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Fresh dates of seventeen varieties and khalts from Southern Morocco were analysed for their colour, pigments content, and sensory profile. The results showed significant differences between the sensory profiles of the samples due to the variability of the genotype and their different origin. Fresh date varieties and khalts were a good source of ß-carotene (0.49 - 10.86 µg of ß-carotene /100 g FW). The results revealed that the date varieties and khalts were found to have an excellent functional composition and good sensory characteristics. Therefore, these varieties of Moroccan dates could be used for fresh consumption and in the processing industry, which will constitute a significant source of antioxidants.

Tâmaras frescas de 17 variedades e khalts do sul do Marrocos foram analisadas por sua cor, conteúdo de pigmentos e perfil sensorial. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas entre os perfis sensoriais das amostras devido à variabilidade do genótipo e suas diferentes origens. Variedades de tâmaras frescas e khalts foram consideradas uma boa fonte de ß-caroteno (0,49-10,86 µg de ß-caroteno / 100 g FW). Na verdade, os resultados revelaram que as variedades de tâmaras e khalts apresentam uma boa composição funcional e boas características sensoriais. Portanto, essas variedades de tâmaras marroquinas podem ser usadas para consumo in natura e na indústria de processamento, que constituirá uma fonte considerável de antioxidantes.

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Los carotenoides son pigmentos orgánicos que el organismo no puede sintetizar y deben ser suministrados en la dieta humana. Este artículo de revisión tiene por objetivo abordar la ruta carotenogénica y los pigmentos predominantes en la pulpa de cucurbitáceas, siendo una de las hortalizas con mayor contenido de carotenoides, de tonalidades amarillo y naranja. Se recopiló literatura relevante sobre la temática proveniente de libros y de artículos científicos, identificando que el género Cucurbita, por ser de naturaleza alógama, expresa alta variabilidad fenotípica y genotípica, que es afectada por el ambiente y, ello, supone alta variabilidad en la composición de carotenoides del fruto, tanto cuantitativa como cualitativamente. Los carotenoides son los responsables de dar color característico a las flores y a los frutos; los apocarotenoides son conocidos por dar aromas, fragancias y sabores. El almacenamiento y la biosíntesis de los carotenoides se genera en los plastidios, estos pigmentos se pueden sintetizar por la ruta del metileritritol difosfato (MEP) hasta licopeno, donde se bifurca a α-caroteno y ß-caroteno y, posteriormente, mediante hidroxilaciones, se generan las xantofilas. Su importancia en la acumulación de carotenoides en frutos radica en las múltiples funciones y beneficios en plantas, animales y humanos, como fotoreceptores y fotoprotectores de luz, colorantes agroindustriales, antioxidantes, reducción de enfermedades crónicas, precursores de vitamina A, entre otros beneficios, cabe destacar el alto contenido de carotenos totales en cucurbitáceas encontrándose en Cucurbita moschata más de 600 µg/g en genotipos mejorados.

Carotenoids are organic pigments that the body cannot synthesize and must be supplied in the human diet. This review article aims to approach the carotenogenic route and the predominant pigments in the fruits of Cucurbits, as this is one of the vegetables with the highest content of carotenoids of yellow and orange tones. Relevant literature on the subject was collected from scientific books and articles, identifying that the genus Cucurbita, being cross-pollinated in nature, expresses high phenotypic and genotypic variability, which is affected by the environment and, this implies high variability in the carotenoid composition of the fruit, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Carotenoids are responsible for giving characteristic color to flowers and fruits, apocarotenoids are known to give aromas, fragrances, and flavors. The biosynthesis and storage of carotenoids are generated in the plastids, the pathway of methylerythritol diphosphate (MEP) to lycopene can synthesize these pigments where it bifurcates to α-carotene and ß-carotene and later, by hydroxylations, xanthophylls are generated. Its importance in the accumulation of carotenoids in fruits lies in the multiple functions and benefits in plants, animals, and humans as photoreceptors and photoprotectors of light, agroindustrial colorants, antioxidants, reduction of chronic diseases, precursors of vitamin A, among other benefits. Highlighting the high content of total carotenes in Cucurbits, with more than 600 µg / g in Cucurbita moschata found in improved genotypes.

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SUMMARY: Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the drugs necessary for the treatment of the 10 most common types of cancer. The leading adverse effect limiting clinical use of DOX is cardiotoxicity. Given that literature data indicate a protective role of carotenoids in doxorubicin-induced toxicity, in our study we compared the cardioprotective effect of a mixture of pumpkin carotenoids and a commercially available antioxidant preparation. Animals were distributed in 8 groups (Control - S; NADES - N; Doxorubicin - Dox; Carotenoids - Car; CardiofortIN - CF; NADES-Doxorubicin - N-Dox; Carotenoids-Doxorubicin - Car-Dox; CardiofortIN-Doxorubicin - CF-Dox). Histological sections were stained with the hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and analyzed for the presence of myocardial damage by doxorubicin damage score (DDS). From the heart tissue homogenate were determined the intensity of lipid peroxidation and specific antioxidative enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase; catalase; glutathione S-transferase; glutathione peroxidase). In Car-DOX and CF-DOX groups, lipid peroxidation is significantly reduced compared to DOX group. Pretreatment of animals with carotenoids and in lesser extent with CardiofortIN led to higher antioxidative enzymes activity, compared to DOX group. Pretreated with carotenoids, only 50 % of animals had some degree of myocardial damage, and no animals had extensive damage. CardiofortIN pretreatment showed less protective effect. Pretreatment with carotenoid extract, reduced DDS significantly, so Car-DOX group has changes equivalent to mild myocardial damage. Although CardiofortIN pretreatment lowered DDS score values, animals still had moderate level of myocardium damage. This in vivo study and its findings indicate that carotenoids extracted from pumpkin may be a promising cardioprotective agent against doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity, at least in part mediated through inhibition of DOX-induced oxidative stress.

