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The present study examined three empirically-derived childhood adversity dimensions as predictors of social, psychological, and symptom outcomes across three prospective assessments of a young adult sample. Participants were assessed five times over eight years with semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. The analyses used the dimensions underlying multiple subscales from well-established childhood adversity measures administered at the first two assessment waves (described in a previous report). Outcome data pertain to the last three assessment waves, with sample sizes ranging from 89 to 169. As hypothesized, the childhood adversity dimensions demonstrated overlapping and differential longitudinal associations with the outcomes. Deprivation predicted the negative (deficit-like) dimension of psychosis, while Threat and Intrafamilial Adversity predicted the positive (psychotic-like) dimension. Depression and anxiety symptoms were predicted by different childhood adversity dimensions over time. Furthermore, Threat predicted a smaller and less diverse social network, Intrafamilial Adversity predicted anxious attachment, and Deprivation predicted a smaller social network, anxious and avoidant attachment, perceived social support, and loneliness. The three adversity dimensions combined accounted for moderate to large proportions of variance in several outcomes. These results extend prior work by identifying associations of three meaningful dimensions of childhood adversity with different risk profiles across psychological, social, and psychopathological domains. The findings enhance our understanding of the impact of childhood adversity across young adulthood.

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Early-life adversities, whether prenatal or postnatal exposure, have been linked to adverse mental health outcomes later in life increasing the risk of several psychiatric disorders. Research on its neurobiological consequences demonstrated an association between exposure to adversities and persistent alterations in the structure, function, and connectivity of the brain. Consistent evidence supports the idea that regulation of gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms are involved in embedding the impact of early-life experiences in the genome and mediate between social environments and later behavioral phenotypes. In addition, studies from rodent models and humans suggest that these experiences and the acquired risk factors can be transmitted through epigenetic mechanisms to offspring and the following generations potentially contributing to a cycle of disease or disease risk. However, one of the important aspects of epigenetic mechanisms, unlike genetic sequences that are fixed and unchangeable, is that although the epigenetic markings are long-lasting, they are nevertheless potentially reversible. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the mental health consequences derived from early-life exposure to malnutrition, maltreatment and poverty, adversities with huge and pervasive impact on mental health. We also discuss the evidence about transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in mammals and experimental data suggesting that suitable social and pharmacological interventions could reverse adverse epigenetic modifications induced by early-life negative social experiences. In this regard, these studies must be accompanied by efforts to determine the causes that promote these adversities and that result in health inequity in the population.

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Post-traumatic stress (PTSD) disorder is a mental health condition that can occur after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. The 27-F earthquake that struck Chile in 2010 was one such event that had a significant impact on the mental health of the population. A study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of PTSD and its associated factors among survivors of this earthquake. The study was a longitudinal design, involving a sample of 913 patients aged 18 to 75 years who attended 10 Primary Care Centers in Concepción, Chile. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to assess both depressive episodes (DE) and PTSD before and after the earthquake. The study also involved genotyping studies using saliva samples from the participants, specifically focusing on the Val66Met and 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms. Statistical analysis was performed to examine the association between different variables and the presence of PTSD. These variables included demographic factors, family history of psychiatric disorders, DE, childhood maltreatment experiences, and critical traumatic events related to the earthquake. The results showed that the incidence of post-earthquake PTSD was 11.06%. No significant differences were found between the groups of participants who developed post-earthquake PTSD regarding the Val66Met or 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms. However, a significant association was found between the concomitant diagnosis of DE and the development of post-earthquake PTSD. The presence of DE doubled the risk of developing post-earthquake PTSD. The number of traumatic events experienced also had a statistically significant association with an increased risk of developing post-earthquake PTSD. The study's limitations include the potential interference of different DE subtypes, the complexity of quantifying the degree of earthquake exposure experienced by each individual, and events entailing social disruption, such as looting, that can profoundly influence distress. In conclusion, the study found that PTSD following the 27-F earthquake in Chile was associated with a concomitant diagnosis of DE and the number of traumatic events experienced. The study did not find a significant association between PTSD and the Val66Met or 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms. The researchers recommend that mental health professionals should prioritize the detection and treatment of concomitant depressive episodes and exposure to critical traumatic events in survivors of disasters. They also suggest that further research is needed to better understand the relationship between genetic factors and post-disaster PTSD.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the counts of infant maltreatment-related medical encounters at a large medical system during a 21-month span of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Retrospective data for this study came from all inpatient and emergency department medical encounters for infants from January 1, 2016, through November 30, 2021, at a single children's hospital system in California. Distributions of medical encounters were tabulated and plotted over time. Interrupted time series models were used to evaluate changes in child maltreatment medical encounters. RESULTS: Medical encounters for infants with child maltreatment diagnoses increased following the onset of COVID-19. Monthly counts of encounters with indicated maltreatment trended upward following the start of the pandemic. Interrupted time series models showed that the count of maltreatment encounters increased 64% with the onset of COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: We found an increase in infant maltreatment medical encounters during a 21-month period following the onset of COVID-19. These findings suggest that the pandemic may have adversely affected the safety of infants and ongoing work is needed to understand better the pandemic impacts on child maltreatment.

