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The COVID-19 pandemic circumstances have varied the pathogens related to acute respiratory infections (ARI), and most specialists have ignored them due to SARS-CoV-2's similar symptomatology. We identify respiratory pathogens with multiplex PCR in samples with presumptive SARS-CoV-2 but negative RT-qPCR results. We performed a retrospective transversal study employing clinical data and nasopharyngeal swab samples from patients with suspected clinical SARS-CoV-2 infection and a negative PCR result in a private laboratory in Lima, Peru. The samples were analyzed using the FilmArray™ respiratory panel. Of 342 samples, we detected at least one pathogen in 50% of the samples. The main ones were rhinovirus (54.38%), influenza A(H3N2) (22.80%), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (14.04%). The clinical characteristics were sore throat (70.18%), cough (58.48%), nasal congestion (56.43%), and fever (40.06%). Only 41.46% and 48.78% of patients with influenza met the definition of influenza-like illness (ILI) by the World Health Organization (WHO) (characterized by cough and fever) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (characterized by fever and cough and sore throat), respectively. A higher prevalence of influenza was associated with ILI by WHO (aPR: 2.331) and ILI by CDC (aPR: 1.892), which was not observed with other respiratory viruses. The clinical characteristic associated with the increased prevalence of rhinovirus was nasal congestion (aPR: 1.84). For patients with ARI and negative PCR results, the leading respiratory pathogens detected were rhinovirus, influenza, and RSV. Less than half of patients with influenza presented ILI, although its presence was specific to the disease.
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Cerebral palsy (CP) in children constitutes a set of movement and body posture disorders caused by brain injury, which in turn is associated with a series of intestinal, respiratory, and malnutrition conditions. Twenty-four children were selected and included for the present study and subdivided into two groups: (1) children who included modern kefir (containing 12 probiotic species) in their diet; and (2) control group (not including kefir in their diet). The group supplemented with modern kefir received a beverage with multi probiotic species and the control group received commercial yogurt (which included the 2 typical lactic acid bacteria) for 7 weeks. Anthropometric variables, resting energy expenditure, presence, and diagnosis of functional digestive disorders (FDD), frequency of respiratory problems, presence of elevated C-reactive protein, differential count of leukocytes were evaluated. A significant increase in weight and height was found in the kefir group at the final time point. In addition, kefir intake promoted a significant reduction in functional constipation and stool hardness and increased the absolute value of blood lymphocytes. Since the fermented milk beverage modern kefir improves constipation, which is the most important FDD in children with CP and the nutritional and immune status, it could be considered an important strategy to improve health in these children.
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OBJECTIVE: Compounded oral solutions for respiratory illnesses such as the common cold and cough are commonly prepared and dispensed by licensed pharmacists in the United States and Puerto Rico (PR). Standard protocols for their preparation and quality assessment and for patient counseling are available for most of the prescribed compounded solutions. However, in PR there is a common prescription approach colloquially referred to as "mezclitas": mixtures of antitussives, expectorants, decongestants, and other active ingredients available in commercial solutions for which there are no science-driven compounding guidelines for local pharmacists. METHODS: This study evaluated the physicochemical stability of a commonly dispensed compounded preparation (containing guaifenesin, dextromethorphan, and dexamethasone) that is used for the treatment of respiratory illnesses in PR. The stability indicators tested included clarity, odor, pH, and viscosity. Changes in stability indicators were evaluated for different storage conditions (ambient temperature and refrigerated) over a period of 6 months. RESULTS: The samples exhibited small changes in color, odor, and viscosity. Although the observed changes were small, they may be indicative of chemical and/or physical transformations that occurred over time. A survey of local pharmacists also evidenced the absence of standardized protocols for the preparation and dispensation of the mezclitas in PR. CONCLUSION: In spite of the absence of protocols for compounding oral solutions for respiratory illnesses, our study suggests that the stability of such solutions is not heavily compromised. However further chemical and physical testing is needed and the findings of such testing used to develop standardized protocols for the compounding of oral solutions for respiratory illnesses.
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Dexametasona/administração & dosagem , Dextrometorfano/administração & dosagem , Composição de Medicamentos/normas , Guaifenesina/administração & dosagem , Administração Oral , Antitussígenos/administração & dosagem , Antitussígenos/química , Cor , Dexametasona/química , Dextrometorfano/química , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Armazenamento de Medicamentos , Expectorantes/administração & dosagem , Expectorantes/química , Glucocorticoides/administração & dosagem , Glucocorticoides/química , Guaifenesina/química , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Odorantes , Farmacêuticos/estatística & dados numéricos , Porto Rico , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de Tempo , Estados Unidos , ViscosidadeRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The common cold causes great morbidity throughout the world and there are no effective therapeutic agents against it. There is a belief that consuming vitamin C during a cold episode would help reduce duration and severity of symptoms. However, there is controversy about this claim. METHODS: To answer this question we used Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. We extracted data from the systematic reviews, reanalyzed data of primary studies, conducted a meta-analysis and generated a summary of findings table using the GRADE approach. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We identified four systematic reviews that included eight primary studies overall, of which seven were randomized trials. We concluded vitamin C has minimal or no impact on the duration of common cold or in the number of days at home or out of work.