La doxorrubicina (DOX) es uno de los fármacos necesarios para el tratamiento de los 10 tipos más comunes de cáncer. El principal efecto adverso que limita el uso clínico de DOX es la cardiotoxicidad. Debido a que los datos de la literatura indican un papel protector de los carotenoides en la toxicidad inducida por doxorrubicina, en nuestro estudio comparamos el efecto cardioprotector de una mezcla de carotenoides de calabaza y una preparación antioxidante disponible comercialmente. Los animales se distribuyeron en 8 grupos (Control - S; NADES - N; Doxorrubicina - Dox; Carotenoides - Car; CardiofortIN - CF; NADES-Doxorrubicina - N-Dox; Carotenoides-Doxorrubicina - Car-Dox; CardiofortIN- Doxorrubicina - CF-Dox). Las secciones histológicas se tiñeron con hematoxilina-eosina (HE) y se analizaron para detectar la presencia de daño miocárdico mediante la puntuación de daño por doxorrubicina (DDS). A partir del homogeneizado de tejido cardíaco se determinó la intensidad de la peroxidación lipídica y la actividad enzimática antioxidante específica (superóxido dismutasa, catalasa, glutatión S-transferasa, glutatión peroxidasa). En los grupos Car-DOX y CF-DOX, la peroxidación lipídica se redujo significativamente en comparación con el grupo DOX. El pre tratamiento de los animales con carotenoides y, en menor medida, con CardiofortlN condujo a una mayor actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes, en comparación con el grupo DOX. Al ser pre tratados con carotenoides, solo el 50 % de los animales tenían algún grado de daño miocárdico y ningún animal tenía daño extenso. El pre tratamiento con CardiofortIN mostró un efecto protector menor. El pre tratamiento con extracto de carotenoides redujo significativamente el DDS, por lo que el grupo Car-DOX mostró cambios equivalentes a un daño miocárdico leve. Aunque el pre tratamiento con CardiofortIN redujo los valores de la puntuación DDS, los animales aún tenían un nivel moderado de daño al miocardio. Este estudio in vivo y sus hallazgos indican que los carotenoides extraídos de la calabaza pueden ser un agente cardioprotector prometedor contra la cardiotoxicidad inducida por doxorrubicina, al menos en parte mediada por la inhibición del estrés oxidativo inducido por DOX.

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Lutein and zeaxanthin are the major xanthophyll pigments found in corn kernels. These pigments provide the orange-red color of the broiler chicken skin and of the egg yolk. Therefore, knowing the corn xanthophyll content is important for the poultry feed producer. The objective of this study was to determine the lutein and the zeaxanthin content in corn cultivated in Colombia and in corn imported to Colombia from the United States, Argentina, and Brazil. Large differences in total lutein plus zeaxanthin content were found among the corn samples analyzed, with the highest mean level found in Colombian corn (2,758µg/100g), followed by Argentina (1,861µg/100g), United States (1,041µg/100g) and Brazil (947µg/100g). Large differences in lutein plus zeaxanthin content were also found among different corn hybrids cultivated in Colombia. Differences among geographical regions might be due to differences in UV-B radiation or in the light hours received by the crop during its growth. The differences among different corn hybrids might probably be due to genetic differences. Corn growers might be interested in cultivating hybrids higher in lutein and zeaxanthin as these pigments are very important in poultry production and human eye health.

Luteína e zeaxantina são os principais pigmentos xantofilas encontrados nos grãos de milho. Em aves, esses pigmentos naturais conferem a cor vermelho-alaranjada típica da pele do frango de corte e da gema do ovo. Assim, é importante conhecer o teor de xantofilas do milho utilizado nas dietas de aves. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o teor de luteína e zeaxantina em milho cultivado na Colômbia e em milho importado para a Colômbia dos Estados Unidos, da Argentina e do Brasil. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas no teor de luteína total mais zeaxantina entre as amostras de milho analisadas, com o nível médio mais elevado no milho colombiano (2.758µg/100g), seguido pelo milho argentino (1.861µg/100g), pelo milho dos Estados Unidos (1.041µg/100g) e pelo milho brasileiro (947µg/100g). Grandes diferenças no teor de luteína e zeaxantina também foram encontradas entre variados híbridos de milho cultivados na Colômbia. As diferenças entre as regiões geográficas podem ser devido a diferenças na radiação UV-B ou nas horas de luz recebida pela cultura durante seu crescimento. As diferenças entre os diversos híbridos de milho provavelmente podem ser devido a diferenças genéticas. Os produtores de milho podem estar interessados ​​em cultivar híbridos mais ricos em luteína e zeaxantina, pois esses pigmentos são muito importantes na produção de aves e na saúde ocular humana.

