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A evasão do Ensino Superior traz implicações para os estudantes e para as universidades, e a identificação das variáveis associadas ao abandono possibilita desenvolver ações que reduzam sua ocorrência. Este estudo analisa os impactos diretos e mediados da autoeficácia, do rendimento, sexo, idade, recebimento de bolsas de auxílio social e ingresso em curso de opção preferencial na evasão. Os dados foram coletados com 346 universitários por meio de um Questionário Socioeconômico, da Escala de Autoeficácia na Formação Superior, além de informações documentais, e foram analisados pelo software AMOS. Os resultados identificaram que ser mulher e manifestar autoeficácia elevada associam-se a melhores desempenhos acadêmicos, os quais relacionam-se a riscos menores de evasão. Também se verificou que ser mulher e frequentar o curso de opção preferencial diminui as chances de abandono. Tais resultados reforçam o peso de variáveis pessoais, psicológicas, acadêmicas e de carreira na evasão e sugerem caminhos para intervenções que promovam a permanência dos estudantes.

La deserción de la enseñanza universitaria trae implicaciones a los estudiantes y a las universidades, y la identificación de las variables asociadas a la deserción posibilita desarrollar acciones que disminuyan su ocurrencia. En este estudio se analiza los impactos directos y mediados de la autoeficacia, del rendimiento, sexo, edad, recibimiento de becas de ayuda social e ingreso en curso de opción preferencial en la deserción. Los datos se recolectados con 346 universitarios por intermedio de un Cuestionario Socioeconómico, de la Escala de Autoeficacia en la Formación Universitaria, además de informaciones documentales, y se analizaron por el software AMOS. Los resultados identificaron que ser mujer y manifestar autoeficacia elevada se asocian a mejores desempeños académicos, los cuales, se relacionan a riesgos menores de abandono. También se verificó que ser mujer y frecuentar el curso de opción preferencial disminuye las oportunidades de abandono. Tales resultados refuerzan el peso de variables personales, psicológicas, académicas y de carrera en la deserción y sugieren caminos para intervenciones que promuevan la permanencia de los estudiantes.

Dropping out of Higher Education has implications for students and universities, and the identification of variables associated with dropout makes it possible to develop actions that reduce its occurrence. This study analyzes the direct and mediated impacts of self-efficacy, income, sex, age, receipt of social assistance grants and entry into a preferred option course in evasion. Data were collected from 346 university students through a Socioeconomic Questionnaire, the Self-Efficacy Scale in Higher Education, in addition to documentary information, and were analyzed using the AMOS software. The results identified that being a woman and manifesting high self-efficacy are associated with better academic performance, which are related to lower risks of dropping out. It was also found that being a woman and attending the preferred option course decreases the chances of dropping out. Such results reinforce the weight of personal, psychological, academic and career variables in dropout and suggest ways for interventions that promote student permanence.

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Resumen Las atribuciones, creencias y expectativas de los padres influyen en su interacción con los hijos. Este estudio compara las atribuciones, creencias y expectativas de madres adolescentes y adultas acerca de sus hijos, de todos los niños y de sí mismas como madres, y analiza la interacción con el sexo del hijo, procedencia, estado civil, grado educativo y nivel socioeconómico de las madres. Se administró la guía de entrevista para padres y el Cuestionario de Factores Cognitivos de los padres a 200 madres biológicas, 100 adolescentes con una edad promedio de 19.7 años y 100 adultas con una edad promedio de 37.1, de niveles socioeconómicos bajo y medio, procedentes de diferentes regiones de Colombia. La prueba t evidenció atribuciones sesgadas y creencias distorsionadas acerca de los hijos y de todos los niños y creencias de poco control y baja autoeficacia en las madres adolescentes. Las madres adultas presentan expectativas irreales acerca de los hijos y de todos los niños, y atribuciones distorsionadas con respecto a sí mismas como madres. El análisis de varianza bifactorial confirma que el estado civil interactúa significativamente con las expectativas que tienen las madres acerca de todos los niños y con las atribuciones acerca de sí mismas como madres. El tamaño del efecto indicó que la edad y procedencia de las madres tienen un efecto moderado en las creencias con respecto a los hijos y en las atribuciones y creencias acerca de todos los niños. Intervenciones psicológicas que modifiquen las atribuciones, creencias y expectativas de madres adolescentes y adultas permitirán relaciones madres-hijos sanas.