INTRODUCCIÓN: El resfrío común causa una gran morbilidad en todo el mundo y no se cuenta con agentes terapéuticos eficaces contra éste. Existe la creencia de que ingerir vitamina C durante un episodio de resfrío ayuda a disminuir la duración y severidad de los síntomas, sin embargo existe controversia respecto a esta afirmación. MÉTODOS: Para responder esta pregunta utilizamos Epistemonikos, la mayor base de datos de revisiones sistemáticas en salud, la cual es mantenida mediante búsquedas en múltiples fuentes de información, incluyendo MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, entre otras. Extrajimos los datos desde las revisiones identificadas, reanalizamos los datos de los estudios primarios, realizamos un metanálisis y preparamos una tabla de resumen de los resultados utilizando el método GRADE. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES: Identificamos cuatro revisiones sistemáticas que en conjunto incluyeron ocho estudios primarios, de los cuales siete son ensayos aleatorizados. Concluimos que la vitamina C tiene un impacto mínimo o nulo en la duración del resfrío y en los días en casa o sin trabajar.
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Ácido Ascórbico/uso terapêutico , Resfriado Comum/tratamento farmacológico , Bases de Dados Factuais , Humanos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
We determined the overall prevalence of typical orofacial clefts and the potential risks for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in a university hospital from West México. For the prevalence, 227 liveborn infants with typical orofacial clefts were included from a total of 81,193 births occurred during the period 2009-2016 at the "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca" Civil Hospital of Guadalajara (Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico). To evaluate potential risks, a case-control study was conducted among 420 newborns, including only those 105 patients with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (cases), and 315 infants without birth defects (controls). Data were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression analysis expressed as adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals . The overall prevalence for typical orofacial clefts was 28 per 10,000 (95% confidence interval: 24.3-31.6), or 1 per 358 live births. The mean values for the prepregnancy weight, antepartum weight, and pre-pregnancy body mass index were statistically higher among the mothers of cases. Infants with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate had a significantly higher risk for previous history of any type of congenital anomaly (adjusted odds ratio: 2.7; 95% confidence interval: 1.4-5.1), history of a relative with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (adjusted odds ratio: 19.6; 95% confidence interval: 8.2-47.1), and first-trimester exposures to progestogens (adjusted odds ratio: 6.8; 95% CI 1.8-25.3), hyperthermia (adjusted odds ratio: 3.4; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-10.6), and common cold (adjusted odds ratio: 3.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.1-11.9). These risks could have contributed to explain the high prevalence of orofacial clefts in our region of Mexico, emphasizing that except for history of relatives with cleft lip with or without cleft palate, most are susceptible of modification.
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Fenda Labial/epidemiologia , Fissura Palatina/epidemiologia , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Fenda Labial/classificação , Feminino , Hospitais Universitários , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Nascido Vivo , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Mães , Gravidez , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Resumen INTRODUCCIÓN: El resfrío común causa una gran morbilidad en todo el mundo y no se cuenta con agentes terapéuticos eficaces contra éste. Existe la creencia de que ingerir vitamina C durante un episodio de resfrío ayuda a disminuir la duración y severidad de los síntomas, sin embargo existe controversia respecto a esta afirmación. MÉTODOS: Para responder esta pregunta utilizamos Epistemonikos, la mayor base de datos de revisiones sistemáticas en salud, la cual es mantenida mediante búsquedas en múltiples fuentes de información, incluyendo MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, entre otras. Extrajimos los datos desde las revisiones identificadas, reanalizamos los datos de los estudios primarios, realizamos un metanálisis y preparamos una tabla de resumen de los resultados utilizando el método GRADE. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES: Identificamos cuatro revisiones sistemáticas que en conjunto incluyeron ocho estudios primarios, de los cuales siete son ensayos aleatorizados. Concluimos que la vitamina C tiene un impacto mínimo o nulo en la duración del resfrío y en los días en casa o sin trabajar.
Abstract INTRODUCTION: The common cold causes great morbidity throughout the world and there are no effective therapeutic agents against it. There is a belief that consuming vitamin C during a cold episode would help reduce duration and severity of symptoms. However, there is controversy about this claim. METHODS: To answer this question we used Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. We extracted data from the systematic reviews, reanalyzed data of primary studies, conducted a meta-analysis and generated a summary of findings table using the GRADE approach. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We identified four systematic reviews that included eight primary studies overall, of which seven were randomized trials. We concluded vitamin C has minimal or no impact on the duration of common cold or in the number of days at home or out of work.