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This study has aimed to assess the effect of increasing levels of annatto (Bixa orellana L.) seed meal (AM) on yolk pigmentation and the sensory analysis of eggs of common quails fed sorghum-based diets when compared tocorn. Eighty female common quails (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) in the laying phase were used, being them aged from 251 to 316 days. There were three experimental periods of 21 days each (251-272; 273-294; 295-316 days). The quails were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments (T1 - corn-based feed; T2 - feed with 100% of sorghum instead of corn without the addition of AM; T3, T4, and T5 - feed with 100% of sorghum replacing corn with the addition of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% AM, respectively) and four repetitions. One hundred eggs from each treatment were used for analysis. Sensory evaluation was applied with an untrained panel with 20 evaluators. The eggs were boiled, peeled, and served. The panelists assessed the appearance, flavor, color, aroma, texture, and overall evaluation of the eggs. Annatto seed meal added to sorghum-based diets promoted linear increases in appearance, flavor, color, aroma, texture, and overall evaluation, evaluated during the sensory analysis (p=0.001). The addition of 1.5% AM in the sorghum-based diets of the common quails benefited the characteristics of appearance (4.50), flavor (4.50), color (4.55), aroma (4.25), and texture (4.55) of the assessed quail eggs, being considered more attractive and with greater acceptance (overall evaluation = 5.97) in relation to the other treatments tested. The inclusion of AM in the sorghum-based diets improved the yolk pigmentation of quail eggs in relation to the control treatments. The AM triggers positive effects on yolk pigmentation and sensory characteristics of common quail eggs.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de níveis crescentes do farelo do resíduo da semente de urucum (Bixa orellana L.) (FU), sobre a pigmentação da gema e análise sensorial dos ovos de codornas europeias alimentadas com dietas à base de sorgo em substituição ao milho. Foram utilizadas 80 codornas europeias (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) fêmeas, na fase de postura, no período de 251 a 316 dias de idade. Foram três períodos experimentais de 21 dias cada (251-272; 273-294; 295-316 dias). As codornas foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (T1 - ração à base de milho; T2 - ração com 100% de sorgo em substituição ao milho sem a adição de FU; T3, T4 e T5 ­ ração com 100% de sorgo em substituição ao milho com a adição de 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5% de FU) e quatro repetições. Cem ovos de cada tratamento foram utilizados para a análise. A avaliação sensorial foi aplicada em painel não treinado de 20 avaliadores. Os ovos foram cozidos, descascados e servidos. A aparência, sabor, cor, odor, textura e avaliação global, foram avaliadas pelos painelistas. A farinha de semente de urucum adicionada à ração à base de sorgo promoveu aumentos lineares nos atributos aparência, sabor, cor, odor, textura e avaliação global, avaliados durante a análise sensorial (p=0,001). A adição de 1,5% de FU em dietas a base de sorgo beneficiou as características de aparência (4,50), sabor (4,50) cor (4,55), aroma (4,25) e textura (4,55) dos ovos de codorna avaliados, sendo considerados mais atrativos e com maior aceitação (avaliação global = 5,97), em relação aos demais tratamentos testados. A inclusão do FU nas rações à base de sorgo melhorou a pigmentação da gema dos ovos de codorna em relação aos tratamentos controle. O AM desencadeia efeitos positivos na pigmentação da gema e nas características sensoriais de ovos de codornas comuns.(AU)

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Resumen Las coloraciones anormales en aves son raras y poco documentadas. Se han relacionado a problemas congénitos y con factores externos, consideradas como un indicador ambiental que da evidencia y pistas sobre la calidad de las poblaciones a nivel genético. Identificamos un caso de anormalidad pigmentaria en un trogón elegante (Trogon elegans (Gould, 1834)) en el Área Natural Protegida Reserva de la Biosfera El Cielo, México. Determinamos el tipo como dilución pastel, en esta mutación ambas melaninas se ven fuertemente afectadas, donde carecía de melanina, pero mantuvo los carotenoides con el rojo de las plumas ventrales. Discutimos posibles explicaciones para esta coloración anormal y asumimos que fueron alteraciones genéticas o de desarrollo del individuo las que causaron el decolorado del plumaje.

Abstract The bird abnormal colorations are rare and poorly documented. They had been related to congenital problems and external factors, considered as an ambiental indicator that gives evidence and clues about the quality of the populations at a genetic level. We identified a pigmentary abnormalitycase on a Elegant Trogon (Trogon elegans (Gould, 1834)) in the natural protected area "Reserva de la Biosfera El Cielo", Mexico. We determined the type as pastel dilution, on this mutation both melanin are greatly affected, where it lacked melanin, but it kept the carotenoids with the rd color on the ventral feathers. We discuss posible explanations for this abnormal coloration and asume that it was due to genetic or developmental alterations of the individual that caused the bleaching of the plumage.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Beauregard sweet potato is an orange color crop rich in β-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A. β-carotene improve immunity and decrease of incidence of degenerative diseases. The objective of this work was to introduce sweet potato in the diet through of some food products, such as bread, cake and sweets. The effect of processing on the chemical composition, as well as the quantification of phenols and total carotenoids, antioxidant activity, and sensory acceptability were evaluated. Cakes and coconut sweets presented higher levels of carotenoids. Higher phenolic and antioxidant activity were verified in cocoa sweets. All foods had good acceptability: 86% for bread, 83.3% for cake and 84,4%, and 86% for coconut and cocoa sweets, respectively. Servings of 95g of roasted sweet potato, 330g of bread, 182g of cake, 187g of coconut sweet and 391g end of cocoa sweet, would provide the recommended daily intake of vitamin A for children 10 years and older. It was concluded that the elaboration of foods containing sweet potato is a viable alternative to inserting biofortified foods into the human diet.

RESUMEN Los camote Beauregard son genotipos de color naranja, ricos en β-caroteno, precursores de la vitamina A. El β-caroteno ayuda a mejorar la inmunidad y reducir el riesgo de enfermedades degenerativas. El objetivo del trabajo fue introducir el camote en la dieta a través del pan, pasteles y dulces tipo postre. Se evaluó el efecto del procesamiento sobre la composición química, así como la cuantificación de fenoles y carotenoides totales, actividad antioxidante y aceptabilidad sensorial. Las tortas y caramelos de coco mostraron mayores niveles de carotenoides y cacao, mayor actividad fenólica y antioxidante. Se confirmó una buena aceptabilidad, en la cual el pan presentó 86%, el torta 83,3%, y los dulces tipo postre de coco y de cacao 84,4% y 86% respectivamente. Las porciones de 95 g de batatas al horno, 330 g de pan, 182 g de torta, 187 g y 391 g de dulce de coco y dulce de cacao respectivamente, proporcionarían la ingesta diaria recomendada de vitamina A para niños de 10 años en adelante. Se concluyó que la preparación de alimentos que contienen batatas es una alternativa viable a la inclusión de alimentos biofortificados en la dieta humana.