Abstract Parents' attributions, beliefs, and expectations influence their interaction with their children. This study compares the attributions, beliefs and expectations of adolescent and adult mothers about their own children, all children and themselves as mothers. It also analyzes the interaction with the sex of the child, origin, marital status, educational and socioeconomic level of the mothers. The Questionnaire of Parents' Cognitive Factors was administered to 200 biological mothers, 100 adolescents with an average age of 19.7 years old and 100 adults with an average age of 37.1, all of them from low and medium socioeconomic levels and different regions of Colombia. The t Test showed biased attributions and distorted beliefs about own children and all children, as well as low-control and low-self-efficacy in adolescent mothers. Adult mothers present unrealistic expectations about their own children and all children and distorted attributions regarding themselves as mothers. The Bifactorial Analysis of Variance confirms that marital status interacts significantly with mothers' expectations about all children and with attributions about themselves as mothers. The effect size indicated that the age and provenance of mothers have a moderate effect on beliefs regarding their own children and on attributions and beliefs about all children. Psychological interventions that modify the attributions, beliefs and expectations of adolescent and adult mothers will allow healthy mother-child relationships.

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Resumen Objetivo: Validar la Escala de Pensamientos de Enojo para Adolescentes, la cual incluye tres factores: venganza (4 ítems, por ej., "Haré sufrir a la otra persona"), pensamientos de insulto o peyorativos (5 ítems, por ej., "Es un estúpido") y pensamientos de control (10 ítems, por ej., "Tendré paciencia"). Método: La muestra fue de 522 adolescentes mexicanos de escuela pública (M de edad = 15,92, DE =0,90); 213 hombres y 309 mujeres seleccionados de forma no aleatoria. Los instrumentos fueron: la Escala de Pensamientos de Enojo para Adolescentes, el Inventario Multicultural de Expresión de la Cólera y la Hostilidad (ML-STAXI) para Adolescentes Mexicanos y la Escala de Expresión del Enojo con Agresión Física. El diseño del estudio fue instrumental. Resultados: Se encontró, por medio de análisis factorial confirmatorio que el modelo de tres factores tuvo buen ajuste (CFI = .912, SRMR = .046, RMSEA = .076). La confiabilidad (Alfa de Cronbach) fue aceptable: .78, .86 y .92, respectivamente. La validez de constructo fue satisfactoria, dado que la escala fue útil para diferenciar a personas de alto y bajo puntaje en variables de enojo, control del enojo, expresión del enojo y agresión física hacia las personas y hacia los objetos. Hubo leve diferencia por sexo en una de las tres escalas, donde las mujeres tuvieron más pensamientos peyorativos que los hombres. Conclusión: La Escala de Pensamientos de Enojo para Adolescentes es una opción confiable y con validez de constructo. Representa un punto de partida para la investigación, evaluación y tratamiento de adolescentes con problemas en el control del enojo.

Abstract Objective: The goal of the study was to validate an Angry Thoughts Scale for Adolescents, which has three factors: revenge (4 items, e.g., "I will make the other person suffer"), insulting or pejorative thoughts (5 items, e.g., "S/he is stupid"), and thoughts of control (10 items, e.g., "I will be patient"). Method: The sample had 522 adolescents (M age = 15.92, SD = 0.90); 213 men, and 309 women from a public school; they were recruited through intentional non-random sampling. The participants answered three instruments: The Angry Thoughts Scale for Adolescents, The Multicultural Inventory of Anger and Hostility (ML-STAXI) for Mexican Adolescents, and the Scale of Anger Expression with Physical Aggression. The design of the study is instrumental. Results: It was found, through confirmatory factor analysis and modification indexes, that the 3-factor model showed good fit (CFI = .912, SRMR = .046, RMSEA = .076). The reliability (Cronbach's Alpha) was acceptable: .78, .86, and .92, respectively. Construct validity was satisfactory, since the scale was useful to distinguish between individuals with high and low scores in variables of anger, anger control, anger expression, and physical aggression toward people and toward objects. A gender difference was found in one of the three scales; women had more pejorative thoughts than men. Conclusion: The Angry Thoughts Scale for Adolescents is a reliable option with construct validity. It represents a starting point for research, assessment, and treatment of adolescents with anger problems.

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Through a personal narrative account, this paper explores the nature of the author's cognitive dissonance experienced during a traverse of a high-altitude ski mountaineering objective (Nevado Ishinca 5530 m) in Peru's Cordillera Blanca. The author experienced psychological discomfort in the ascent and a role of self in determining a continued commitment with the ski mountaineering challenge. Distraction, trivialization, act rationalization and finally attitude change were all used in attempt to reduce negative levels of cognitive dissonance. The lack of consonant cognitions to support abandoning the climb, the notion of free choice, the role of self-concept and self-esteem values motivated continued commitment until the negative levels of arousal subsided. Through a challenging mountaineering experience, I developed a greater self-awareness of the role of commitment to an objective which could be applied to other life events and experiences.

