RESUMO

This study investigated the genotoxic effects of chromium (Cr) in Hsd:ICR mice, considering factors such as oxidative state, apoptosis, exposure pathway, duration, pregnancy, and transplacental exposure. Genotoxicity was assessed using the erythrocytes' micronucleus (MN) assay, while apoptosis was evaluated in nucleated blood cells. The results showed that Cr(III) (CrK(SO4 )2 and CrCl3 ) did not induce any marked genotoxic damage. However, Cr(VI) (CrO3 , K2 Cr2 O7 , Na2 Cr2 O7 , and K2 CrO4 ) produced varying degrees of genotoxicity, with CrO3 being the most potent. MN frequencies increased following 24-h exposure, with a greater effect in male mice. Administering 20 mg/kg of CrO3 via gavage did not lead to significant effects compared to intraperitoneal administration. Short-term oral treatment with a daily dose of 8.5 mg/kg for 49 days elevated MN levels only on day 14 after treatment. Pregnant female mice exposed to CrO3 on day 15 of pregnancy exhibited reduced genotoxic effects compared to nonpregnant animals. However, significant increases in MN levels were found in their fetuses starting 48 h after exposure. In summary, data indicate the potential genotoxic effects of Cr, with Cr(VI) forms inducing higher genotoxicity than Cr(III). These findings indicate that gender, exposure route, and pregnancy status might influence genotoxic responses to Cr.

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In this work, six complexes (2⁻7) of Cr(III) and Co(II) transition metals with triazole ligands were synthesized and characterized. In addition, a new ligand, 3,5-bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)toluene (1), was synthesized and full characterized. The complexes were obtained as air-stable solids and characterized by melting point, electrical conductivity, thermogravimetric analysis, and Raman, infrared and ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy. The analyses and spectral data showed that complexes 3⁻7 had 1:1 (M:L) stoichiometries and octahedral geometries, while 2 had a 1:2 (M:L) ratio, which was supported by DFT calculations. The complexes and their respective ligands were evaluated against bacterial and fungal strains with clinical relevance. All the complexes showed higher antibacterial and antifungal activities than the free ligands. The complexes were more active against fungi than against bacteria. The activities of the chromium complexes against Candida tropicalis are of great interest, as they showed minimum inhibitory concentration 50 (MIC50) values between 7.8 and 15.6 µg mL-1. Complexes 5 and 6 showed little effect on Vero cells, indicating that they are not cytotoxic. These results can provide an important platform for the design of new compounds with antibacterial and antifungal activities.

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Chromium III oxide (Cr2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) are used in pigments for ceramics, dyes, paints and cosmetics. However, few studies addressing the toxic potential of these NPs have been reported in the literature. Thus, this research aimed to evaluate the acute and chronic effects of Cr2O3 NPs through acute toxicity tests with Daphnia magna and Aliivibrio fischeri and chronic toxicity tests with Daphnia magna. Cr2O3 NPs were synthesized by the sol-gel method and characterized through TEM, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), zeta potential (ZP) and surface area analysis. In the acute toxicity tests the EC(50,48h) value obtained with D. magna was 6.79 mg L(-1) and for A. fischeri the EC(50,15min) value was 16.10 mg L(-1) and the EC(50,30min) value was 12.91 mg L(-1). Regarding the chronic toxicity tests with D. magna, effects on longevity (OEC=1.00 mg L(-1)), reproduction (OEC=1.00 mg L(-1)) and growth (OEC=0.50 mg L(-1)) were observed. On the SEM and TEM images, ultrastructural alterations in the organelles of exposed organisms were also observed. Thus, toxicological studies with NPs are of great importance in order to reduce the risk of environmental contamination.

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BACKGROUND: Transferrin is an iron-binding blood plasma glycoprotein that controls the level of free iron in biological fluids. This protein has been deeply studied in the past few years because of its potential use as a strategy of drug targeting to tumor tissues. Chromium complex, [Cr(phen)3](3+) (phen=1,10-phenanthroline), has been proposed as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Thus, we analyzed the binding of chromium complex, [Cr(phen)3](3+), to transferrin for a potential delivery of this diimine complex to tumor cells for PDT. METHODS: The interaction between [Cr(phen)3](3+) and holotransferrin (holoTf) was studied by fluorescence quenching technique, circular dichroism (CD) and ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy. RESULTS: [Cr(phen)3](3+) binds strongly to holoTf with a binding constant around 10(5)M(-1), that depends on the pH. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that hydrophobic interactions played a major role in the binding processes. The CD studies showed that there are no conformational changes in the secondary and tertiary structures of the protein. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the binding process would occur in a site different from the specific iron binding sites of the protein and would be the same in both protein states. As secondary and tertiary structures of transferrin do not show remarkable changes, we propose that the TfR could recognize the holoTf despite having a chromium complex associated. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding the interaction between [Cr(phen)3](3+) with transferrin is relevant because this protein could be a delivery agent of Cr(III) complex to tumor cells. This can allow us to understand further the role of Cr(III) complex as sensitizer in PDT.