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Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de pigmentante sintético (Cantaxantina 10%) aliado a níveis de suplementação de pigmentantes naturais e sintéticos na dieta de poedeiras comerciais em rações a base de sorgo. Foram utilizadas 150 poedeiras comerciais com 67 semanas de idade da linhagem Hisex Brown, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos, seis repetições de cinco aves/repetição. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: 25 g/t de carophyll yellow 10% + 20 g/t de carophyll vermelho (T1); 300 g/t de Marigold 2% + 10 g/t de Cantaxantina 10% (T2); 300 g/t de Marigold 2% + 20 g/t de Cantaxantina 10% (T3); 300 g/t de Marigold 2% + 30 g/t de Cantaxantina 10% (T4); 300 g/t de Marigold 2% +20 g/t carophyll vermelho (T5). Foi aplicado o teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade para as variáveis de desempenho e qualidade de ovos. Houve diferença entre os tratamentos apenas para coloração da gema, onde o aumento da coloração teve reflexo de acordo com o aumento dos níveis de pigmentante nas dietas, sendo que as demais variáveis não foram afetadas. O nível de suplementação de 300 g.t-1de pigmento natural amarelo + 30 g.t-1de pigmento vermelho industrial em dietas a base de sorgo para poedeiras proporcionou melhor índice de coloração da gema.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of synthetic pigment(Cantaxanthin 10%) combinedwith levels of natural and synthetic pigmentsupplementation in the diet of commercial laying hens in diets based on sorb. We used 150 commercial laying hens with 67 weeks of age of the Hisex Brown strain, distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments, six replicates of five birds/repetition. The treatments evaluated were: 25 g/t carophyll yellow 10% + 20 g/t red carophyll (T1); 300 g/t of Marigold 2% + 10 g/t of Cantaxanthin 10% (T2); 300 g/t of Marigold 2% + 20 g/t of Cantaxanthin 10% (T3); 300 g/t of Marigold 2% + 30 g/t of Cantaxanthin 10% (T4); 300 g/t of Marigold 2% +20 g/t red carophyll (T5). The Tukey test was applied at the level of 5% probability for the various performance and quality of eggs. There was a difference between treatments only for yolk staining, where the increase in color was reflected according to the increase in pigmenting levels in the diets, and the other variables were not affected. The supplementation level of 300 g.t-1 of natural yellow pigment + 30 g.t-1 ofindustrial red pigment in diets based on sorb for laying hens provided better yolk color index.

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En la región amazónica, los sistemas agroforestales (SAFs) se recomiendan como una alternativa de producción sustentable para las comunidades locales. Un componente común en los SAFs amazónicos son los árboles frutales tropicales, que pueden formar parte del dosel o crecer en el sotobosque. En este trabajo, estudiamos el efecto de la radiación alta sobre la fotosíntesis, el crecimiento y la supervivencia de cuatro especies de árboles frutales amazónicos: Theobroma cacao, Eugenia stipitata, Inga edulis y Psidium guajava. Se midieron el crecimiento, fluorescencia de clorofila, intercambio de gases y pigmentos foliares en plántulas de cada especie que crecieron durante 12 meses dentro de casa-mallas en baja (8%), media (30%) y alta iluminación relativa (100%). Eugenia stipitata y T. cacao tuvieron la menor capacidad de aclimatación a la radiación solar alta, seguidas por I. edulis. En consecuencia, esas especies deben sembrarse bajo niveles de luz intermedia, para protegerlas del sol directo en las etapas iniciales de crecimiento. En contraste, las plántulas de P. guajava mostraron alta tolerancia a la elevada radiación solar, por lo que esta especie puede ser plantada bajo libre exposición solar.(AU)

In the Amazon region, agroforestry systems (AFSs) are recommended as a sustainable production alternative for local communities. A common component in Amazonian AFSs are tropical fruit trees, which can form the canopy or grow in the understory. In this study, we evaluated the effect of high radiation on photosynthesis, growth and seedling survival of four Amazonian fruit-tree species: Theobroma cacao, Eugenia stipitata, Inga edulis and Psidium guajava. Growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange, and leaf pigments were measured in seedlings of each species grown for 12 months inside shade houses with low (8%), medium (30%) and high relative illumination (100%). Eugenia stipitata and T. cacao had the lowest acclimation capacity to high solar radiation, followed by I. edulis. Therefore, these species must be grown under intermediate light levels in early growth stages, to protect them from direct sunlight. In contrast, P. guajava seedlings demonstrated high tolerance to elevated radiation, therefore, this species can be planted under full sunlight.(AU)

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Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de pigmentante sintético (Cantaxantina 10%) aliado a níveis de suplementação de pigmentantes naturais e sintéticos na dieta de poedeiras comerciais em rações a base de sorgo. Foram utilizadas 150 poedeiras comerciais com 67 semanas de idade da linhagem Hisex Brown, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos, seis repetições de cinco aves/repetição. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: 25 g/t de carophyll yellow 10% + 20 g/t de carophyll vermelho (T1); 300 g/t de Marigold 2% + 10 g/t de Cantaxantina 10% (T2); 300 g/t de Marigold 2% + 20 g/t de Cantaxantina 10% (T3); 300 g/t de Marigold 2% + 30 g/t de Cantaxantina 10% (T4); 300 g/t de Marigold 2% +20 g/t carophyll vermelho (T5). Foi aplicado o teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade para as variáveis de desempenho e qualidade de ovos. Houve diferença entre os tratamentos apenas para coloração da gema, onde o aumento da coloração teve reflexo de acordo com o aumento dos níveis de pigmentante nas dietas, sendo que as demais variáveis não foram afetadas. O nível de suplementação de 300 g.t-1de pigmento natural amarelo + 30 g.t-1de pigmento vermelho industrial em dietas a base de sorgo para poedeiras proporcionou melhor índice de coloração da gema.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of synthetic pigment(Cantaxanthin 10%) combinedwith levels of natural and synthetic pigmentsupplementation in the diet of commercial laying hens in diets based on sorb. We used 150 commercial laying hens with 67 weeks of age of the Hisex Brown strain, distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments, six replicates of five birds/repetition. The treatments evaluated were: 25 g/t carophyll yellow 10% + 20 g/t red carophyll (T1); 300 g/t of Marigold 2% + 10 g/t of Cantaxanthin 10% (T2); 300 g/t of Marigold 2% + 20 g/t of Cantaxanthin 10% (T3); 300 g/t of Marigold 2% + 30 g/t of Cantaxanthin 10% (T4); 300 g/t of Marigold 2% +20 g/t red carophyll (T5). The Tukey test was applied at the level of 5% probability for the various performance and quality of eggs. There was a difference between treatments only for yolk staining, where the increase in color was reflected according to the increase in pigmenting levels in the diets, and the other variables were not affected. The supplementation level of 300 g.t-1 of natural yellow pigment + 30 g.t-1 ofindustrial red pigment in diets based on sorb for laying hens provided better yolk color index.(AU)