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This cross-sectional study was aimed at investigating the role of emotional regulation in regular gambling in a sample of 197 disordered and non-problem gamblers from Ecuador. Two proxies were used as measures of behavioral signs of generalized emotion dysregulation (UPPS-P emotion-driven impulsivity) and intentional emotion regulation strategies (ERQ), and their associations with gambling cognitions (as measured by the GRCS questionnaire), gambling behavior (SOGS), and comorbid alcohol and drug misuse (MultiCAGE), were explored. For analyses, impulsivity traits, including emotion-driven impulsivity scores, were used as inputs to predict dispositional variables (ERQ strategies and GRCS cognitions), and clinically relevant behavioral outputs, while controlling for gambling severity. Hypotheses were based on previously published work, although the analysis has been improved (using hierarchical linear mixed-effects modelling), and homogenized in covariate control, and decision threshold stringency. Results were as follows: (1) After controlling for relevant covariates, UPPS-P sensation seeking was positively associated with gambling cognitions, whereas positive urgency was positively associated with cognitive biases (interpretative bias, control illusion, and predictive control) but not with other gambling cognitions. (2) Among emotion regulation strategies, reappraisal, but not suppression, was associated with gambling cognitions. (3) Negative urgency was distinctively associated with suppression, but not with reappraisal. And (4), no impulsivity dimensions significantly predicted drug or alcohol misuse, although negative urgency fell just below the decision threshold. These results reinforce the importance of emotion regulation processes in the cognitive and behavioral manifestations of gambling. Most importantly, they suggest a dissociation between the role of model-free dysregulation of negative emotions (as measured by UPPS-P negative urgency), as a key contributor to gambling complication and general psychopathology; and the one of strategic emotion regulation, in fueling gambling-related cognitive distortions.

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Research suggests different patterns of cigarette smoking behaviors across Hispanic subgroups. However, research examining differences in known cognitive correlates of smoking behavior (e.g., beliefs about smoking and perceived consequences of smoking) is lacking. The purpose of this study was two-fold. First, given the dearth of research examining cigarette smoking across Hispanic subgroups, we sought to replicate previous findings related to disparities in smoking behavior across four subgroups (i.e., Mexican American, Puerto Rican, Cuban American, and Dominican American). Second, we sought to extend previous work by examining Hispanic subgroup differences across a range of smoking-related cognitive factors (i.e., positive and negative beliefs, perceived health risks, and perceived social consequences). This study used data from 1021 Hispanic individuals from four universities in the U.S. (i.e., Texas, California, New York, Florida) in a project funded by the American Legacy Foundation. Results indicated that Cuban Americans reported more current smoking than any other subgroup and the most positive beliefs about smoking, although Puerto Ricans endorsed the fewest negative beliefs about smoking out of all the groups. There were also differences across subgroups on some perceived health risks of smoking (e.g., Cubans were most likely to believe that smoking was a risk factor for diabetes) and perceived social consequences of smoking (e.g., Mexican Americans were less likely to perceive negative social consequences from not smoking). This study underscores the need to account for heterogeneity within the Hispanic population in tobacco research to more effectively inform future research and prevention practices.

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RESUMEN A pesar del creciente interés en la promoción de cogniciones afines a la equidad en niñas, niños y jóvenes, poco se conoce sobre el desarrollo de las cogniciones de género (CG) durante la infancia. Con el objetivo de contribuir a identificar, integrar y facilitar la utilización de la evidencia disponible sobre el tema, se realizó una revisión cualitativa sistemática en tres bases de datos electrónicas de amplia trayectoria en psicología. Un total de 30 informes fueron codificados y analizados usando el procedimiento desarrollado por Vargas Trujillo (2004). A partir de los hallazgos, se propone una línea de tiempo del desarrollo de las CG de cero a 19 años, con el fin de facilitar su uso por parte de quienes están interesados en el diseño de intervenciones dirigidas a promover cogniciones afines a la equidad en la infancia basadas en evidencia.

ABSTRACT Despite the growing interest in the promotion of cognitions related to equity in children and young people, little is known about the development of gender cognitions ( CG) throughout childhood. With the aim of contributing to identify, integrate and facilitate the use of the available evidence on the subject, a qualitative systematic review was carried out in three electronic databases with extensive experience in psychology. A total of 30 reports were coded and analyzed using the coding manual of Vargas Trujillo (2004). Based on the findings, a timeline for the development of CG from zero to 19 years is proposed in order to facilitate its use by those interested in the design of interventions aimed at promoting cognitions related to equity in childhood based on evidence.

