RESUMO

With the increasing global population, it has become necessary to explore new alternative food sources to meet the increasing demand. However, these alternatives sources should not only be nutritive and suitable for large scale production at low cost, but also present good sensory characteristics. Therefore, this situation has influenced some industries to develop new food sources with competitive advantages, which require continuous innovation by generating and utilising new technologies and tools to create opportunities for new products, services, and industrial processes. Thus, this study aimed to optimise the production of gelatin-base gels from chicken feet by response surface methodology (RSM) and facilitate its sensorial classification by Kohonen's self-organising maps (SOM). Herein, a 22 experimental design was developed by varying sugar and powdered collagen contents to obtain grape flavoured gelatin from chicken feet. The colour, flavour, aroma, and texture attributes of gelatines were evaluated by consumers according to a hedonic scale of 1-9 points. Least squares method was used to develop models relating the gelatin attributes with the sugar content and collagen mass, and their sensorial qualities were analysed and classified using the SOM algorithm. Results showed that all gelatin samples had an average above six hedonic points, implying that they had good consumer acceptance and can be marketed. Furthermore, gelatin D, with 3.65-3.80% (w/w) powdered collagen and 26.5-28.6% (w/w) sugar, was determined as the best. Thus, the SOM algorithm proved to be a useful computational tool for comparing sensory samples and identifying the best gelatin product.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: The present study aims to develop Nile tilapia hamburger with incorporation of whey, collagen from chicken feet and taro flour. A complete factorial design 2³ was performed to investigate the influence of the variables on weight loss, shrinkage, color and shear force, that were used to propose mathematical models. Proximate composition, microbiological characteristics and sensory properties were also evaluated. Factors such as taro flour and whey were significant and contributed to a higher yield for fish burgers, with negative effects on shrinkage and weight loss. The fishburgers had a soft texture, although collagen and its interaction with taro flour contributed to the increase in shear force. The factors had influence only on the b* value with yellowish hue. The protein and ash values obtained were higher than those of the control formulation. The sensory characteristics of the hamburgers were not affected by the factors, being all classified with high acceptability. The formulation represented by the central point (F9) containing 3.0% of taro flour, 0.5% chicken feet collagen and 3.0% powdered whey, obtained greater purchase intention. Therefore, the addition of taro flour, collagen from chicken feet and whey is an alternative in the use of industrial by-products to add value to fish burgers with market potential.

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver hambúrguer de tilapia do Nilo com a incorporação de soro de leite, colágeno de pés de frango e farinha de taro. Para tanto, um planejamento fatorial 2³ completo foi realizado para investigar a influência das variáveis sobre a perda de peso, encolhimento, cor e força de cisalhamento e propor modelos matemáticos. Avaliaram-se também a composição centesimal, características microbiológicas e propriedades sensoriais. Os fatores como farinha de taro e whey foram significativos e contribuíram com o maior rendimento dos hambúrgueres com efeitos negativos sobre a perda de peso e encolhimento. Os hambúrgueres apresentaram uma textura macia, embora o colágeno e sua interação com a farinha de taro tenham colaborado com o aumento da força de cisalhamento. Os fatores influenciaram somente o valor de b* com tonalidade amarelada. Os valores de proteína obtidos foram maiores que da formulação controle. As características sensoriais dos hambúrgueres não foram afetadas pelos fatores, sendo todos classificados com alta aceitabilidade. A formulação representada pelo ponto central (F9) contendo 3,0% de farinha de taro, 0,5% de colágeno de pés de frango e 3,0% de soro de leite em pó, obteve maior intenção de compra. Portanto, a adição de farinha de taro, colágeno de pés de frango e soro de leite é uma alternativa no uso de subprodutos industriais para agregar valor aos hambúrgueres de peixe com potencial mercadológico.