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Much of the research conducted on social information processing (SIP) factors predictive of child abuse risk has been conducted in North America, raising questions about how applicable such models may be in other cultures. Based on the premise that the parents' child abuse risk is affected by both risk and protective factors, the current study considered how specific SIP socio-cognitive risk factors (acceptability of parent-child aggression as a discipline approach; empathic ability; frustration tolerance) as well as social support satisfaction as a resource related to child abuse risk by comparing a sample of mothers in Peru (n = 102) with a sample of mothers in the U.S. (n = 180). Using multi-group regression analyses, the current investigation identified that lower empathy was more salient for the abuse risk of U.S. mothers relative to the salience of lower frustration tolerance for Peruvian mothers. Although effects were observed for the approval of parent-aggression for the child abuse risk of both samples, such approval did not appear to be related to the Peruvian mothers' actual use of such tactics. When considered alongside the socio-cognitive risk factors, greater social support satisfaction did not significantly relate to child abuse risk for either sample. The findings are discussed in reference to future cross-cultural work that may need to better examine how factors may or may not be universal to craft more culturally informed child abuse prevention programs.

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Introducción: El maltrato infantil es un problema psicológico frecuente en niños y adolescentes de todo el mundo. La exposición a diversos tipos de maltrato puede conducir a otros problemas psicológicos y físicos, siendo necesario identificar qué tipo de maltrato repercute con mayor probabilidad en hombres y mujeres. Objetivo: Analizar las diferencias del maltrato infantil según sexo en adolescentes peruanos. Método: Estudio transversal, enfoque cuantitativo y comparativo realizado en los meses de julio y agosto de 2022. Se analizó una muestra por conveniencia de 1 376 adolescentes, los cuales respondieron un autoinforme sobre maltrato infantil. Para comparar ambos grupos, se utilizó la prueba U de Mann-Whitney de muestras independientes bayesianas. Resultados: Entre los diversos tipos de maltrato infantil, solo se encontró evidencia a favor de la hipótesis alternativa en el maltrato emocional (BF10=190,38; δ=0,31; IC 95 %: 0,20-0,48), con una evidencia muy fuerte. Esta diferencia fue superior en mujeres (M=8,28) en comparación con los hombres (M=7,09). En la negligencia emocional y física, se reportó evidencia fuerte para la hipótesis nula. El análisis robusto del factor Bayes confirmó los mismos resultados. Conclusiones: El maltrato emocional se presenta mayormente en mujeres adolescentes, siendo el género que requiere mayor apoyo psicológico en este tipo de maltrato infantil. En los otros tipos de maltrato, no se encontró diferencias respecto al sexo. En consecuencia, los profesionales de la salud deben considerar el rol del género en el maltrato emocional, pero no descuidar los otros tipos de maltrato infantil, enfatizando en las particularidades específicas de cada caso.

Introduction: Child maltreatment is a common psychological problem of children and adolescents around the world. Presence of various form of abuse can lead to other psychological and physical problems, so, it is necessary to identify which form of abuse is more likely to affect men and women. Objective: To analyze the differences observed in child maltreatment according to sex in Peruvian adolescents. Method: A cross-sectional, and quantitative and comparative approach study was carried out in the months of July and August 2022. A convenience sample of 1.376 adolescents who responded to a self-report on child abuse was analyzed. To compare both groups (men and women), the Mann-Whitney U-test for Bayesian independent samples was used. Results: Among the various forms of child maltreatment, only was found in favor and with high evidence as alternative hypothesis, the emotional maltreatment (BF10=190.38; δ=0.31; 95 % CI: 0.20-0.48). This difference was higher in females (M=8.28) compared to males (M=7.09). In emotional and physical neglect, strong evidence was reported for the null hypothesis. Robust Bayes factor analysis confirmed the same results. Conclusions: Emotional maltreatment occurs mostly in adolescent females, being the gender that requires more psychological support. In the other forms of maltreatment, no differences were found in correspondence with gender. Consequently, health professionals should consider the role of gender in emotional maltreatment, but should not neglect the other forms of child maltreatment, emphasizing the specific particularities of each case.