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Humanos , Ácido Ascórbico/uso terapêutico , Resfriado Comum/tratamento farmacológico , Fatores de Tempo , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Bases de Dados Factuais , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is the most frequent reason for children being seen by doctors worldwide. We aimed to estimate the frequency of complications in children aged 6-23 months during ARI episode and to evaluate risk factors present on recruitment associated with complications after the universal implementation of pneumococcal vaccine (PCV10) in our region. METHODS: This prospective cohort enrolled children who had shown ARI for up to 7 days and who were subsequently followed up 14-21 days after, in Salvador, Brazil. Data on recruitment were registered. The vaccine card was personally checked. Complication was defined when hospitalization, pneumonia or acute otitis media (AOM) were informed during the follow-up visit. Pneumonia and AOM were diagnosed by a doctor. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: Of 576 children, 422 (73%) returned and 79 (19%; 95%CI: 15-23%) had complications. The mean interval between admission and follow-up was 23±13 days. Pneumonia (n=47; 11%), hospitalization (n=28; 7%), and AOM (n=17; 4%) were reported. Most of the patients presented one complication (n=66; 84%) followed by two (n=13; 16%). Report of fever (92% versus 79%; OR [95%CI]: 2.90 [1.18-7.14]), bird at home (24% versus 14%; OR [95%CI]: 2.13 [1.07-4.26]), ronchi (48% versus 36%; OR [95%CI]: 2.06 [1.16-3.67]) or crackles (17% versus 7%; OR [95%CI]: 2.36 [1.04-5.38]) on auscultation were directly associated with complications whereas PCV10 (59% versus 75%; OR [95%CI]: 0.46 [0.26-0.82]) was inversely associated. Bird at home (OR [95%CI]: 5.80 [1.73-19.38]) and ronchi (OR [95%CI]: 6.39 [1.96-20.85]) were associated with AOM; PCV10 was inversely associated with AOM (OR [95%CI]: 0.16 [0.05-0.52]). Crackles were associated with pneumonia (OR [95%CI]: 2.55 [1.01-6.40]). CONCLUSIONS: One fifth of the children presented complications. PCV10 was independently associated with lower odds of development of AOM. Bird at home and ronchi are risk factors of otitis. Crackles are associated with pneumonia.
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Otite Média/epidemiologia , Vacinas Pneumocócicas/administração & dosagem , Pneumonia/epidemiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Sons Respiratórios , Infecções Respiratórias/complicações , Fatores de Risco , Vacinas Conjugadas/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Although antibiotics are ineffective against viral respiratory infections, studies have shown high rates of prescriptions worldwide. We conducted a study in Brazil to determine the viral aetiologies of common colds in children and to describe the use of antibiotics for these patients. Children up to 12 years with common colds were enrolled from March 2008-February 2009 at a primary care level facility and followed by regular telephone calls and medical consultations. A nasopharyngeal wash was obtained at enrollment and studied by direct fluorescence assay and polymerase chain reaction for nine different types of virus. A sample of 134 patients was obtained, median age 2.9 years (0.1-11.2 y). Respiratory viruses were detected in 73.9% (99/134) with a coinfection rate of 30.3% (30/99). Rhinovirus was the most frequent virus (53/134; 39.6%), followed by influenza (33/134; 24.6%) and respiratory syncytial virus (8/134; 13.4%). Antibiotic prescription rate was 39.6% (53/134) and 69.8% (37/53) were considered inappropriate. Patients with influenza infection received antibiotics inappropriately in a greater proportion of cases when compared to respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus infections (p = 0.016). The rate of inappropriate use of antibiotics was very high and patients with influenza virus infection were prescribed antibiotics inappropriately in a greater proportion of cases.
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Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Resfriado Comum/tratamento farmacológico , Resfriado Comum/virologia , Prescrições de Medicamentos/estatística & dados numéricos , Atenção Primária à Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Coinfecção/virologia , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Nasofaringe/virologia , Padrões de Prática MédicaRESUMO
Con este artículo se pretende contribuir a la actualización de aspectos teóricos, así como términos relacionados con las características clínicas, patogénicas, y las dificultades en la atención a niños con catarro común. Existen concepciones erróneas acerca de esta entidad, sin pleno reconocimiento de su importancia como infección nasofaríngea primaria, relacionada con múltiples afecciones de las vías respiratorias y de otros sistemas o aparatos, que pueden o no ser complicadas, por lo cual se le ha denominado "infección portera." Teniendo en cuenta que también genera iatrogenia imperfecta o medidas terapéuticas locales o generales que socavan la integridad física y sicológica del niño, se ha definido como "violencia terapéutica". Ambos términos se derivan de la experiencia acumulada en el desempeño asistencial y del estudio sistemático de esta afección en la población infantil.