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El asentamiento en una sociedad distinta a la propia supone un importante esfuerzo de ajuste. Un desafío relevante para las familias que migran, es realizar un balance entre las formas de crianza propias de la cultura de origen y aquellas de la cultura receptora, lo cual recibe el nombre de "aculturación parental" (Bornstein & Bohr, 2011). El presente artículo es una revisión teórica de una esfera específica de la parentalidad conocida como cogniciones parentales y cómo varían en contexto migratorio. Las cogniciones parentales se refieren a esquemas mentales que organizan atribuciones, percepciones, actitudes, metas, expectativas y conocimiento acerca de la crianza y el desarrollo óptimo infantil (Bornstein, 2017). El presente artículo incluye 14 artículos seleccionados desde PsycInfo EBSCO, Psychology Data Base (ProQuest) y portales de búsquedas. Las conclusiones abordan una discusión respecto de la variación de dichas cogniciones, y cómo aportan al campo de conocimiento en el ámbito de la aculturación parental

Settlement in a society that differs from one's own implies an important effort of adjustment. An important challenge for immigrant families is to balance the way parenting is encouraged regarding their own culture, with the way parenting is expected in the receiving culture. This is known as "parental acculturation" (Bornstein & Bohr, 2011). This article is a theoretical review of a specific sphere of parenting known as parental cognitions, and how they vary in the migratory context. Parental cognitions refer to mental schemes that organize attributions, perceptions, attitudes, goals, expectations, and knowledge about parenting and optimal child development (Bornstein, 2017). This article includes 14 articles selected from PsycInfo EBSCO, Psychology Data Base (ProQuest) and search portals. The conclusions address a discussion regarding the variation of these cognitions, and how they contribute to the field of knowledge of parental acculturation.

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El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo abordar la forma en que ciertas condiciones sociales y mecanismos psicológicos refuerzan los roles tradicionalmente asignados a los diferentes géneros. Además, se propone exponer las ventajas que brinda el uso del lenguaje inclusivo en este respecto. Para ello, se desarrolla la teoría del sexismo ambivalente. Tanto el sexismo en su cualidad hostil como benevolente tiene efectos negativos en la disminución de la brecha de género, sin embargo, el sexismo benevolente tendría efectos más perniciosos en el corto plazo. En segundo lugar, se enuncian las implicaciones de los estereotipos como cogniciones sociales implícitas. La participación diferencial de los géneros en ciertos ámbitos lleva a formas de cognición social que dificultan que, por ejemplo, las mujeres sean consideradas en igualdad de condiciones que los varones para realizar grandes logros. Por último, se analiza al lenguaje inclusivo como posible herramienta para reducir la brecha de género

The aim of this work is to describe how certain social conditions and psychological mechanisms strengthen the attribution of traditional roles to individuals with different genders. Moreover, it intends to introduce some of the benefits that gender-fair language (GFL) brings to this matter. Firstly are developed the guidelines of the ambivalent sexism theory. Hostile and benevolent sexism have negative effects for the gender gap, however, benevolent sexism seems to be more damaging in the short term. Secondly are stated the implications of stereotypes as implicit social cognitions. The dissimilar participation of the different genders in most domains leads to forms of social cognition that make it difficult, for example, for women to be acknowledged as great goal achievers on equal terms as men. Finally, GFL is analyzed as a possible tool to reduce the gender gap

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Resumo As competências para o trabalho têm sido tradicionalmente compreendidas como atributos de indivíduos; entretanto, estudos mais recentes tornam pertinente defender a sua ocorrência como atributos coletivos. O objetivo deste estudo foi demonstrar que competências individuais podem transformar-se em competências coletivas e, nesse nível, predizer o desempenho da equipe. A testagem empírica foi realizada em 51 aeródromos brasileiros, totalizando 106 equipes (entre 3 e 32 integrantes). Instrumentos respondidos pelos membros focaram nas competências enquanto os respondidos pelos lideres indagaram sobre o desempenho das equipes. Os resultados revelaram que as competências coletivas explicam aproximadamente 20% do desempenho das equipes. Disso depreende-se que as competências podem se manifestar como atributos coletivos que predizem resultados de equipes de trabalho.

ABSTRACT Job competences have been traditionally understood as individual properties. However, due to the increasing implementation of teams in organizations, is defended also that competences can be treated as a collective characteristic. The main goal of this study was demonstrate that competencies are collective properties and they act as predictors of team performance. The empirical study was undertaken with information collected from 51 Brazilian airports which tasks are organized on teams (106; 3 until 33 members). Team members offered information about competences, and leaders offered information about performance of teams. The results demonstrated that collective competencies explain around 20% of the performance. Based on those results, team competences are defended as collective characteristic that predict results of teams.