Assuntos

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This work aims at adjusting the spectrophotometric method of 1,5-diphenylcarbazide for the determination of chromium in feces, as a biological marker. Factors that could interfere with the transformation of chromium (III) into chromium (VI) were tested, as the metal recovery, the sample amount, the amount and the order of use of the oxidant acids of the wet digestion, digestion temperature and digestion time, loss of chromium by volatilization as chromyl chlorid. However the interference of these factors were not statistically determined. In the adjusted method, the sample is classically digested by nitric/perchloric acid mixture leading to the oxidation of chromium (III) to chromium (VI), and an aliquot of the diluted extract is used for reaction with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide; absorbance was measured at 550nm, using 1cm path length optical cuvettes. Potassium dichromate was used as a standard substance to obtain the standard curve ranging from 0.25mg.mL-1 to 2.5mg.mL-1 of Cr2O3 (1mg Cr2O3 º 1.9355mg K2Cr2O7).

O objetivo deste estudo foi ajustar o método espectrofotométrico da 1,5-difenilcarbazida à determinação do crômio em fezes, como marcador biológico, adequando-o à rotina laboratorial. Fatores que poderiam exercer interferência na transformação do crômio (III) à crômio (VI) foram testados, como a recuperação do metal, quantidade de amostra, quantidade e ordem de emprego dos ácidos oxidantes da digestão úmida, temperatura e tempo de digestão e perda por volatilização do crômio como cloreto de cromila, porém não se determinou estatisticamente interferência destes fatores. No método ajustado, a amostra é digerida pela clássica mistura ácida nítrica/perclórica, levando a oxidação do crômio (III) a crômio (VI), e alíquota do extrato diluído é usado para reação com 1,5-difenilcarbazida; as absorbâncias são medidas a 550nm, utilizando-se de cubetas de um centímetro de caminho óptico, contra prova em branco conduzida simultaneamente. Dicromato de potássio foi empregado como substância de referência para obtenção da curva padrão na faixa de 0,25 - 2,5mg.mL-1 de Cr2O3 (1mg Cr2O3 º 1,9355mg K2Cr2O7).

RESUMO

This work aims at adjusting the spectrophotometric method of 1,5-diphenylcarbazide for the determination of chromium in feces, as a biological marker. Factors that could interfere with the transformation of chromium (III) into chromium (VI) were tested, as the metal recovery, the sample amount, the amount and the order of use of the oxidant acids of the wet digestion, digestion temperature and digestion time, loss of chromium by volatilization as chromyl chlorid. However the interference of these factors were not statistically determined. In the adjusted method, the sample is classically digested by nitric/perchloric acid mixture leading to the oxidation of chromium (III) to chromium (VI), and an aliquot of the diluted extract is used for reaction with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide; absorbance was measured at 550nm, using 1cm path length optical cuvettes. Potassium dichromate was used as a standard substance to obtain the standard curve ranging from 0.25mg.mL-1 to 2.5mg.mL-1 of Cr2O3 (1mg Cr2O3 º 1.9355mg K2Cr2O7).

O objetivo deste estudo foi ajustar o método espectrofotométrico da 1,5-difenilcarbazida à determinação do crômio em fezes, como marcador biológico, adequando-o à rotina laboratorial. Fatores que poderiam exercer interferência na transformação do crômio (III) à crômio (VI) foram testados, como a recuperação do metal, quantidade de amostra, quantidade e ordem de emprego dos ácidos oxidantes da digestão úmida, temperatura e tempo de digestão e perda por volatilização do crômio como cloreto de cromila, porém não se determinou estatisticamente interferência destes fatores. No método ajustado, a amostra é digerida pela clássica mistura ácida nítrica/perclórica, levando a oxidação do crômio (III) a crômio (VI), e alíquota do extrato diluído é usado para reação com 1,5-difenilcarbazida; as absorbâncias são medidas a 550nm, utilizando-se de cubetas de um centímetro de caminho óptico, contra prova em branco conduzida simultaneamente. Dicromato de potássio foi empregado como substância de referência para obtenção da curva padrão na faixa de 0,25 - 2,5mg.mL-1 de Cr2O3 (1mg Cr2O3 º 1,9355mg K2Cr2O7).

