RESUMO

In addition to dermatological complications, acne can affect the quality of life of individuals in numerous ways, such as employment, social habits and body dissatisfaction. According to our expertise, caprylic acid and propanediol would not have a direct action on Cutibacterium acnes. Despite this, we investigated the existence of a synergistic effect among xylitol, caprylic acid and propanediol as a mixture of compounds representing a single topical active ingredient that could benefit the treatment against acne. In vitro and in vivo assays were performed to challenge and to prove the efficacy of propanediol, xylitol and caprylic acid (PXCA) against acne. PXCA had its MIC challenged against C. acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) and Staphylococcus aureus, resulting in concentrations of 0.125% and 0.25%, respectively, and it also developed antimicrobial activity against C. acnes (time-kill test). PXCA was able to reduce the 5-alpha reductase expression in 24% (p < 0.01) in comparison with the testosterone group. By the end of 28 days of treatment, the compound reduced the skin oiliness, porphyrin amount and the quantity of inflammatory lesions in participants. According to the dermatologist evaluation, PXCA improved the skin's general appearance, acne presence and size.

Assuntos

RESUMO

RESEARCH BACKGROUND: New sources of docosahexaenoic acid have recently been investigated aiming at infant formula fortification and dietary supplementation, among which the single cell oil with 40-50% of this acid. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: For this purpose, such an oil was blended with caprylic acid in amount substance ratio ranging from 1:1 to 5:1 and the blends were interesterified using either Novozym 435 or Lipozyme TL IM as the catalyst. The influence of the amount of excess free caprylic acid in the substrate, as well as the type of enzyme on the triacylglycerol rearrangement resulting from the synthesis of the structured lipids were evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The regiospecific lipase Lipozyme TL IM seemed to induce transesterification among single cell oil triacylglycerols preferably by acidolysis with caprylic acid, which was directly proportional to the ratio of this acid in the substrate. In reactions catalyzed by the non-regiospecific lipase Novozym 435, a higher incorporation of caprylic acid into single cell oil triacylglycerols was observed than when using Lipozyme TL IM, independently of the oil/caprylic acid molar ratio. NOVELTY AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION: These results revealed the importance of combining the choice of the type of lipase, either regiospecific or not, with the amount ratios of free fatty acids and the substrate in acidolysis when aiming to produce structured lipids as a source of docosahexaenoic acid.

RESUMO

En la actualidad se utilizan, principalmente, dos métodos de purificación de anticuerpos a partir de plasmas equinos hiperinmunes para la producción de antivenenos a nivel industrial, obteniéndose preparaciones enriquecidas en moléculas de inmunoglobulinas G ó fragmentos F(ab´)2. Con ambos métodos, luego de la precipitación, se observa una importante pérdida de capacidad neutralizante en comparación con la capacidad neutralizante de los plasmas de partida. En este trabajo, se realizó el fraccionamiento de plasmas equinos hiperinmunes utilizando ácido caprílico con y sin digestión enzimática con pepsina. El objetivo del trabajo fue dar a conocer la proporción de recuperación de la capacidad neutralizante luego del fraccionamiento; resultando ésta menor cuando el plasma se trató enzimáticamente. Adicionalmente, se propuso establecer cuál sería la etapa responsable de la diferencia en la recuperación de anticuerpos entre una metodología y otra. Cuando se purificaron las inmunoglobulinas enteras, se recuperó aproximadamente un 53% de la capacidad neutralizante mientras que cuando la muestra se purificó luego de ser tratada enzimáticamente, se obtuvo alrededor del 30% de esa actividad. Una relación de similar magnitud se verifica en la recuperación de la masa de proteínas solubles luego de remover los contaminantes, entre una metodología y otra. La insolubilización del fragmento Fc generado durante la digestión sería el responsable de esa pérdida adicional de proteína y capacidad neutralizante.

Today two methods are mainly used for the purification of antibodies from hyperimmune equine plasma at industrial level obtaining enriched preparations of immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules or F(ab´)2 fragments. In both methods, after the precipitation, an important loss in the neutralizing capability was observed compared to the one of the original plasma. In this work, we performed the fractionation of hyperimmune equine plasma using caprylic acid, with and without enzymatic digestion with pepsin. The aim was to explain the percentage of recovery of the neutralizing capability after the fractionation; which resulted minor when the plasma was enzymatically treated. Additionally, we intended to establish which stage, in the purification process, was the responsible for the difference in the antibody recovery between one methodology and the other. When entire immunoglobulins were purified, approximately 53% of the neutralizing capacity was recovered, but when the sample was purified after the enzymatic treatment, around the 30% of the activity was obtained. A ratio of similar magnitude is verified on the recovery of the soluble protein mass after the removal of contaminants, between the two methods. The insolubilization of the fragment Fc generated during digestion would be responsible for the additional loss of protein and neutralizing capacity.