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Meloidogyne javanica is a plant-parasitic nematode that infects a wide range of vegetables. Its negative effects on crop yield and value are well documented. However, few studies have investigated the impact of the parasite on the nutritional value of vegetables. This study aimed to assess the effect of M. javanica parasitism on the vegetative characteristics, nematological parameters, chemistry composition and antioxidant activity of carrots. Seedlings were inoculated with 0 (control), 1000, 2500, or 5000 eggs and eventual second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. javanica. At 60 days after inoculation, plants were harvested and evaluated. Plants inoculated with 2500 eggs and J2 of M. javanica had higher root and tuber fresh weight than the control. Gall number increased with increasing inoculum density. The number of nematodes in the roots increased until 3000 specimens, decreasing thereafter. Proximate analysis revealed that plants inoculated with 1000 eggs and J2 of M. javanica or more had higher protein content in roots. In contrast, inoculation with 1775 nematodes or more resulted in a decrease in carotenoid content. There was no effect of inoculation on total phenolic content or antioxidant activity. Although, M. javanica infection did not have a marked impact on the nutritional quality of carrots, gall formation resulted in deformed roots of low commercial value.(AU)

Meloidogyne javanica é um nematoide parasita de plantas que infecta uma grande variedade de vegetais. Seus efeitos negativos sobre o rendimento e o valor das culturas estão bem documentados. No entanto, poucos estudos investigaram o impacto do parasita no valor nutricional dos vegetais. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do parasitismo por M. javanica sobre as características vegetativas, parâmetros nematológicos, composição química e atividade antioxidante de cenouras. As plântulas foram inoculadas com 0 (controle), 1000, 2500 ou 5000 ovos e eventuais juvenis (J2) de M. javanica no segundo estágio. Aos 60 dias após a inoculação, as plantas foram colhidas e avaliadas. As plantas inoculadas com 2500 ovos e J2 de M. javanica apresentaram maior peso fresco das raízes e tubérculos que o controle. O número de galhas aumentou com o aumento da densidade do inóculo. Verificou-se aumento do número de nematoides nas raízes até 3000 espécimes, diminuindo posteriormente. A análise imediata revelou que plantas inoculadas com 1000 ovos e J2 de M. javanica ou mais tinham maior teor de proteína nas raízes. Por outro lado, a inoculação com 1775 nematoides ou mais resultou em diminuição no conteúdo de carotenoides. Não houve efeito da inoculação no conteúdo fenólico total ou na atividade antioxidante. Embora a infecção por M. javanica não tenha impactado significativamente a qualidade nutricional das cenouras, a formação de galhas resultou em raízes deformadas e de baixo valor comercial.(AU)

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RESUMEN El maracuyá es un fruto tropical que se cultiva primordialmente para la obtención de pulpa, siendo la corteza su principal subproducto que carece, en la actualidad, de interés industrial; sin embargo, con el fin de diversificar los derivados provenientes de la producción de maracuyá, se ha demostrado que la corteza contiene carotenoides, dentro de los que se destaca el β-caroteno y la luteína, que podrían ser utilizados en alimentos, debido a su poder antioxidante e, incluso, como colorante natural alternativo. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue obtener un extracto rico en carotenoides a partir de su corteza; para ello, se evaluó la extracción con etanol, mediante tres técnicas: inmersión, baño termostático y soxhlet. El mayor rendimiento, se obtuvo con el método soxhlet; para esta técnica, se estudió el efecto de la concentración de etanol (entre 80% y 90% v/v), la proporción solvente-materia prima (con relaciones entre 40:1 y 50:1) y el tiempo (definido entre 90 y 150 minutos). Los resultados, se analizaron mediante modelo de superficie de respuesta, obteniendo el mayor rendimiento con etanol al 90%, utilizando 50mL/g corteza y 150 minutos de operación. A estas condiciones, el rendimiento de extracción fue de 2208,53µg β-caroteno/100g muestra. Por último, se determinó la diferencia de color entre el extracto óptimo y una solución de tartrazina, evidenciando una diferencia de color de 3,07 unidades cieLAB, lo cual, muestra que el producto de lixiviación de la corteza de maracuyá tiene potencial para su uso como aditivo alimentario, reemplazando colorantes sintéticos, como la tartrazina.

ABSTRACT Passion fruit is a tropical fruit that is usually cultivated to obtain pulp, being the cortex its main not exploited by-product, because of the actual absence of industrial interest. However, with the aim of diversifying the derivates from the production of passion fruit products, it has been demonstrated that the cortex contains carotenoids, such as β-carotene and lutein; which could be used in food due to its antioxidant capacity, or even like a food colorant. Therefore, the objective of this work was to obtain a carotenoid-rich extract from its cortex; for this, three techniques of extraction with ethanol were evaluated, by immersion, thermostatic bath and Soxhlet. Being the last technique that one with which the best yield was obtained. With the highest yield technique, the following factors were evaluated: ethanol concentration on 80% and 90% v/v, solvent-raw material ratio on 40:1 and 50:1 and time on 90 and 150min. The best yield was obtaining to 90% ethanol, 50mL solvent/g raw material and 150min, for an extraction yield of 2208.53µg β-caroten/100 g sample. Finally, the color difference between the optimal extract and a tartrazine solution was determined, evidencing a color difference of 3.07cieLAB units; this shows that the passion fruit leaching product has the potential to be used as a food additive, replacing synthetic dyes such as tartrazine.