Introdução: O abuso infantil é um problema psicológico frequente em crianças e adolescentes em todo o mundo. A exposição a vários tipos de abuso pode levar a outros problemas psicológicos e físicos, tornando-se necessário identificar qual tipo de abuso tem maior probabilidade de afetar homens e mulheres. Objetivo: Analisar as diferenças no abuso infantil de acordo com o sexo em adolescentes peruanos. Método: Estudo transversal, abordagem quantitativa e comparativa realizado nos meses de julho e agosto de 2022. Foi analisada uma amostra de conveniência de 1.376 adolescentes, que responderam a um autorrelato sobre abuso infantil. Para comparar os dois grupos, foi utilizado o teste U de Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes bayesianas. Resultados: Entre os vários tipos de abuso infantil, foram encontradas evidências a favor da hipótese alternativa apenas no abuso emocional (BF10=190,38; δ=0,31; IC 95%: 0,20-0,48), com evidências muito fortes. Essa diferença foi maior nas mulheres (M=8,28) em relação aos homens (M=7,09). Na negligência emocional e física, fortes evidências foram relatadas para a hipótese nula. A análise fatorial robusta de Bayes confirmou os mesmos resultados. Conclusões: O abuso emocional ocorre maioritariamente em mulheres adolescentes, sendo o género que mais requer apoio psicológico neste tipo de abuso infantil. Nos outros tipos de abuso, não foram encontradas diferenças quanto ao sexo. Consequentemente, os profissionais de saúde devem considerar o papel do gênero no abuso emocional, mas não negligenciar outros tipos de abuso infantil, enfatizando as especificidades de cada caso.

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El antecedente de maltrato infantil y el Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDAH), son condiciones que tienen una alta prevalencia en los jóvenes de sectores vulnerables. Analizamos su relación con deserción escolar, que también es mayor en tales contextos. La deserción es un fenómeno multifactorial, influenciado por factores propios del estudiante, de la institución, del contexto familiar y del entorno social. Presentamos hallazgos en la Fundación Soymás, institución de formación para madres adolescentes, localizada en La Pintana, una de las comunas con mayor pobreza en Chile, donde la deserción en 2022 fue 45%. De acuerdo a la encuesta ACES de 10 eventos traumáticos en la niñez, 50% de las estudiantes sufrió 3 o más, y 21% 7 o más. Al menos un 40% de la población cumplía criterios de TDAH y un 30% adicional manifestaba síntomas sugerentes (versus 4,5% de TDAH reportado en adolescentes del país). Constatamos una asociación directa entre las tres variables: Maltrato, TDAH y Deserción. Estos hallazgos deberían ser considerados en políticas públicas, reforzando la necesidad de colaboración entre Salud y Educación.

A history of child abuse and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are conditions that have a high prevalence in young people from vulnerable sectors. We analyze its relationship with school dropout, which is also higher in such contexts. Dropout is a multifactorial phenomenon, influenced by factors specific to the student, the institution, the family context, and the social environment. We present findings at the Soymás Foundation, a training institution for adolescent mothers, located in La Pintana, one of the counties with the highest poverty in Chile, where dropout in 2022 was 45%. According to the ACES survey of 10 traumatic events in childhood, 50% of the students suffered 3 or more, and 21% 7 or more. At least 40% of the population met the criteria for ADHD and an additional 30% manifested suggestive symptoms (versus 4.5% of ADHD reported in adolescents in the country). We found a direct association between the three variables: Abuse, ADHD and Desertion. These findings should be considered in public policies, reinforcing the need for collaboration between Health and Education.