RESUMO

Chromium(III), Cr(VI) and Cr total were analyzed in one hundred and four (104) white, pink and red commercial brazilian wines. Atomic Absorption Spectrometric with Graphite Furnace was used for the analysis. Herquat 464 (Aliquat 336), a mixture of methyl trycaprillyl ammonium chioride (CH3N[(CH2)7CH3]3Cl-) with alkyl groups of C8 - C10 chains, was used as a transfer phase catalizer. Mean values (ug/l) found in white, pink and red wines were respectively: Cr(III): 11.02, 12.53 and 8.06; Cr(VI): 8.81, 26.56 and 5.94; Cr total: 18.14, 39.08 and 14.00.

Cromo(III), Cromo(VI) e Cromo total foram analisados em cento e quatro (104) vinhos comerciais brasileiros, brancos, rosados e tintos. Espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite foi utilizada nas determinações. Herquat 464 (Aliquat 336), uma mistura de cloreto de metil-tricaprilil amônio (CH3N[(CH2)7CH3]3Cl-) com grupos alquil consistindo principalmente em cadeias C8 - C10, foi utilizado como catalisador de transferência de fase. Valores médios (ug/l) encontrados em vinhos brancos, rosados e tintos foram respectivamente: Cr(III): 11,02 , 12,53 e 8,06; Cr(VI): 8,81 , 26,56 e 5,94; Cr total: 18,14 , 39,08 e 14,00.

RESUMO

Cromo(III), Cromo(VI) e Cromo total foram analisados em cento e quatro (104) vinhos comerciais brasileiros, brancos, rosados e tintos. Espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite foi utilizada nas determinações. Herquat 464 (Aliquat 336), uma mistura de cloreto de metil-tricaprilil amônio (CH3N[(CH2)7CH3]3Cl-) com grupos alquil consistindo principalmente em cadeias C8 - C10, foi utilizado como catalisador de transferência de fase. Valores médios (ug/l) encontrados em vinhos brancos, rosados e tintos foram respectivamente: Cr(III): 11,02 , 12,53 e 8,06; Cr(VI): 8,81 , 26,56 e 5,94; Cr total: 18,14 , 39,08 e 14,00.

Chromium(III), Cr(VI) and Cr total were analyzed in one hundred and four (104) white, pink and red commercial brazilian wines. Atomic Absorption Spectrometric with Graphite Furnace was used for the analysis. Herquat 464 (Aliquat 336), a mixture of methyl trycaprillyl ammonium chioride (CH3N[(CH2)7CH3]3Cl-) with alkyl groups of C8 - C10 chains, was used as a transfer phase catalizer. Mean values (ug/l) found in white, pink and red wines were respectively: Cr(III): 11.02, 12.53 and 8.06; Cr(VI): 8.81, 26.56 and 5.94; Cr total: 18.14, 39.08 and 14.00.

RESUMO

Chromium(III), Cr(VI) and Cr total were analyzed in one hundred and four (104) white, pink and red commercial brazilian wines. Atomic Absorption Spectrometric with Graphite Furnace was used for the analysis. Herquat 464 (Aliquat 336), a mixture of methyl trycaprillyl ammonium chioride (CH3N[(CH2)7CH3]3Cl-) with alkyl groups of C8 - C10 chains, was used as a transfer phase catalizer. Mean values (ug/l) found in white, pink and red wines were respectively: Cr(III): 11.02, 12.53 and 8.06; Cr(VI): 8.81, 26.56 and 5.94; Cr total: 18.14, 39.08 and 14.00.

Cromo(III), Cromo(VI) e Cromo total foram analisados em cento e quatro (104) vinhos comerciais brasileiros, brancos, rosados e tintos. Espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite foi utilizada nas determinações. Herquat 464 (Aliquat 336), uma mistura de cloreto de metil-tricaprilil amônio (CH3N[(CH2)7CH3]3Cl-) com grupos alquil consistindo principalmente em cadeias C8 - C10, foi utilizado como catalisador de transferência de fase. Valores médios (ug/l) encontrados em vinhos brancos, rosados e tintos foram respectivamente: Cr(III): 11,02 , 12,53 e 8,06; Cr(VI): 8,81 , 26,56 e 5,94; Cr total: 18,14 , 39,08 e 14,00.