RESUMO

Se realizó la producción de celulasas de Aspergillus niger ATCC 10864 mediante fermentación en biopelículas (FB). Los extractos de celulasas se usaron para hidrolizar la celulosa del fruto de Capsicum baccatum "ají escabeche", para ello los frutos de ají fueron deshidratados y molidos a un tamaño de partícula menor a 0.425 mm. Luego se mezcló ají seco: celulasas y se hidrolizó en condiciones de agitación, tiempo y temperatura controlada. Se filtró el medio y se separó el sobrenadante de la torta de ají hidrolizado, este último se secó a 10% de humedad y se lixivió con una mezcla de hexano:acetona:etanol para extraer los carotenoides y capsaicinoides, los cuales fueron cuantificados por HPLC. El rendimiento de oleorresina extraída era cinco veces mayor comparado al método convencional; así mismo en los tratamientos T2 y T5, se logró mayor extracción de carotenoides y capsaicinoides totales, respectivamente, comparado a los otros tratamientos. La acción hidrolítica de las celulasas, sobre las estructuras moleculares de la celulosa del fruto ají escabeche, favorecieron mayor liberación de los carotenoides y capsaicinoides totales comparado a los métodos convencionales.

The production of cellulases of Aspergillus niger ATCC 10864 was carried out by fermentation in biofilms (FB). The extracts of cellulases were used to hydrolyze the cellulose of Capsicum baccatum "escabeche chili" fruit, for this the chili fruits were dehydrated and ground to a particle size < 0.045 mm. Then dry chili: cellulase was mixed and hydrolyzed under conditions of agitation, controlled time and temperature. The medium was filtered and the supernatant of the hydrolyzed chili cake was separated, the latter was dried at 10% humidity and leached with a mixture of hexane:acetone:ethanol to extract the carotenoids and capsaicinoids, which were quantified by HPLC. The extraction yield of oleoresin was five times higher compared to the conventional method; likewise in the T8 and T5 treatments, greater extraction of carotenoids and total capsaicinoids was achieved compared to the other treatments. The hydrolytic action of the cellulases, on the molecular structures of the cellulose of the red drop chili fruit, favored greater release of the carotenoids and total capsaicinoids compared to conventional methods.

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ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to evaluate the fatty acid profile and physicochemical properties of buriti oil under storage conditions. The oil was analyzed for 70 days by evaluating the physicochemical characteristics of acidity index, refractive index, bulk density, absolute viscosity, peroxide index, lipid oxidation by TBARS method, color parameters (L *, a *, b *, C * e h *) and carotenoid profile (α-carotene and β-carotene) for every 10 days of storage, in addition to the β-carotene/linoleic acid system and fatty acid profile. Variables remained stable over the analysis periods and the total carotenoids ranged from 836.91 to 1036.96 µg/g. Oleic acid accounted for the highest content among fatty acids, with a value of 78.06 g/100 g of fatty acids and a ω6/ω3 ratio of 1.95. Buriti oil has a nutritional quality and a fatty acid profile that justifies recommendations for its consumption, suggesting the need for regulatory bodies to draw up a standardized protocol for extracting oil from the fruit pulp.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o perfil de ácido graxo e a qualidade físico-química do óleo de buriti em condições de armazenamento. O óleo foi analisado durante 70 dias avaliando as características físico-química índice de acidez, índice de refração, densidade aparente, viscosidade absoluta, índice de peróxidos, oxidação lipídica pelo método de TBARS, parâmetros de cor (L*, a*, b*, C* e h*) e carotenoides (α-caroteno e β-caroteno) a cada 10 dias de armazenamento, além do sistema β-caroteno/ácido linoléico e perfil de ácidos graxos. As variáveis se mantiveram estáveis durante os períodos de análises e os carotenoides totais variaram entre 836,91 a 1036,96 µg/g. O ácido graxo com maior teor foi o ácido oleico com valor de 78,06 g/100 g de ácidos graxos e relação ω6/ω3 de 1,95. O óleo de buriti apresenta qualidade nutricional que justifica o estímulo ao consumo devido aos ácidos graxos que apresenta, necessitando dos órgãos reguladores a elaboração de um protocolo de extração do óleo da polpa do fruto.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: Meloidogyne javanica is a plant-parasitic nematode that infects a wide range of vegetables. Its negative effects on crop yield and value are well documented. However, few studies have investigated the impact of the parasite on the nutritional value of vegetables. This study aimed to assess the effect of M. javanica parasitism on the vegetative characteristics, nematological parameters, chemistry composition and antioxidant activity of carrots. Seedlings were inoculated with 0 (control), 1000, 2500, or 5000 eggs and eventual second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. javanica. At 60 days after inoculation, plants were harvested and evaluated. Plants inoculated with 2500 eggs and J2 of M. javanica had higher root and tuber fresh weight than the control. Gall number increased with increasing inoculum density. The number of nematodes in the roots increased until 3000 specimens, decreasing thereafter. Proximate analysis revealed that plants inoculated with 1000 eggs and J2 of M. javanica or more had higher protein content in roots. In contrast, inoculation with 1775 nematodes or more resulted in a decrease in carotenoid content. There was no effect of inoculation on total phenolic content or antioxidant activity. Although, M. javanica infection did not have a marked impact on the nutritional quality of carrots, gall formation resulted in deformed roots of low commercial value.

RESUMO: Meloidogyne javanica é um nematoide parasita de plantas que infecta uma grande variedade de vegetais. Seus efeitos negativos sobre o rendimento e o valor das culturas estão bem documentados. No entanto, poucos estudos investigaram o impacto do parasita no valor nutricional dos vegetais. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do parasitismo por M. javanica sobre as características vegetativas, parâmetros nematológicos, composição química e atividade antioxidante de cenouras. As plântulas foram inoculadas com 0 (controle), 1000, 2500 ou 5000 ovos e eventuais juvenis (J2) de M. javanica no segundo estágio. Aos 60 dias após a inoculação, as plantas foram colhidas e avaliadas. As plantas inoculadas com 2500 ovos e J2 de M. javanica apresentaram maior peso fresco das raízes e tubérculos que o controle. O número de galhas aumentou com o aumento da densidade do inóculo. Verificou-se aumento do número de nematoides nas raízes até 3000 espécimes, diminuindo posteriormente. A análise imediata revelou que plantas inoculadas com 1000 ovos e J2 de M. javanica ou mais tinham maior teor de proteína nas raízes. Por outro lado, a inoculação com 1775 nematoides ou mais resultou em diminuição no conteúdo de carotenoides. Não houve efeito da inoculação no conteúdo fenólico total ou na atividade antioxidante. Embora a infecção por M. javanica não tenha impactado significativamente a qualidade nutricional das cenouras, a formação de galhas resultou em raízes deformadas e de baixo valor comercial.