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BACKGROUND: Violent discipline of children and intimate partner violence (IPV) against women are global public health and human rights problems. To address calls for more evidence on intersections, this study aimed to expand knowledge about correlates of physical child punishment, physical IPV against women and their co-occurrence (both) in the same household.  METHODS: Using national, population-based survey datasets from Colombia, Mexico and Peru, multinomial logistic regressions examined correlates of three mutually exclusive patterns of violence in the household: physical child punishment (only), physical IPV ever (only) and co-occurrence (both), each compared with no violence, after adjusting for other factors. Logistic regression was used to analyse odds ratios of physical child punishment in households affected by IPV past year and before past year compared with never, after adjusting for other factors. RESULTS: In all countries, adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of co-occurrence were significantly higher among women with lower education, more than one child, a child aged 2-5, a partner who tried to socially isolate her, and a history of childhood violence (caregiver violence and/or IPV exposure). They were significantly lower among women who reported collaborative partnerships (joint decision-making and/or shared chores). Co-occurrence was also significantly correlated with a history of child marriage/early motherhood in Colombia and Mexico, partner's excess drinking in Mexico and Peru, agreement that physical child punishment was necessary in Peru and partner's history of childhood violence in Colombia and Mexico. Evidence of shared risk factors was strongest for social isolation and caregiver histories of childhood violence and of shared protective factors for collaborative partnership dynamics. In all countries, associations between physical child punishment and physical IPV remained significant after adjusting for other factors, suggesting that correlations could not be explained by shared risk factors alone. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent with several theories relevant for violence prevention: 1) more collaborative, gender equitable partnerships may protect both children and women from violence; 2) violence between intimate partners may 'spill over' into violence against children (as correlations could not be explained by shared risk factors alone); and 3) there appears to be strong evidence of intergenerational transmission of violence.

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BACKGROUND: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Child Protection Professionals (CPPs) was widespread. Evidence regarding how those professionals dealt with the pandemic adversities and consequences for their wellbeing are scarce. OBJECTIVE: We sought to analyze whether predictors of resilience had changed one year into the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Specifically, we explored the resiliency of CPPs as the stress of the pandemic evolved from an acute stressor to a more chronic and persistent stressor. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: 263 CPPs from the five regions of Brazil engaged in this study. Participants had a mean age of 40 years and, on average, 13 years of experience in their field. METHODS: CPPs were recruited between March and April of 2021 via professional social media outlets to complete an online survey. CPPs answered questions regarding their perceptions of their work conditions, psychological distress, and resilience. Survey questions were adopted from a prior survey distributed in 2020. RESULTS: We replicated findings from our earlier study in the pandemic: A model of CPPs' resilient behaviors showed good indices of fit even one year into the pandemic. Despite this, paths related to individual importance for personal resilient behavior were not significant in this model. Unmet resilient needs significantly predicted general psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS: CPPs revealed some changing resiliency needs as the pandemic progressed. Results revealed that meeting resilience-related needs is key to decreasing the psychological distress of this population. This work adds to the literature on the understudied topic of CPPs' psychological distress and resilience during international challenges.

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This study examined the prevalence and risk factors associated to victimization by caregivers in a national large sample of Chilean children and adolescents. 19,687 children and adolescents aged 12-17, selected by random probability sampling of 699 public schools in Chile who were surveyed by trained interviewers. Victimization by Caregivers was evaluated through a module of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ). The prevalence (12 months) for physical abuse were (12.9%), for emotional abuse (27.9%), neglect (5.3%) and parental interference (3.5%). The results suggest as risk factors, sex, age, migration status, disability, geographical location, and type of school. The findings highlight the urgent need to address the issue of child maltreatment and victimization by caregivers in Chilean society and minimize its impact.

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Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global health problem and a violation of individual rights. The objective of this study was to assess the association between physical child abuse and current IPV in women of childbearing age in Peru. An analytical cross-sectional analysis of the data from the 2019 Demographic and Family Health Survey was carried out. IPV was constituted by emotional, physical and sexual violence, while physical child abuse was constructed from variables related to physical punishment that women of childbearing age experienced during childhood. Poisson's family generalized linear models were used for the crude and adjusted analyses to determine the association between physical child abuse and IPV. Data from a total of 21,518 women of childbearing age were included. 67.1% of women experienced physical abuse in childhood, while 57.7% experienced intimate partner violence. After adjusting for the characteristics of the woman, the partner or husband, marriage or relationship and the home, it was observed that having experienced physical abuse during childhood increased the probability of experiencing emotional (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09-1.21), physical (aPR 1.33; 95% CI: 1.20-1.47), sexual (aPR 1.57; 95% CI: 1.26-1.96) and any type of violence (aPR 1.15; 95% CI: 1.09-1.21) in adulthood. In conclusion, physical abuse during childhood is a public health issue in Peru. This study shows that women aged 15 to 49 who experienced physical abuse in childhood are more likely to experience intimate partner violence.