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Este estudo avaliou as condições de saúde e as distorções cognitivas de idosos com depressão. Foram participantes 75 idosos, com média de idade de 69,5 anos, divididos em um Grupo Clínico (GC), com diagnóstico e sintomas depressivos atuais, e outro Grupo Não Clínico (GNC), sem depressão. Foram utilizados um questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica, o Miniexame do Estado Mental, a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica, o Índice de Katz, a Escala Visual Analógica e a Escala de Pensamentos Depressivos. O GC quando comparado ao GNC apresentou diferenças quanto ao gênero feminino, classe socioeconômica C1, número de comorbidades associadas, medicamentos de uso contínuo, desesperança e baixa autoestima, além de percepção de disfuncionalidade nas relações. A avaliação dos fatores relacionados à depressão pode qualificar ações de tratamento e prevenção em saúde mental no envelhecimento.(AU)

This study evaluated the health conditions and cognitive distortions of elderly people with depression. 75 elderly people participated with an average age of 69.5 years. They were divided into a Clinical Group (CG), with a diagnosis and current depressive symptoms, and another Non-Clinical Group (NCG), without depression. A questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics, the Mini Mental State Examination, the Geriatric Depression Scale, the Katz Index, the Visual Analogue Scale and the Depressive Thoughts Scale were used. The CG when compared to NCG presented differences with respect to female gender, socioeconomic class C1, the number of comorbidities associated, drugs used regularly, hopelessness and low self-esteem, in addition to perception of dysfunctionality in relationships. The evaluation of the factors related to depression may qualify actions of treatment and prevention in mental health in old age.(AU)

Este estudio evaluó las condiciones de salud y las distorsiones cognitivas de las personas mayores con depresión. Participaron de la investigación 75 mayores, en una franja de edad de 69,5 años, divididos en un Equipo Clínico (EC), con diagnóstico y síntomas de depresión actuales, y otro Equipo No Clínico (ENC) sin depresión. Fueron utilizados cuestionarios de rasgos socio demográfico, el Mini examen del Estado Mental, la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica, el índice de Katz, la Escala Visual Analógica y la Escala de Pensamientos Depresivos. El EC cuando comparado al ENC presentó diferencias cuanto al género femenino, clase socioeconómica C1, número de comorbilidades asociadas, fármacos de uso continuo, desesperación y baja autoestima, además de la percepción de disfuncionalidad. La evaluación de los factores relacionados a la depresión puede calificar acciones de tratamiento y prevención en salud mental en el envejecimiento.(AU)

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RESUMO A literatura destaca a potencialidade das histórias para favorecer conversas sobre estados mentais, aspectos que contribuem para o desenvolvimento da teoria da mente. O objetivo deste estudo é verificar a relação entre a teoria da mente e o discurso narrativo de mães quanto ao emprego de termos mentais, no contexto da contação de histórias. A amostra foi constituída por 25 duplas de mães e crianças, de nível socioeconômico médio, tendo as crianças idades entre quatro e cinco anos. Os resultados mostraram que o emprego de cognições clarificadas pelas mães em suas narrativas apresenta relação significativa com a teoria da mente das crianças. A contação de histórias parece desempenhar um papel interessante na estimulação da conversação sobre termos mentais e, assim, no desenvolvimento sociocognitivo infantil.

ABSTRACT The literature highlights the potentiality of stories in favoring conversations about mental states, aspects that contribute to the development of a theory of mind. The aim of this study is to evince the relationship between a theory of mind and mothers' narrative discourse as regards to the use of mental terms in the context of telling stories. Twenty-five middle-class mothers and their four to five old children composed the dyads used as sample. Results showed that the mothers' use of clarifying cognitions in their narratives related significantly with the children's theory of mind. Telling stories seems to be an effective tool to stimulate the conversation about mental states, thereby resulting in the social cognitive development of children.

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O presente artigo objetivou verificar a relação entre a preferência por conteúdos violentos e hábitos relacionados aos jogos de videogames com a tendência a cognições agressivas. Para participar do estudo, era necessário que os participantes tivessem conta na rede social Facebook. Não só jogadores puderam participar, contanto que fossem maiores de idade. O instrumento de levantamento de cognições foi criado no aplicativo online Google Docs. No instrumento, os participantes completaram algumas palavras dispostas e preencheram perguntas a respeito de hábitos de jogo e o quanto estes fazem parte de sua rotina, seus pensamentos e suas interações sociais. Para avaliar cognições agressivas, foram apresentados 12 conjuntos de letras no qual cada um deles exibia uma sequência com uma lacuna a ser completada, por exemplo, S_CO, cabendo as respostas SACO, SUCO, SOCO ou SECO. Foram verificados, ainda, os hábitos de jogo e as características sócio demográficas dos participantes. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pôde-se concluir que não houve significância na relação entre a preferência por games de conteúdo violento e cognições agressivas. (AU)

This paper aimed verify the relationship between preference for violent content and habits related to videogames games with the tendency to aggressive cognitions. To participate in the study, it was necessary that the participants had account on the Facebook social network. Not only players were able to participate, provided they were of legal age. The cognitions survey instrument was created in the online application Google Docs. In the instrument, participants completed a few submitted words and answered questions about gambling habits and how these are part of your routine, your thoughts and your social interactions. To assess aggressive cognitions, they were submitted 12 sets of letters in which each exhibited a sequence with a gap to be completed, e.g. S_CO fitting responses SACO, SUCO, SOCO or SECO. They were checked also habits of play and sociodemographic characteristics of the participants. From the results obtained, it could be concluded that there was no significance in the relationship between preference for violent content of games and aggressive cognitions. (AU)