RESUMO

The objective of this research was to evaluate the fatty acid profile and physicochemical properties of buriti oil under storage conditions. The oil was analyzed for 70 days by evaluating the physicochemical characteristics of acidity index, refractive index, bulk density, absolute viscosity, peroxide index, lipid oxidation by TBARS method, color parameters (L *, a *, b *, C * e h *) and carotenoid profile (alpha-carotene and beta-carotene) for every 10 days of storage, in addition to the beta-carotene/linoleic acid system and fatty acid profile. Variables remained stable over the analysis periods and the total carotenoids ranged from 836.91 to 1036.96 µg/g. Oleic acid accounted for the highest content among fatty acids, with a value of 78.06 g/100 g of fatty acids and a omega6/omega3 ratio of 1.95. Buriti oil has a nutritional quality and a fatty acid profile that justifies recommendations for its consumption, suggesting the need for regulatory bodies to draw up a standardized protocol for extracting oil from the fruit pulp.(AU)

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o perfil de ácido graxo e a qualidade físico-química do óleo de buriti em condições de armazenamento. O óleo foi analisado durante 70 dias avaliando as características físico-química índice de acidez, índice de refração, densidade aparente, viscosidade absoluta, índice de peróxidos, oxidação lipídica pelo método de TBARS, parâmetros de cor (L*, a*, b*, C* e h*) e carotenoides (alfa-caroteno e beta-caroteno) a cada 10 dias de armazenamento, além do sistema beta-caroteno/ácido linoléico e perfil de ácidos graxos. As variáveis se mantiveram estáveis durante os períodos de análises e os carotenoides totais variaram entre 836,91 a 1036,96 µg/g. O ácido graxo com maior teor foi o ácido oleico com valor de 78,06 g/100 g de ácidos graxos e relação ômega6/ômega3 de 1,95. O óleo de buriti apresenta qualidade nutricional que justifica o estímulo ao consumo devido aos ácidos graxos que apresenta, necessitando dos órgãos reguladores a elaboração de um protocolo de extração do óleo da polpa do fruto.(AU)

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The objective was evaluate the carotenogenic activity of Dunaliella salina isolated from the artificial salt flats of municipality of Manaure (Department of La Guajira, Colombia). Two experimental testings were designed, in triplicate, to induce the reversibility of the cell tonality depending on the culture conditions. In the first test (A), to induce the reversibility from green to red tonality in D. salina cells, these were cultured in J/1 medium at a concentration of 4.0 M NaCl, 390 µmol m-2 s-1, 0.50 mM KNO3. In the second test (B), to induce the reversibility from red to green cell tonality, the cultures were maintained in J/1 medium 1 M NaCl, 190 µmol m-2 s-1, 5.0 mM KNO3 and pH 8.2. The population growth was evaluated by cell count and the pigment content was performed by spectrophotometric techniques. It was found that in both tests the culture conditions influenced the population growth and the pigments production of D. salina. There was a significant difference between the mean values of total carotenoids in the test A with 9.67 ±â€¯0.19 µg/ml and second test with 1.54 ±â€¯0.08 µg/ml at a significance level of p < 0.05. It was demonstrated that the culture conditions of test A induce the production of lipophilic antioxidants, among these carotenoids. The knowledge of the stressful conditions for the production of carotenoids from D. salina isolated from artificial saline of Manaure opens a field in implementation of this biotic resource for biotechnological purposes, production of new antibiotics, nutraceuticals and/or biofuels production.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Nowadays consumers are more concerned about food quality as well as how food is produced. Moreover, consumer demand for more natural, nutritious, safer to eat, and environmentally sustainable food has drawn attention to alternative breeding systems, such as a free-range system. Hens' eggs represent a rich source of important nutrients, including lipids and carotenoids. A detailed characterization of the nutritional and lipid profile of free-range chicken eggs from family farms was carried out. The chemical composition of the free-range egg yolks confirmed the advantages of this farming system, as a relevant source of unsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids, functional compounds in the human diet. These findings can help improve income generation, food supplementation, and consolidation of the family farming system.

RESUMEN Cada vez más los consumidores se preocupan por la calidad de los alimentos, así como tambien de como ellos son producidos. Además, la demanda de los consumidores por alimentos más naturales, nutritivos, más seguros para el consumo y ambientalmente sostenibles ha llamado la atención a sistemas de cría de alternativa, como el sistema de gallina del campo. Los huevos de gallinas representan una fuente rica de sustancias nutritivas importantes, incluyendo lípidos y carotenoids. Fue realizada una caracterización detallada de los nutrientes y del perfil lipídicos de huevos de gallinas del campo de agricultores familiares. La composición química de yemas de gallinas del campo confirmó las ventajas de este sistema de producción, como una fuente importante compuestos funcionales como ácidos grasos insaturados y carotenoides, en la dieta humana. Además, estos hallados pueden ayudar a mejorar la generación de ingreso, la suplementación de alimentos y la consolidación de sistema de agricultura familiar.