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Objective: Maternal attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder has not been investigated in relation to parenting skills in adolescent mothers. This study investigated whether maternal inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms early in pregnancy predict poorer parenting skills and infant maltreatment during the first year of life in adolescent mothers living in adverse environmental conditions. Methods: The participants in this study were 80 adolescent mothers aged 14-19 years and their babies who were taking part in a randomized controlled trial on the effects of a home-visiting program on infant development. Symptoms of maternal attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were assessed in the first trimester of pregnancy. Parenting skills (maternal competence, attachment to the baby, home environment) and child maltreatment were assessed when the infants were aged 6 and 12 months. Multilevel linear regression models were constructed to test the extent to which prenatal maternal inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms predicted these parenting variables during the first year of the infant's life. Results: Prenatal inattention symptoms significantly predicted lower maternal competence and attachment, a poorer home environment, and greater maltreatment during the first year of life. Hyperactivity did not significantly predict parenting skills or maltreatment. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that inattention symptoms may interfere with parenting abilities in adolescent mothers and should be considered in early intervention programs.

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OBJECTIVE: Maternal attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder has not been investigated in relation to parenting skills in adolescent mothers. This study investigated whether maternal inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms early in pregnancy predict poorer parenting skills and infant maltreatment during the first year of life in adolescent mothers living in adverse environmental conditions. METHODS: The participants in this study were 80 adolescent mothers aged 14-19 years and their babies who were taking part in a randomized controlled trial on the effects of a home-visiting program on infant development. Symptoms of maternal attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were assessed in the first trimester of pregnancy. Parenting skills (maternal competence, attachment to the baby, home environment) and child maltreatment were assessed when the infants were aged 6 and 12 months. Multilevel linear regression models were constructed to test the extent to which prenatal maternal inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms predicted these parenting variables during the first year of the infant's life. RESULTS: Prenatal inattention symptoms significantly predicted lower maternal competence and attachment, a poorer home environment, and greater maltreatment during the first year of life. Hyperactivity did not significantly predict parenting skills or maltreatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that inattention symptoms may interfere with parenting abilities in adolescent mothers and should be considered in early intervention programs.

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BACKGROUND: Child maltreatment has been associated with substance use later in life, but few studies have used repeated measures. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between child maltreatment and use of psychoactive substances from adolescence to early adulthood, and whether this differs by sex. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: 3641 participants from the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort, Brazil. METHODS: Child maltreatment (psychological, physical and sexual abuse, and physical neglect) was assessed up to age 15 and use of psychoactive substances (smoking, harmful use of alcohol and use of illicit drugs) was assessed at ages 15, 18, and 22 years. Associations between child maltreatment and use of substances at each time point were analyzed using logistic regression, adjusted for confounders. RESULTS: Overall, child maltreatment was associated with substance use, and the strength of the associations decreased over time. E.g., the association between psychological abuse and harmful use of alcohol was OR 2.17 (95%CI 1.80, 2.62; p-value < 0.001) at 15 years, OR 1.61 (95%CI 1.31, 1.97; p-value < 0.001) at 18 years, and OR1.55 (95%CI 1.22, 1.96; p-value < 0.001) at 22 years. When sex differences were evident, stronger associations were observed among females. E.g., the association between physical abuse and smoking at 15 years was OR 3.49 (95%CI 2.17, 5.62) in females and OR 0.87 (95%CI 0.30, 2.52) in males (p-value for sex interaction = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: Child maltreatment was associated with psychoactive substance in adolescence and early adulthood. Strategies to prevent use of substances could benefit those who suffered maltreatment in childhood.