RESUMO

The present study aims to develop Nile tilapia hamburger with incorporation of whey, collagen from chicken feet and taro flour. A complete factorial design 2³ was performed to investigate the influence of the variables on weight loss, shrinkage, color and shear force, that were used to propose mathematical models. Proximate composition, microbiological characteristics and sensory properties were also evaluated. Factors such as taro flour and whey were significant and contributed to a higher yield for fish burgers, with negative effects on shrinkage and weight loss. The fishburgers had a soft texture, although collagen and its interaction with taro flour contributed to the increase in shear force. The factors had influence only on the b* value with yellowish hue. The protein and ash values obtained were higher than those of the control formulation. The sensory characteristics of the hamburgers were not affected by the factors, being all classified with high acceptability. The formulation represented by the central point (F9) containing 3.0% of taro flour, 0.5% chicken feet collagen and 3.0% powdered whey, obtained greater purchase intention. Therefore, the addition of taro flour, collagen from chicken feet and whey is an alternative in the use of industrial by-products to add value to fish burgers with market potential.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver hambúrguer de tilapia do Nilo com a incorporação de soro de leite, colágeno de pés de frango e farinha de taro. Para tanto, um planejamento fatorial 2³ completo foi realizado para investigar a influência das variáveis sobre a perda de peso, encolhimento, cor e força de cisalhamento e propor modelos matemáticos. Avaliaram-se também a composição centesimal, características microbiológicas e propriedades sensoriais. Os fatores como farinha de taro e whey foram significativos e contribuíram com o maior rendimento dos hambúrgueres com efeitos negativos sobre a perda de peso e encolhimento. Os hambúrgueres apresentaram uma textura macia, embora o colágeno e sua interação com a farinha de taro tenham colaborado com o aumento da força de cisalhamento. Os fatores influenciaram somente o valor de b* com tonalidade amarelada. Os valores de proteína obtidos foram maiores que da formulação controle. As características sensoriais dos hambúrgueres não foram afetadas pelos fatores, sendo todos classificados com alta aceitabilidade. A formulação representada pelo ponto central (F9) contendo 3,0% de farinha de taro, 0,5% de colágeno de pés de frango e 3,0% de soro de leite em pó, obteve maior intenção de compra. Portanto, a adição de farinha de taro, colágeno de pés de frango e soro de leite é uma alternativa no uso de subprodutos industriais para agregar valor aos hambúrgueres de peixe com potencial mercadológico.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

In this research, products with high quality were obtained from natural sources. The sensorial qualities, chemical characterization, and physical properties of gelatin extracted from chicken feet were compared with commercial gelatins. The extraction process was performed using acetic acid on a concentration ranging from 0.318% to 3.682%, processing time between 1.0 h and 8.4 h and extraction temperature between 43.3 °C and 76.8 °C. After the end of each assay, the yield was measured. Results showed that, under the best conditions, the collagen extraction yield was above 8%, and comprised 78.525 g/100 g of protein. Collagen analyzed by ICP-MS was composed of 99.44% of macro-minerals that are of great importance to human health. ATR-FTIR analysis showed that approximately 70.90% of the total protein from chicken feet is collagen, whereas, in commercial gelatin, only 30.31% is collagen. When comparing chicken gelatin with commercial gelatin, most sensory attributes were similar and chicken gelatin gained acceptance by more than 80% of the consumers. Additionally, the collagen films obtained from chicken feet and swine showed water absorption, odors, and texture characteristics similar to commercial material, such as latex and celofane. Consequently, due to its similarity to human skin, it is possible to apply it as a biocurative.