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Beauregard biofortified sweet potato is a tuberous root with a high content of carotenoids whose consumption can bring beneficial effects on human health related to the biological actions of these substances. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the acceptance of cake made with sweet potato biofortified with carotenoids by school children enrolled in a school of the municipal education network of the city of Teresina PI. The sweet cake containing biofortified potato (Beauregard) (PC) was compared with standard sweet wheat flour (WC) cake formulation. The PC and WC products and the Beauregard potato were analyzed for centesimal composition (moisture, ashes, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates) and total carotenoid content. Acceptance of PC was assessed by means of an acceptance test with a hedonic scale of five points applied to 100 children from 08 to 10 years of age. The evaluation of the centesimal composition showed protein content corresponding to 2.1% in WC and 3.57% in PC, and of lipids of 5.16% in WC and 8.95% inPC. Regarding the moisture content, WC presented 32.5% and PC 38.44%. The content of fixed minerals (ash) found in formulations was 1.9% and 1.26%, respectively, in WC and PC. The carotenoid content (µg of ß-carotene.g-1) was significantly higher (p <0.05) in the biofortified potato (3,200.01 ± 0.02) and in the PC formulations (3,666.17 ± 2.55) and WC (3,066.53 ± 1.88) for common sweet potatoes (2.200,23 ± 1.63). In the five-point facial hedonistic acceptance test, the formulation containing biofortified potato (PC) obtained a significantly higher score (p <0.05) (4.24 ± 0.93) when compared to the WC formulation (3.75 ± 1.19). The biofortified potato and the cake containing the biofortified potato presented some characteristics related to the centesimal composition similar to those found in WC and the content of carotenoids in PC larger than those of WC. Because sweet cake is a food product, generally well accepted by children and adults, PC's greateracceptance of WC suggests its promising potential for consumption by the population.

A batata-doce Beauregard biofortificada é uma raiz tuberosa com alto teor de carotenoides, cujo consumo pode trazer efeitos benéficos na saúde humana relacionados com as ações biológicas dessassubstâncias. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a aceitação de bolo elaborado com batata doce biofortificada com carotenoides por crianças em idade escolar matriculados em uma escola da rede municipal de ensino da cidade de Teresina PI. O bolo doce contendo batata biofortificada (Beauregard) (BB) foi comparado com formulação padrão de bolo doce de farinha de trigo (BT). Os produtos BB e BT e a batata Beauregard foram analisados quanto à composição centesimal (umidade, cinzas, proteínas, lipídeos e carboidratos) e conteúdo de carotenóides totais. A aceitação do BB foi avaliada por meio de teste de aceitação com escala hedônica facial de cinco pontos aplicado em 100 crianças de 08 a 10 anos de idade. A avaliação da composição centesimal mostrou conteúdo protéico correspondendo 2,1% no BT e 3,57% no BB, e de lipídiosde 5,16% no BT e 8,95% no BB. Em relação ao teor de umidade, o BT apresentou 32,5% e BB 38,44%. O teor de minerais fixos (cinzas) encontrado nas formulações foi de 1,9% e 1,26%, respectivamente, no BT e BB. O conteúdo de carotenoides (µ g de ß-caroteno.g-1) foi significativamente maior (p<0,05) na batata biofortificada (3.200,01 ± 0,02) e nas formulações BB (3.666,17 ± 2,55) e BT (3.066,53 ± 1,88) em relação à Figure 1. Acceptance rate of Beauregard potato and wheat cake formulations.. batata doce comum (2.200,00 ± 1,63). No teste de aceitação escala hedonica facial de cinco pontos a formulação contendo batata biofortificada (BB) obteve nota significativamente maior (p<0,05) (4,24± 0,93) quando comparada com a formulação BT (3,75± 1,19). A batata biofortificada e o bolo contendo a batata biofortificada apresentaram algumas características relacionadas à composição centesimal semelhantes àquelas encontradas no BT e conteúdo de carotenoides no BB maiores que os do BT. Por ser o bolo doce um produto alimentício, de modo geral, bem aceito por crianças e adultos, a maior aceitação do BB em relação ao BT sugere seu potencial promissor para consumo pela população.

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Objetivou-se avaliar a pigmentação de gemas de ovos de poedeiras alimentadas com produto comercial (PC), à base de cantaxantina e óleo de sementes de urucum. Utilizaram-se 240 poedeiras comerciais com 55 semanas de idade, que receberam cinco diferentes rações: controle (RC) à base de milho e farelo de soja, RC com dois níveis (70 e 140 ppm) do PC e RC com dois níveis de mistura entre pigmentantes comerciais sintéticos Carophyll® Yellow e Red (20 + 10 ppm) e (15 + 30 ppm) e quatro repetições de 12 aves cada. Foram avaliados o desempenho e a cor das gemas, que foi avaliada utilizando o leque colorimétrico. Não houve efeito sobre o desempenho das poedeiras, exceto para a cor da gema, que apresentou interação dos pigmentantes nos diferentes períodos de avaliação. Aos sete dias de fornecimento, houve estabilização da pigmentação, com uso de 70 ppm do produto comercial, enquanto as gemas oriundas dos ovos das aves que receberam a inclusão de 140 ppm estabilizaram a cor aos 14 dias do fornecimento. O produto comercial à base de cantaxantina e óleo de sementes de urucum é eficiente na pigmentação da gema de ovos em rações à base de milho amarelo.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the egg yolk pigmentation of laying hens fed commercial powdered products (CPP) based on canthaxanthin and urucum seed oil. A total of 240 commercial laying hens at 55 weeks of age were used, which received five different rations: control (CR) based on corn and soybean meal, CR with two levels (70 and 140 ppm) of CPP and CR with two levels of mixture between synthetic commercial pigments Carophyll® Yellow and Red (20 + 10 ppm) and (15 + 30 ppm), and four replicates of twelve birds each. The performance and color of the yolk were evaluated, using the colorimetric fan. There was no effect on the performance of the laying hens, except for the color of the yolk, which showed interaction of the pigmentants in the different periods. At seven days of supply there was stabilization of pigmentation with use of 70 ppm of the commercial powdered product, while egg yolks from hens receiving the inclusion of 140 ppm stabilized color at 14 days of delivery. The commercial product based on canthaxanthin and urucum seed oil is efficient in egg yolk pigmentation in yellow maize based diets.(AU)

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