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Resumen Objetivo: Conocer la relación entre el maltrato en la infancia y el consumo de drogas en adolescentes. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, correlacional, transversal; mediante el muestreo aleatorio estratificado, se seleccionaron a los adolescentes de preparatoria. Se aplicó una cédula de datos personales, el Cuestionario de Maltrato en la Infancia, Test de Identificación de los Trastornos Debidos al Consumo de Alcohol, validados y utilizados en población mexicana, en investigaciones previas. Este estudio se apegó al Reglamento de la Ley General de Salud en materia de investigación para la salud. Resultados: Participaron 239 adolescentes de una preparatoria pública, las edades oscilaron entre los 15 a 19 años (M = 16.41; DE= 1.04), las mujeres predominaron con 54.5%. En la variable de maltrato en la infancia y subescalas por sexo se encontró diferencia significativa en la subescala de abuso físico mostrando que los hombres (Mdn=7.00/ M=8.11, DE=3.08) presentaron mayor puntaje de abuso físico en comparación con las mujeres (Mdn=7.00/ M=7.28, DE=2.64) con una U=5760.0, p<0.032. Al correlacionar las variables de maltrato en la infancia y consumo de drogas, se encontró una correlación positiva y estadísticamente significativa del número de drogas con el total AUDIT, el consumo sensato y dañino con el puntaje total de maltrato y las subescalas de abuso sexual, negligencia emocional y negligencia física. Conclusiones: Los hombres presentaron mayor abuso físico. En la relación entre las variables de estudio se encontró que el maltrato en la infancia, se relacionó con el consumo de alcohol dañino y con el número de drogas consumidas.

Abstract Objective: To know the relationship between abuse in childhood and drug use in adolescents. Materials and methods: Quantitative, descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional study; Using stratified random sampling, high school adolescents were selected. A personal data card, the Child Abuse Questionnaire, and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test were applied, validated and used in the Mexican population, in previous investigations. This study adhered to the Regulations of the General Health Law regarding health research20. Results: 239 adolescents from a public high school participated, the ages ranged from 15 to 19 years (M = 16.41; SD = 1.04), women predominated with 54.5%. In the variable of abuse in childhood and subscales by sex, a significant difference was found in the physical abuse subscale, showing that men (Mdn = 7.00/M = 8.11, SD = 3.08) had a higher physical abuse score compared to women. (Mdn = 7.00/M = 7.28, SD = 2.64) with a U = 5760.0, p <0.032. When correlating the variables of abuse in childhood and drug use, a positive and statistically significant correlation of the number of drugs with the total AUDIT, the sensible and harmful consumption with the total score of abuse and subscales of sexual abuse, emotional neglect and neglect physical. Conclusions: Men presented more physical abuse. In the relationship between the study variables, it was found that abuse in childhood was related to the consumption of harmful alcohol and the number of drugs consumed.

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OBJECTIVES: To determine whether in infants evaluated for physical abuse, medical encounters for infant distress are correlated with physical abuse or a history of sentinel injuries. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective, case-control analysis of infants aged <12 months evaluated for physical abuse identified demographic characteristics, prior injuries, and medical encounters for infant distress. Variables were compared between abused infants and nonabused infants with and without sentinel injuries. A nonparametric recursive classification tree analysis assessed interactions between variables. RESULTS: Infant distress was associated with abuse (67.9% vs 44.7%; P = .008; OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.3-5.2). Infants with sentinel injuries had higher rates of infant distress (74.1% vs 42.4%; P ≤ .001) and crying (81.5% vs 62.7%; P = .012). Previous falls (32.6% vs 18.1%; P = .03) and nonsentinel injuries (18.2% vs 5.4%; P = .002) also were associated with abuse, although sentinel injuries were the most important predictor of abuse, followed by infant distress. CONCLUSIONS: Infants with medical encounters for distress and injury may be at higher risk for abuse and may benefit from intensive educational and support services for their caregivers. Additional research evaluating the most effective interventions for caregivers of fussy infants is needed.

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Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been found to predict many negative life outcomes. However, very little evidence exists on Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and Child Maltreatment (CM). We investigated the impact of maternal ACEs on IPV and CM in three different: cumulative risk, individual adversities and particular groupings of ACEs. The 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort, Southern Brazil, has followed a population-based sample mothers and children repeatedly until children were aged 4 years, when mothers provided data on ACEs, and current IPV and CM. ACEs were examined in three different ways: (i) as a cumulative risk score; (ii) individual adversities; and (iii) patterns of ACEs (Latent Class Analysis: LCA). One quarter (25.4%) of mothers reported having 5+ ACEs in childhood. Compared to mothers with no ACEs, those who reported 5+ ACEs, had 4.9 (95%CI 3.5; 6.7) times the risk of experiencing IPV and 3.8 (95%CI 2.5; 5.6) times the risk of reporting child maltreatment. LCA results also highlighted the major influence of multiple ACEs on later IPV and CM. However, individual ACEs related to violence (exposure to abuse or domestic violence) showed some specificity for both later IPV and CM, over and above the influence of cumulative childhood adversity. This is the first large study to demonstrate a strong link between maternal ACEs and both IPV and CM. Cumulative ACE exposure and some specificity in effects of childhood violence are important for later IPV and CM. Integrated prevention is essential for reducing the intergenerational transmission of adversity and violence.