RESUMO

Chicken feet have become an important commodity in the international market, representing a significant portion of poultry products exported by countries such as Brazil and the USA. However, the presence of pododermatitis in the footpad is an important barrier to exportation, since importing countries do not accept injured feet or allow the use of automatic equipments to remove the affected tissue. The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of using an automatic equipment to remove injuries of pododermatitis on histological and microbiological traits of broiler feet processed according to commercial practices. A total of 240 broiler feet obtained from a commercial processing plant was visually classified according to the degree of pododermatitis and distributed in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, totalizing eight treatments with 30 replications. Factors were feet classification (1 to 4) and injury removal (yes or no). Feet were sampled for microbiological and histological analysis before and after the mechanical removal of pododermatitis injuries by an automatic machine that promoted footpad epidermal scarification. No significant interaction between feet classification and injury removal was detected for any of the analyzed variables. Also, no significant effect of feet classification was detected on aerobic plate counts, total coliforms and Escherichia coli. Feet inflammation score tended to increase (P = 0.06) according to the downgrading of feet classification, but the mechanical removal of pododermatitis injuries reduced feet inflammation score (P < 0.01), total coliform counts (P = 0.01), and E. coli (P = 0.01) independently of feet classification. Together, these results demonstrate the efficacy of the automatic equipment in removing both the inflammatory tissue and its associated microbiota in broiler feet affected by pododermatitis. Therefore, in addition to the already authorized use of blades, the use of automatic equipments for epidermal scarification in the processing of broiler feet deserves further consideration by the regulatory agencies.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Chicken feet are products with great commercial importance for the eastern markets. Although Brazil is a large exporter of these products to those markets, little information is available on the sanitary quality of these products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of frozen chicken feet for human consumption. This study was developed in a slaughterhouse under Federal Inspection, located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. A total of 98 samples of frozen chicken feet were analyzed, between January and December 2011, for the detection of Salmonella spp., total count of mesophilic bacteria, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus coagulase positive and Clostridium perfringens. About 99% of the results were within the microbiological standards established by the Chinese (world´s largest importer) and Brazilian legislation for raw chicken meat. Thus, we conclude that the samples of frozen chicken feet showed satisfactory microbiological quality and no risk to consumer health.

Os pés de frango são produtos com grande importância comercial no mercado asiático. Contudo, apesar do grande volume comercializado para estes países, o Brasil possui informações limitadas em relação à qualidade higiênico-sanitária destes produtos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma avaliação da qualidade microbiológica de pés de frango congelados destinados ao consumo humano. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida em um matadouro-frigorífico, sob Serviço de Inspeção Federal, situado no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, durante o período de janeiro a dezembro de 2011. Um total de 98 amostras de pés de frango congelados foram analisadas quanto a presença de Salmonella spp., contagem total de bactérias mesófilas, contagem de coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e Clostridium perfringens. Em torno de 99% das amostras analisadas estavam dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação sanitária brasileira e chinesa (maior importador mundial) para carne de frango in natura. Desta forma, podemos concluir que as amostras de pés de frango congeladas apresentaram qualidade microbiológica satisfatória, não representando risco a saúde dos consumidores.

RESUMO

Chicken feet are products with great commercial importance for the eastern markets. Although Brazil is a large exporter of these products to those markets, little information is available on the sanitary quality of these products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of frozen chicken feet for human consumption. This study was developed in a slaughterhouse under Federal Inspection, located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. A total of 98 samples of frozen chicken feet were analyzed, between January and December 2011, for the detection of Salmonella spp., total count of mesophilic bacteria, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus coagulase positive and Clostridium perfringens. About 99% of the results were within the microbiological standards established by the Chinese (world´s largest importer) and Brazilian legislation for raw chicken meat. Thus, we conclude that the samples of frozen chicken feet showed satisfactory microbiological quality and no risk to consumer health.

Os pés de frango são produtos com grande importância comercial no mercado asiático. Contudo, apesar do grande volume comercializado para estes países, o Brasil possui informações limitadas em relação à qualidade higiênico-sanitária destes produtos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma avaliação da qualidade microbiológica de pés de frango congelados destinados ao consumo humano. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida em um matadouro-frigorífico, sob Serviço de Inspeção Federal, situado no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, durante o período de janeiro a dezembro de 2011. Um total de 98 amostras de pés de frango congelados foram analisadas quanto a presença de Salmonella spp., contagem total de bactérias mesófilas, contagem de coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e Clostridium perfringens. Em torno de 99% das amostras analisadas estavam dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação sanitária brasileira e chinesa (maior importador mundial) para carne de frango in natura. Desta forma, podemos concluir que as amostras de pés de frango congeladas apresentaram qualidade microbiológica satisfatória, não representando risco a saúde dos consumidores.