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BACKGROUND: Levels of drinking are unusually elevated among young adults on the U.S.-Mexico border, and this elevation can be largely explained by young border residents' unusually high frequency of bar attendance. However, this explanation complicates interpretation of high alcohol problem rates that have also been observed in this group. Because bar environments can lower the threshold for many types of problems, the extent to which elevated alcohol problems among young border residents can be attributed to drinking per se-versus this common drinking context-is not clear. METHODS: Data were collected from multistage cluster samples of adult Mexican Americans on and off the U.S.-Mexico border (current drinker N = 1,351). After developing structural models of acute alcohol problems, estimates were subjected to path decompositions to disentangle the common and distinct contributions of drinking and bar attendance to problem disparities on and off the border. Additionally, models were estimated under varying degrees of adjustment to gauge the sensitivity of the results to sociodemographic, social-cognitive, and environmental sources of confounding. RESULTS: Consistent with previous findings for both drinking and other problem measures, acute alcohol problems were particularly elevated among young adults on the border. This elevation was entirely explained by a single common pathway involving bar attendance frequency and drinking. Bar attendance did not predict acute alcohol problems independently of drinking, and its effect was not moderated by border proximity or age. The common indirect effect and its component effects (of border youth on bar attendance, of bar attendance on drinking, and of drinking on problems) were surprisingly robust to adjustment for confounding in all parts of the model (e.g., fully adjusted indirect effect: b = 0.11, SE = 0.04, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Bar attendance and associated increases in drinking play a key, unique role in the high levels of acute alcohol problems among the border's young adult population that cannot be entirely explained by sociodemographic or social-cognitive characteristics of young border residents, by contextual effects of bars on problems, or by broader neighborhood factors. Bar attendance in particular may represent an early modifiable risk factor that can be targeted to reduce alcohol problem disparities in the region.

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OBJECTIVE: Compare inadequate eating behaviors and their relationship to body checking in three groups: patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), patients with bulimia nervosa (BN) and a control group (C). METHODS: Eighty three outpatients with eating disorders (ED) and 40 controls completed eating attitudes and body checking questionnaires. RESULTS: The overall relationship between the eating attitude and body checking was statistically significant in all three groups. The worse the eating attitude, the greater the body checking behavior. However, when we look at each group individually, the relationship was only statistically significant in the AN group (r=.354, p=0.020). DISCUSSION: The lower the desired weight and the worse the eating attitude, the more people check themselves, although in the presence of an ED the relationship between body checking and food restrictions is greater. In patients displaying the AN subgroup, body checking is also related to continued dietary control.

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With the greater inclusion of women in the job market, the division of childcare has become increasingly more common. This paper’s aim was to analyze potential differences among distinct profiles of caregivers regarding the valuation of Keller’s parenting systems. A total of 120 caregivers (mothers, grandmothers, nannies and daycare educators) of children younger than one year of age participated in a semi-structured interview. Significant differences were found among the caregivers in regard to the importance they assigned to the different systems: face-to-face, body stimulation and basic care. Education also significantly influenced the valorization of face-to-face and basic care systems. The conclusion is that the caregivers presented a mixed parental style, both distal, enabling the experience of autonomy and separation, and proximal, valuing greater interpersonal relationships. This study sought to contribute to understanding the trajectories used to the development of self when different actors are involved in childcare...

Com a crescente inserção feminina no mercado de trabalho a divisão dos cuidados de crianças pequenas se torna uma prática cada vez mais comum. Este artigo analisou a valorização dos sistemas de cuidado parental de 120 mulheres em quatro subgrupos de cuidadoras de crianças com até um ano de idade: mães, avós, babás e educadoras de creche. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas entre as cuidadoras na ordenação destes sistemas. Mães, babás e educadoras de creche diferiram na valorização dos sistemas face a face, estimulação corporal e cuidados básicos. Foi encontrado efeito da escolaridade na valorização do sistema face a face e cuidados básicos. Conclui-se que as cuidadoras apresentaram estilo parental misto, tanto distal, propiciando uma experiência de autonomia e separação, quanto proximal, valorizando maior relação interpessoal. O presente trabalho buscou contribuir para a compreensão das trajetórias de construção do self quando diferentes atores estão envolvidos nas rotinas de cuidado das crianças...