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Child maltreatment is a severe worldwide public health problem because of its negative consequences and should therefore be prevented through parenting programs to improve parental behavior and practices. The present review aimed to update a published review of 5 years of empirical studies on universal parenting programs to strengthen positive parenting and prevent child maltreatment. A systematic search of the PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Lilacs, and SciELO databases was performed to identify the studies of group-based structured parenting programs published from 2015 to 2019. Eighteen studies were found that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results showed that 14 different parenting programs were conducted in high-, medium-, and low-income countries, showing an increase in the number of studies in low-income countries compared with the previous review. In 89% of the studies, the parenting outcomes improved in the post-intervention. Additionally, studies have demonstrated that these programs also improved other parental outcomes such as mental health, couple relationships, coparenting, and coping ability of parents. From 18 studies, nine child variables were evaluated, and eight of them showed a decrease in behavior problems. Regarding the methodological quality of the studies, 55%, 28%, and 17% were classified as moderate, weak, and strong, respectively. In conclusion, the positive changes in parenting and child behavior outcomes encourage the implementation of parenting programs as a universal prevention strategy. Further research should increase the methodological quality of the design study.

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ABSTRACT Objective: to interpret speeches by health professionals and companions about in-hospital institutional violence in childcare practices, based on the Foucauldian concept of discipline. Method: a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory research study with a pediatric unit from a university hospital in Salvador/Bahia as study field. The study participants were 10 companions of hospitalized children and 39 health professionals. Data collection took place from November 2018 to October 2019 using semi-structured interviews. Discourse analysis in the light of Foucauldian Thought was employed in data interpretation. Results: institutional violence in the care practices is understood by the disciplinary device, having the following as elements: time control and spatial separation; control over the bodies; norms and training; and thorough examination. With care being guided by such elements, situations of care omission, disrespect for autonomy and privacy, lack of listening, lack of attention, physical harms, deprivations and multiple manipulations of the children's bodies were identified, resulting in violations of these individuals' human dignity. Conclusion: it is necessary for professionals, users, managers and the academic community to propose a change in the modes of care for hospitalized children, strengthening dissemination and debate of human rights in the health services that serve children and their families.

RESUMEN Objetivo: interpretar discursos de profesionales de la salud y de acompañantes acerca de la violencia institucional hospitalaria en las prácticas de atención de la salud infantil, sobre la base de la concepción de disciplina de Foucault. Método: investigación cualitativa, descriptiva y exploratoria en la que el campo de estudio fue una unidad pediátrica de un hospital universitario de Salvador/Bahía. Los participantes del estudio fueron 10 acompañantes de niños internados y 39 profesionales de la salud. La recoléccion de datos ocurrió de noviembre de 2018 a octubre de 2019 mediante la entrevistas semiestructuradas. En la interpretación de los datos se recurrió al análisis del discurso a la luz del pensamiento de Foucault. Resultados: la violencia institucional en las prácticas de atención de la salud se comprende como el dispositivo disciplinario, con los siguientes elementos: control del tiempo y separación espacial; control de los cuerpos; normas y entrenamiento; y examen minucioso. Como la atención de la salud está guiada por dichos elementos, se identificaron situaciones de omisión de atención, falta de respeto por la autonomía y la privacidad, falta de interés por escuchar a los pacientes, falta de atención, perjuicios físicos, privaciones y múltiples manipulaciones del cuerpo infantil, derivando en violaciones a la dignidad humana de estos individuos. Conclusión: es necesario que profesionales, usuarios, gerentes y la comunidad académica propongan un cambio en las modalidades de atención a niños internados, fortaleciendo la difusión y el debate de los derechos humanos en los servicios de salud que atienden a niños y a sus familias.