Assuntos

RESUMO

En la actualidad se utilizan, principalmente, dos métodos de purificación de anticuerpos a partir de plasmas equinos hiperinmunes para la producción de antivenenos a nivel industrial, obteniéndose preparaciones enriquecidas en moléculas de inmunoglobulinas G ó fragmentos F(ab´)2. Con ambos métodos, luego de la precipitación, se observa una importante pérdida de capacidad neutralizante en comparación con la capacidad neutralizante de los plasmas de partida. En este trabajo, se realizó el fraccionamiento de plasmas equinos hiperinmunes utilizando ácido caprílico con y sin digestión enzimática con pepsina. El objetivo del trabajo fue dar a conocer la proporción de recuperación de la capacidad neutralizante luego del fraccionamiento; resultando ésta menor cuando el plasma se trató enzimáticamente. Adicionalmente, se propuso establecer cuál sería la etapa responsable de la diferencia en la recuperación de anticuerpos entre una metodología y otra. Cuando se purificaron las inmunoglobulinas enteras, se recuperó aproximadamente un 53% de la capacidad neutralizante mientras que cuando la muestra se purificó luego de ser tratada enzimáticamente, se obtuvo alrededor del 30% de esa actividad. Una relación de similar magnitud se verifica en la recuperación de la masa de proteínas solubles luego de remover los contaminantes, entre una metodología y otra. La insolubilización del fragmento Fc generado durante la digestión sería el responsable de esa pérdida adicional de proteína y capacidad neutralizante.(AU)

Today two methods are mainly used for the purification of antibodies from hyperimmune equine plasma at industrial level obtaining enriched preparations of immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules or F(ab´)2 fragments. In both methods, after the precipitation, an important loss in the neutralizing capability was observed compared to the one of the original plasma. In this work, we performed the fractionation of hyperimmune equine plasma using caprylic acid, with and without enzymatic digestion with pepsin. The aim was to explain the percentage of recovery of the neutralizing capability after the fractionation; which resulted minor when the plasma was enzymatically treated. Additionally, we intended to establish which stage, in the purification process, was the responsible for the difference in the antibody recovery between one methodology and the other. When entire immunoglobulins were purified, approximately 53% of the neutralizing capacity was recovered, but when the sample was purified after the enzymatic treatment, around the 30% of the activity was obtained. A ratio of similar magnitude is verified on the recovery of the soluble protein mass after the removal of contaminants, between the two methods. The insolubilization of the fragment Fc generated during digestion would be responsible for the additional loss of protein and neutralizing capacity.(AU)

RESUMO

Las mordeduras producidas por serpientes venenosas son un serio problema médico en varias regiones del mundo y sobre las cuales los sistemas de salud actúan en diferentes grados en lo referente a tratamiento y prevención. Sin embargo, el tratamiento de las mordeduras de serpientes venenosas en animales domésticos puede resultar difícil por diversos motivos, siendo uno de estos la baja oferta o ausencia de antivenenos para uso veterinario. Las presiones comerciales en la industria farmacéutica han llevado a una reducción en la producción de antivenenos en varias partes del mundo, su disponibilidad es, a veces, bastante limitada y en algunos casos, son imposibles de conseguir. En este trabajo, inmunizamos caballos con veneno de serpientes Sudamericanas para obtener el plasma hiperinmune que fue procesado para obtener IgG entera o fragmentos F(ab´)2 usando dos métodos convencionales (fraccionamiento por ácido caprílico o doble precipitación salina y digestión con pepsina). Los antivenenos así obtenidos fueron probados en sus características bioquímicas e inmunoquímicas, así como en su potencia neutralizante. El SDS-PAGE de los antivenenos mostró bandas en el orden de los 150 y 100 kDa en los antivenenos conteniendo IgG entera o fragmentos F(ab´)2, respectivamente. La presencia de albúmina o contaminantes de alto o bajo peso molecular no fue detectada en ninguna de las preparaciones. No se observaron diferencias importantes en la potencia neutralizante de los antivenenos, aunque el costo de producción fue mucho más bajo en la obtención de IgG completa. A partir de esto, se sugiere que los bajos costos de producción en la obtención de antivenenos de IgG entera para uso veterinario, hacen a esta tecnología adecuada y rentable cuando la producción de F(ab´)2 no es posible.

Bites by venomous snakes are a serious medical problem in several regions of the world, on which the different health systems act with different modalities. Nevertheless, the treatment of venomous snakebites in domestic animals can turn difficult due several problems among which, the conspicuous, is the low availability or lack of antivenoms for veterinary use. As commercial pressures on the pharmaceutical industry have led to a reduction in the production of antivenins in several parts of the world, their availability is sometimes rather limited and sometimes these products are impossible to obtain. In this work, we immunized horses with venom of South American vipers to obtain hyperimmune plasma. The plasma was processed to separate whole IgG of F(ab´)2 fragments using two conventional methods (caprylic acid fractionation or double saline precipitation and pepsin digestion). The obtained antivenins were tested for their biochemical and immunochemical characteristics and neutralizing potency. The SDS-PAGE of the antivenins showed, in the processed antivenin, bands in the order of 150 and 100 kDa in the whole IgG or F(ab´)2 fragments, respectively. The presence of albumin or contaminants of high or low molecular weight was not detected in any of the preparations. No important differences were observed in the neutralizing potency of the antivenins, although production cost was very low with the method used to obtain pure IgG. The low production cost makes the production of antivenins for veterinary use profitable when the production of F(ab´)2 fragments is not possible.

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