Con la creciente inserción femenina en el mercado de trabajo la división de la atención de los niños pequeños es una práctica cada vez más común. En este artículo se analiza la valoración de los cuidados parentales en 120 mujeres (cuatro subgrupos de cuidadoras de niños menores de un año de edad: madres, abuelas, niñeras y educadores de guardería). Se encontraron diferencias en la ordenación de los sistemas de cuidado: las madres, niñeras y educadoras de guardería difieren en los sistemas de cara a cara, la estimulación del cuerpo, y la atención básica. Efecto de la educación se encuentra en el sistema cara a cara y en la atención básica. Con un enfoque sociocultural y evolucionista de la psicología del desarrollo, este estudio trata de contribuir a la comprensión de las trayectorias de la construcción de uno mismo cuando diferentes actores están involucrados en el cuidado de los niños...

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With the greater inclusion of women in the job market, the division of childcare has become increasingly more common. This paper’s aim was to analyze potential differences among distinct profiles of caregivers regarding the valuation of Keller’s parenting systems. A total of 120 caregivers (mothers, grandmothers, nannies and daycare educators) of children younger than one year of age participated in a semi-structured interview. Significant differences were found among the caregivers in regard to the importance they assigned to the different systems: face-to-face, body stimulation and basic care. Education also significantly influenced the valorization of face-to-face and basic care systems. The conclusion is that the caregivers presented a mixed parental style, both distal, enabling the experience of autonomy and separation, and proximal, valuing greater interpersonal relationships. This study sought to contribute to understanding the trajectories used to the development of self when different actors are involved in childcare.(AU)

Com a crescente inserção feminina no mercado de trabalho a divisão dos cuidados de crianças pequenas se torna uma prática cada vez mais comum. Este artigo analisou a valorização dos sistemas de cuidado parental de 120 mulheres em quatro subgrupos de cuidadoras de crianças com até um ano de idade: mães, avós, babás e educadoras de creche. Diferenças significativas foram encontradas entre as cuidadoras na ordenação destes sistemas. Mães, babás e educadoras de creche diferiram na valorização dos sistemas face a face, estimulação corporal e cuidados básicos. Foi encontrado efeito da escolaridade na valorização do sistema face a face e cuidados básicos. Conclui-se que as cuidadoras apresentaram estilo parental misto, tanto distal, propiciando uma experiência de autonomia e separação, quanto proximal, valorizando maior relação interpessoal. O presente trabalho buscou contribuir para a compreensão das trajetórias de construção do self quando diferentes atores estão envolvidos nas rotinas de cuidado das crianças.(AU)

Con la creciente inserción femenina en el mercado de trabajo la división de la atención de los niños pequeños es una práctica cada vez más común. En este artículo se analiza la valoración de los cuidados parentales en 120 mujeres (cuatro subgrupos de cuidadoras de niños menores de un año de edad: madres, abuelas, niñeras y educadores de guardería). Se encontraron diferencias en la ordenación de los sistemas de cuidado: las madres, niñeras y educadoras de guardería difieren en los sistemas de cara a cara, la estimulación del cuerpo, y la atención básica. Efecto de la educación se encuentra en el sistema cara a cara y en la atención básica. Con un enfoque sociocultural y evolucionista de la psicología del desarrollo, este estudio trata de contribuir a la comprensión de las trayectorias de la construcción de uno mismo cuando diferentes actores están involucrados en el cuidado de los niños.(AU)

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BACKGROUND: Rates of alcohol-related outcomes are sensitive to policy differences in politically distinct, adjacent territories. Factors that shape these cross-border effects, particularly when the policy differences are longstanding, remain poorly understood. We compared the ability of 2 classes of variables with theoretical relevance to the U.S.-Mexico border context-bar attendance and alcohol-related social-cognitive variables-to explain elevated drinking on the U.S. side of the border relative to other areas of the United States. METHODS: Data were collected from multistage cluster samples of adult Mexican Americans on and off the U.S.-Mexico border (current drinker N = 1,351). Structural equation models were used to test drinking context (frequency of bar attendance) and 6 different social-cognitive variables (including alcohol-related attitudes, norms, motives, and beliefs) as mediators of border effects on a composite drinking index. RESULTS: The border effect on drinking varied by age (with younger adults showing a stronger effect), consistent with previous findings and known risk factors in the region. Contrary to theoretical expectations, 6 different social-cognitive variables-despite relating strongly with drinking-were comparable in border and nonborder areas (within and across age) and played no role in elevated drinking on the border. Conversely, elevated drinking among border youth was mediated by bar attendance. This mediated moderation effect held after adjusting for potential sociodemographic and neighborhood-level confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Increased drinking among U.S.-Mexico border youth is explained by patterns of bar attendance, but not by more permissive alcohol-related social-cognitive variables in border areas: Border youth attend bars and drink more than their nonborder counterparts, despite having comparable alcohol-related beliefs, attitudes, norms, and motives for use. Alcohol's heightened availability and visibility on both sides of the border may create opportunities for border youth to drink that otherwise would not be considered.