RESUMO Objetivo: interpretar discursos de profissionais de saúde e de acompanhantes acerca da violência institucional hospitalar nas práticas de cuidado à criança, fundamentado na concepção foucaultiana de disciplina. Método: pesquisa qualitativa descritiva exploratória tendo como campo de estudo uma unidade pediátrica de um hospital universitário em Salvador/Bahia. Participaram do estudo 10 acompanhantes de crianças hospitalizadas e 39 profissionais de saúde. A coleta de dados ocorreu de novembro de 2018 a outubro de 2019 utilizando-se a entrevista semiestruturada. Na interpretação dos dados, foi empregada a análise do discurso à luz do pensamento foucaultiano. Resultados: a violência institucional nas práticas de cuidado é compreendida pelo dispositivo disciplinar, tendo como elementos: controle do tempo e separação espacial; controle dos corpos; normas e adestramento; e o exame minucioso. Estando o cuidado balizado por tais elementos, foram identificadas situações de omissão de cuidados, desrespeito à autonomia, privacidade, falta de escuta, falta de atenção, danos físicos, privações e múltiplas manipulações do corpo infantil, resultando em violações na dignidade humana destes indivíduos. Conclusão: é necessário que profissionais, usuários e gestores e a comunidade acadêmica proponham uma mudança nos modos de atenção à criança hospitalizada, fortalecendo a difusão e debate dos direitos humanos nos serviços de saúde que atendem crianças e suas famílias.

RESUMO

Resumo Diante da magnitude do fenômeno da violência infantojuvenil no Brasil, que representa mais de um terço dos casos notificados por esse agravo no país, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a percepção dos profissionais de saúde acerca da identificação e da notificação compulsória dos casos de violência infantojuvenil na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, realizado com 14 profissionais de duas unidades de Saúde da Família do Recife, Pernambuco, em 2021. Os dados foram coletados em entrevistas guiadas por um roteiro semiestruturado e analisados por meio da análise de Bardin. Os resultados apontam que os profissionais reconhecem a sua responsabilidade ética no processo de notificação de violência infantojuvenil, principalmente pelo contexto familiar e territorial no qual estão inseridos. Entretanto, ainda há muitos desafios que interferem na implicação prática da notificação na Atenção Primária, como o medo da violência e de represálias no território e a falta de capacitação. Investir em estratégias de estímulo à notificação, de modo a garantir respaldo técnico-científico, é imprescindível para a consolidação da prática.

Abstract Given the magnitude of the phenomenon of violence against children and adolescents in Brazil, which represents more than a third of the cases reported for this offense in the country, the objective of this study was to analyze the perception of health professionals about the identification and compulsory notification of cases of violence against children and adolescents in Primary Health Care. This is an exploratory study, with a qualitative approach, carried out with 14 professionals from two Family Health Units in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, in 2021. The data was collected in interviews guided by a semi-structured script and analyzed using Bardin's analysis. The results indicate that the professionals recognize their ethical responsibility in the process of reporting violence against children and adolescents, mainly due to the family and territorial context in which they are inserted. However, there are still many challenges that interfere with the practical implications of notification in Primary Care, such as fear of violence and reprisals in the territory and lack of training. Investing in strategies to encourage reporting, in order to ensure technical and scientific support, is essential for the consolidation of the practice.

Resumen Dada la magnitud del fenómeno de la violencia infantojuvenil en Brasil, que representa más de un tercio de los casos notificados por esta condición en el país, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la percepción de los profesionales de la salud sobre la identificación y notificación obligatoria de los casos de violencia infantojuvenil en la Atención Primaria de Salud. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio, con abordaje cualitativo, realizado con 14 profesionales de dos Unidades de Salud de la Familia de Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, en 2021. Los datos fueron recolectados en entrevistas conducidas por un guión semiestructurado y analizados utilizando el análisis de Bardin. Los resultados indican que los profesionales reconocen su responsabilidad ética en el proceso de denuncia de la violencia contra niños y adolescentes, principalmente por el contexto familiar y territorial en el que están insertos. Sin embargo, aún existen muchos desafíos que interfieren en la implicación práctica de la notificación en la Atención Primaria, como el miedo a la violencia y represalias en el territorio y la falta de capacitación. Invertir en estrategias para incentivar la notificación, a fin de garantizar el respaldo técnico-científico, es fundamental para la consolidación de la práctica.

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