RESUMO

Determinou-se a composição de partes da carcaça - pescoço, dorso e pés de aves -, e sua digestibilidade, usadas para cães nas formas crua e cozida. Os animais, pesados antes e depois do período experimental, foram alimentados uma vez ao dia, com livre acesso ao alimento por uma hora. Cada animal recebeu aproximadamente 50g alimento/kg de peso. As fezes, coletadas diariamente, foram pesadas e congeladas até a realização das análises bromatológicas. Os pés apresentaram os maiores valores de proteína bruta (PB) e matéria mineral (MM), o pescoço, o maior valor de energia bruta (EB), e o dorso, os de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO) e extrato etéreo (EE). O cozimento não alterou a composição dos alimentos, entretanto os alimentos cozidos apresentaram teores menores em PB e maiores em EE. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MO e da PB do pescoço aumentaram significativamente quando este foi cozido, e os valores de energia metabolizável (EM) e energia digestível (ED) diminuíram. O cozimento do dorso resultou em redução de EM e ED. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS, MO e PB e a ED e EM do pé foram significativamente maiores para os pés cozidos.

In order to use an ingredient to formulate dog foods, it is ideal to the industry to know its properties including the digestibility. So, this work studied the chemical composition and the digestibility of chicken parts used to feed dogs, since they are used frequently by the dog food industry. The ingredients were raw and cooked neck, back, and feet. The animals were weighted before and after the experimental period and food was served once a day. The food was weighted before and after being served. Each animal consumed approximately 50g food/kg body weight. The feces were collected daily and freezed as well as the food until the bromatological analyses procedures. The feet had the highest values for crude protein (CP) and mineral content (MC); while the back, the highest values for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and fat. Cooking had no significant effect on chemical composition of the ingredients. Considering the digestibility coefficient, OM and CP of neck had a significant increase when it was used in the cooked form; but, the metabolizable energy (ME) and the digestible energy (DE) values considerably decreased. For the back, the heat treatment resulted in a significant reduction of ME and DE and the digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, and CP, and ME, and DE of the feet were higher using the same treatment.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Determinou-se a composição de partes da carcaça - pescoço, dorso e pés de aves -, e sua digestibilidade, usadas para cães nas formas crua e cozida. Os animais, pesados antes e depois do período experimental, foram alimentados uma vez ao dia, com livre acesso ao alimento por uma hora. Cada animal recebeu aproximadamente 50g alimento/kg de peso. As fezes, coletadas diariamente, foram pesadas e congeladas até a realização das análises bromatológicas. Os pés apresentaram os maiores valores de proteína bruta (PB) e matéria mineral (MM), o pescoço, o maior valor de energia bruta (EB), e o dorso, os de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO) e extrato etéreo (EE). O cozimento não alterou a composição dos alimentos, entretanto os alimentos cozidos apresentaram teores menores em PB e maiores em EE. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MO e da PB do pescoço aumentaram significativamente quando este foi cozido, e os valores de energia metabolizável (EM) e energia digestível (ED) diminuíram. O cozimento do dorso resultou em redução de EM e ED. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS, MO e PB e a ED e EM do pé foram significativamente maiores para os pés cozidos.(AU)

In order to use an ingredient to formulate dog foods, it is ideal to the industry to know its properties including the digestibility. So, this work studied the chemical composition and the digestibility of chicken parts used to feed dogs, since they are used frequently by the dog food industry. The ingredients were raw and cooked neck, back, and feet. The animals were weighted before and after the experimental period and food was served once a day. The food was weighted before and after being served. Each animal consumed approximately 50g food/kg body weight. The feces were collected daily and freezed as well as the food until the bromatological analyses procedures. The feet had the highest values for crude protein (CP) and mineral content (MC); while the back, the highest values for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and fat. Cooking had no significant effect on chemical composition of the ingredients. Considering the digestibility coefficient, OM and CP of neck had a significant increase when it was used in the cooked form; but, the metabolizable energy (ME) and the digestible energy (DE) values considerably decreased. For the back, the heat treatment resulted in a significant reduction of ME and DE and the digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, and CP, and ME, and DE of the feet were higher using the same treatment.(AU)

Assuntos