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Introduction: Experiencing a traumatic event is a risk factor for the development of mental illness, especially posttraumatic stress disorder. A child's appraisals of a traumatic event may play a prominent role in the development or maintenance of the disorder. Therefore, subjective responses should be evaluated to understand the impact of a traumatic event on a child's life. This study translated and adapted the Child Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (cPTCI) for use in linguistic and cultural contexts in Brazil. Methods: The process included translation, back-translation, language expert evaluation and expert committee's evaluation. Results: Content validity index scores were good for all dimensions after evaluation by two judges and one reformulation. The back-translation of the final version also showed that the cPTCI items in Brazilian Portuguese maintained the same meanings of the original in English. This version was tested in a sample of the target population, and all the items were above the cut-off point (minimum = 3.6; maximum = 4.0). Conclusions: This study was successful in producing a Brazilian version of the cPTCI. Further studies are underway to examine the reliability and the factorial and concurrent validity of cPTCI subscales (AU)

Introdução: Eventos traumáticos são fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de transtornos mentais, especialmente o transtorno do estresse pós-traumático. As avaliações que a criança faz do evento traumático podem ter um papel importante no desenvolvimento ou manutenção desse transtorno, e as respostas subjetivas dadas pela criança devem ser avaliadas para que se possa entender o impacto de tal evento em sua vida. Este estudo traduziu e adaptou o Child Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (cPTCI) para uso em contextos linguísticos e culturais brasileiros. Método: Os procedimentos incluíram a tradução, retrotradução, avaliação por especialista em linguística e avaliação por uma comissão de especialistas. Resultados: Os resultados do índice de validade de conteúdo foram bons para todas as dimensões após a avaliação de dois especialistas e uma reformulação. A retrotradução da versão final também demonstrou que a versão em português brasileiro do cPTCI manteve os mesmos significados da versão original em inglês. A versão final foi testada na população alvo, e todos os itens ficaram acima do ponto de corte (mínimo = 3,6; máximo = 4,0). Conclusões: Este estudo produziu uma versão brasileira do cPTCI. A confiabilidade, a validade fatorial e validade concorrente das subescalas do cPTCI estão sendo avaliadas por estudos em desenvolvimento (AU)

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As expectativas dos pais em relação às capacidades de seus filhos, bem como seu conhecimento sobre desenvolvimento infantil, influenciam as formas de interação com seus bebês. Seguindo essa linha, o presente estudo investigou as concepções maternas acerca das habilidades sociocomunicativas de bebês no primeiro ano de vida e sua influência no cuidado materno. Foi utilizado o The Pragmatics profile of everyday communication skills in children, uma entrevista estruturada que aborda os aspectos sociopragmáticos da linguagem. Participaram desse estudo 66 mães de bebês de 6, 9 e 12 meses. Os resultados obtidos indicaram variações das concepções maternas em função da idade dos bebês. Observou-se que os bebês passam a apresentar, gradualmente, habilidades comunicativas e gestos mais complexos e sofisticados no sentido de promover ou responder a um comportamento visando à interação social. Verificou-se que os relatos maternos refletiram certo desconhecimento no que se refere à capacidade de comunicação de seus filhos. Identificaram-se diferenças nas concepções maternas em função do nível instrucional e de características individuais infantis como a idade dos bebês pesquisados. Entende-se que esses resultados contribuem para a compreensão das concepções maternas acerca das habilidades sociocognitivas e comunicativas infantis, e que estas possuem repercussões nas interações estabelecidas e nas práticas de cuidado materno.Ademais, os resultados obtidos podem ser úteis para subsidiar programas de intervenção com mães e bebês já no primeiro ano de vida em espaços de saúde e educação infantil.

The parents’ expectations about their children capacities, as well as their knowledge about infant development, influence the way they interact with their babies. Following this line of thought, this paper investigated maternal perceptions about the babies’ communicative skills in the first year of life and its influence in the maternal care. The Pragmatics Profile of Everyday Communication Skills in Children was used, a structured interview in which the aspects of social-pragmatic dimension of language are analyzed. Sixty-six mothers of 6, 9 and 12 months-old babies participated of the study. The results indicated maternal conceptions variations related to the age of the babies. We observed that the babies gradually presented more complex communicative skills and more sophisticated gestures to promote or respond to a behavior related to social interaction. We found that maternal reports reflected some misunderstanding with regard to the communication skills of their children. We identified differences in maternal conceptions depending on the maternal instructional level and children´s individual characteristics like age of the infants studied. The data collected for this study contribute for the comprehension of maternal conceptions about infant social cognitive and communicative skills, and its consequences to the established interactions and maternal care. Furthermore, the results can be useful to support intervention programs with mothers and babies already at the first year of life.

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