This work is aimed at contributing to the updating of theoretical aspects, as well as of terms related to the clinical and pathogenic characteristics, and the difficulties in the care to children with common cold. Erroneous conceptions exist about this entity, without full recognition of its importance as primary nasopharyngeal infection, related to multiple disorders of the airways and of other systems or apparatuses which may or not be complicated, reason why it has been called "door infection". Keeping in mind that it also generates imperfect iatrogenesis or local or general therapeutic measures which undermine the boy's physical and psychological integrity, it has been defined as "therapeutic violence". Both terms are derived from the experience accumulated in the assistance performance and from the systematic study of this disorder in the children population.
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Criança , Resfriado ComumRESUMO
Resfriado comum e gripe são habitualmente confundidos, principalmente se o resfriado for mais intenso. Coriza é rotulada tanto como alergia como sinusite. Os processos inflamatórios das vias aéreas superiores envolvidos nessas entidades clínicas conjugam fatores comuns, embora tenham etiologias diferentes. Graças a isso, diagnósticos equivocados geram tratamento inadequado, geralmente com emprego desnecessário de antibióticos. O resfriado comum e a gripe (influenza) são infecções virais do trato respiratório, assim como a maioria das rinossinusites. Já a rinite é, em sua maior parte, manifestação da atopia respiratória.
Common cold and flu are usually confused, especially if the cold is more intense. Many times, coryza is labeled as being allergy or sinusitis. The inflammation of the upper airways involved in these clinical entities combine common factors, although they have different etiologies. As a result, misdiagnosis generates inadequate treatment, usually with unnecessary use of antibiotics. The common cold and the flu (influenza) are viral infections of the respiratory tract, as well as most cases of rhinosinusitis. On the other hand, rhinitis is, most of the time, a manifestation of respiratory atopy.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Influenza Humana/diagnóstico , Resfriado Comum/diagnóstico , Rinite/diagnóstico , Sinusite/diagnóstico , Aderência Bacteriana , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Diagnóstico Clínico , Infecções Respiratórias/microbiologia , Infecções Respiratórias/virologia , Oseltamivir/administração & dosagem , Vírus da Influenza A/patogenicidade , Zanamivir/administração & dosagemRESUMO
O trabalho analisa as importantes inter-relações entre a gripe, o resfriado e as patologias alérgicas das vias respiratórias, destacando em particular o problema do paciente alérgico portador de infecção viral. Descreve a etiologia, o quadro clínico, diagnóstico e tratamento dessas afecções, apresentando quadro diferencial entre a fisiopatologia da asma e da rinite alérgica.As estações do outono e inverno demandam do pediatra maior preocupação com o aparelho respiratório, que passa a ser alvo de doenças de elevadíssimas prevalências nesta época do ano, como a gripe e os resfriados. Um grupo especial de pacientes merece ainda maior atenção, os pacientes com alergias respiratórias, como asma e rinite, pois as crises se tornam mais freqüentes e a associação de quadros virais e atopia traz desafios diagnósticos e incremento da morbidade entre as crianças. Caberá ao pediatra diagnosticar de maneira adequada cada uma estas doenças e reconhecer a interação entre os quadros alérgicos e as doenças infecciosas.
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Se realizó un estudio prospectivo en 94 pacientes asmáticos atendidos en el consultorio del médico de la familia No. 43 perteneciente al Policlínico Docente "Antonio Maceo" del municipio Cerro de Ciudad de La Habana. Durante un año (12 meses consecutivos) relacionamos las eventualidades diarias de su estado de salud con los siguientes contaminantes primarios de la atmósfera: dióxido de nitrógeno, dióxido de azufre y hollín. Las muestras fueron analizadas en el Laboratorio de Higiene del Aire del Instituto Nacional de Higiene y Epidemiología del Ministerio de Salud Pública de Cuba. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando el entrecruzamiento de variables, regresión múltiple, el método de paso a paso del paquete estadístico SPSS/PC Plus. Se realizó la matriz de correlación lineal paramétrica. Se obtuvo una correlación directa significativa entre la coriza, la tos, las crisis de asma y los contaminantes primarios de la atmósfera.
A prospective study of 94 asthmatic patients receiving attention at the family physician's office No. 43 from the "Antonio Maceo" Teaching Polyclinic in Cerro municipality, Havana City, was conducted. During a year (12 months in a row) we related their daily health status to the following primary air pollutants: nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and soot. The samples were analyzed at the Air Hygiene Laboratory of the National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Ministry of Public Health. The statistical analysis was made by using the intercrossing of variables, the multiple regression, and the step by step method of the SPSS/PC Plus statistical package. The parametric lineal correlation matrix was also calculated. There was a significant direct correlation among coryza, cough, asthma crises, and the primary air pollutants.