cases of syphilis (4.4 percent), 40 cases of HIV (2.7 percent), 27 cases of toxoplasmosis (1.8 percent) and 15 cases of rubella (1.0 percent). In ten cases there was co-infection (four cases of HIV and syphilis, two cases of HIV and rubella, one case of HIV and toxoplasmosis, two cases of rubella and syphilis, and one case of toxoplasmosis and rubella). In a comparison between puerperal women with and without infection there was no statistical significance in relation to incidence of abortions, small for gestational age, prematurity, live births and stillbirths, and prenatal care. Need of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), maternal schooling, maternal age higher than 35 years and drug use (alcohol, cocaine and crack) had statistical significance. CONCLUSION: the prevalence rate of infections was 9.8 percent. Need of NICU, maternal schooling lower than eight years, maternal age higher than 35 years and drug use were significantly associated with occurrence of congenital infection.
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Adulto Jovem , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/estatística & dados numéricos , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/epidemiologia , Sífilis/epidemiologia , Toxoplasmose/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Filtração/instrumentação , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Papel , Período Pós-Parto , Resultado da Gravidez , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/diagnóstico , Rubéola (Sarampo Alemão)/transmissão , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Sífilis/diagnóstico , Sífilis/transmissão , Toxoplasmose/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmose/transmissão , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJETIVOS: Determinar o perfil sorológico para toxoplasmose e identificar os principais fatores associados à susceptibilidade (pacientes com imunoglobulinas IgG e IgM ausentes) em gestantes atendidas em uma maternidade-escola do Recife. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo de corte transversal, incluindo 503 gestantes submetidas à sorologia para toxoplasmose no IMIP (Recife), no período de outubro de 2004 a abril de 2005. Realizou-se imunofluorescência indireta para pesquisa de IgG e IgM e um breve questionário foi aplicado às pacientes, descrevendo-se identificação, características demográficas e obstétricas, antecedentes mórbidos relevantes, hábitos de vida e tipo de moradia. Para análise estatística, utilizaram-se os testes Qui quadrado de associação e exato de Fisher, com um nível de significância de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: Constatou-se imunidade para toxoplasmose em 74,7 por cento, susceptibilidade em 22,5 por cento e "possível" infecção ativa em 2,8 por cento das gestantes. Não se encontrou associação estatisticamente significativa entre susceptibilidade para toxoplasmose e idade, procedência, condições mórbidas, hábitos, condições de habitação, rede de esgotos, criação de animais domésticos, número de gestações e idade gestacional. Verificou-se uma associação significativa entre susceptibilidade para toxoplasmose e escolaridade, com uma maior freqüência de susceptibilidade entre mulheres com oito ou mais anos de estudo. CONCLUSÃO: A freqüência de susceptibilidade para toxoplasmose é relativamente baixa entre pacientes atendidas no pré-natal em nosso meio e nenhum outro fator preditivo além da escolaridade foi identificado.
OBJECTIVES: To determine the serologic profile of toxoplasmosis and the main factors associated with susceptibility (patients without IgM and IgG antibodies) in pregnant women attended at a teaching-hospital in Recife, Brasil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out, enrolling 503 pregnant women submitted to serology for toxoplasmosis at IMIP (Recife) from October 2004 to April 2005. Anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies were studied by IFA. A short questionnaire was administered to patients to provide identification, demographic and obstetrical characteristics, past history of morbidity, habits and dwelling conditions. The chi-square and Fisher-exact tests were used at a 5 percent level of significance. RESULTS: Immunity for toxoplasmosis was present in 74.7 percent, susceptibility in 22.5 percent and "possible" active infection in 2.8 percent of patients. No significant associations were observed between toxoplasmosis susceptibility and age, location, conditions of morbidity, habits, dwelling conditions and sewage system, living with animals, pregnancy and gestational age. A significant association between toxoplasmosis susceptibility and schooling was found, with a higher frequency of susceptibility among women with eight or more years of schooling. CONCLUSION: Susceptibility for toxoplasmosis was relatively low in these prenatal patients and schooling was the only identifiable predictive factor.
Assuntos
Adulto , Animais , Gatos , Cães , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Adulto Jovem , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Programas de Rastreamento , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasmose Congênita/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Escolaridade , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , Idade Gestacional , Hospitais de Ensino , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Complicações Parasitárias na Gravidez/sangue , Toxoplasmose Congênita/sangue , Toxoplasmose Congênita/imunologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Introducción. Los casos de infección con el virus de varicela zoster en el embarazo pueden tener un curso clínico grave, tanto para la madre como para el producto, con la probabilidad de transmisión vertical del virus y el desarrollo subsiguiente de varicela congénita o varicela neonatal. El síndrome de varicela congénita (SVC) fue descrito en 1947, desde entonces un poco más de 60 casos han sido reportados. Éste consiste en un espectro de anormalidades que incluyen cicatrices con distribución en dermatomas, anormalidades oculares y deformidades en extremidades. Caso clínico. Se describe un raro caso de SVC con compromiso dermatológico, pero sin otras lesiones al nacimiento. La madre padeció varicela en la semana 10 de la gestación. No se encontró algún reporte de recién nacidos con SVC en México. Conclusión. La característica especial del caso es la presencia de lesiones no cicatrizales como único dato clínico, corroborado con serología positiva contra el virus varicela zoster.
Introduction. Varicella infections cases in pregnant women may have a more severe clinical course, and there is also the risk of vertical transmission of the viral infection, with the subsequent development of congenital or neonatal varicella. Cases of congenital varicella syndrome (CVS) were first described in 1947, since then, a little more than 60 cases of CVS have been reported. The CVS consists of a spectrum of anomalies including scaring with derma to mal distribution, ocular abnormalities and limb deformities. Case report. An unusual case of CVS with dermatologic involvement, but without other injuries at birth is described. The mother contracted chicken pox at 10 weeks' gestation. We didn't find any previous report of newborns with CVS in Mexico. Conclusion. The particular condition of this case is the presence of non cicatricial injuries as only clinical data, supported by a positive serology against varicella-zoster virus.