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Os Papilomavírus Humano (HPVs) são membros da família Papilomaviridae. O vírus destaca-se pelo seu tropismo por células epiteliais, infectando exclusivamente mucosa epitelial e cutânea. O HPV-16 e HPV-18 são subtipos classificados como de alto risco, conhecidos por sua oncogenicidade, fortemente associados aos cânceres anais, genitais e de orofaringe. Lesões por HPV representam um grande grupo de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis. O objetivo do presente estudo consistiu em realizar uma revisão narrativa sobre a associação entre lesões por HPV e carcinomas genitais e da cavidade oral. Realizamos uma busca na base de dados eletrônicos PubMed, Lilacs, Scielo, Medline e Google Scholar, sendo utilizados artigos publicados entre os anos de 2017-2021, ao fim, foram selecionados 36 artigos. Grande parte das infecções por HPV são subclínicas, ou seja, não apresentam sintomatologia importante e tendem a desaparecer espontaneamente. Desta forma, faz-se necessário ter conhecimento a respeito dos aspectos clínicos e comportamentais dessas lesões, possibilitando o diagnóstico precoce, evitando a evolução para estágios mais invasivos, favorecendo um tratamento efetivo e melhor prognóstico.

Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) are members of the Papilomaviridae family. The virus stands out for its tropism for epithelial cells, exclusively infecting epithelial and cutaneous mucosa. O HPV-16 and HPV-18 are subtypes classified as high risk, known for their oncogenicity, strongly associated with anal, genital and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV lesions represent a large group of sexually transmitted diseases. The objective of this study was to carry out a narrative review on the association between HPV lesions and genital and oral cavity carcinomas. We carried out a search in the electronic databases PubMed, Lilacs, Scielo, Medline and Google Scholar, using articles published between the years of 2017-2021, at the end, foram selected 36 articles. A large part of HPV infections are subclinical, or seem to, do not present significant symptoms and tend to disappear spontaneously. In this way, it is necessary to be aware of the two clinical and behavioral aspects of these injuries, enabling early diagnosis, avoiding evolution to more invasive stages, favoring effective treatment and better prognosis.

Los virus del papiloma humano (VPH) son miembros de la familia Papillomaviridae. El virus destaca por su tropismo por las células epiteliales, infectando exclusivamente mucosas epiteliales y cutáneas. El VPH-16 y el VPH-18 son subtipos clasificados como de alto riesgo, conocidos por su oncogenicidad, fuertemente asociados con cánceres anales, genitales y orofaríngeos. Las lesiones por VPH representan un gran grupo de enfermedades de transmisión sexual. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión narrativa sobre la asociación entre las lesiones por VPH y los carcinomas genitales y de cavidad oral. Realizamos una búsqueda en la base de datos electrónica PubMed, Lilacs, Scielo, Medline y Google Scholar, utilizando artículos publicados entre los años 2017-2021, al final se seleccionaron 36 artículos. La mayoría de las infecciones por VPH son subclínicas, es decir, no presentan síntomas importantes y tienden a desaparecer espontáneamente. Por lo tanto, es necesario tener conocimiento sobre los aspectos clínicos y conductuales de estas lesiones, que permitan un diagnóstico precoz, evitando la progresión a estadios más invasivos, favoreciendo un tratamiento eficaz y un mejor pronóstico.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Imprisoned women have higher rates of abnormalities at cervical screening and some studies suggest that cervical cancer is the most common cancer in this population. The aim of this work was to summarise the current evidence on the prevalence of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, cervical cancer and precancerous lesions in women in prison worldwide and to compare these rates with the general population. METHODS: We systematically searched and reviewed published and unpublished data reporting the prevalence of any HPV infection, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer in imprisoned women. We created forest plots with prevalence estimates from studies with comparable outcomes and of prevalence ratios using data from national screening programmes as a comparison group. FINDINGS: A total of 53 533 imprisoned women from 10 countries and 35 studies were included in the review. The prevalence of HPV among prisoners ranged from 10.5% to 55.4% with significant heterogeneity. The prevalence of CIN diagnosed by cytology in prisoners ranged from 0% to 22%. Ratios comparing the prevalence of CIN in imprisoned women to that in the community ranged from 1.13 to 5.46. Cancer prevalence estimates were at least 100 times higher than in populations participating in national screening programmes. CONCLUSION: Imprisoned women are at higher risk of cervical cancer than the general population. There is a high prevalence of HPV infection and precancerous lesions in this population. Targeted programmes for control of risk factors and the development of more effective cervical screening programmes are recommended. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42014009690.

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El proceso y el significado de la experiencia de las mujeres con cáncer de cérvix no se hacen evidentes dentro del manejo de la enfermedad, sin embargo la mujer se enfrenta a una serie de situaciones desde la sospecha del diagnóstico hasta la fase de superviviente. Objetivo: Proponer un planteamiento teórico que describa los proceso y el significado de la experiencia de las mujeres con cáncer de cérvix Metodología: Se realizó un estudio de tipo cualitativo con el método de teoría fundamentada la cual lleva a generar un planteamiento teórico. Se realizaron 13 entrevistas a profundidad a mujeres con diagnóstico de cáncer de cérvix atendidas en un centro de atención oncológica de la ciudad de Bogotá. Se acudió al análisis propuesto por Corbin y Strauss. Resultados: la realización de 13 entrevistas a profundidad que permiten determinar 5 subcategorías: entrando en un camino desconocido, afrontando lo que nadie se imagina, viviendo la enfermedad, continuando a pesar del cansancio, saliendo del sufrimiento una nueva oportunidad. Estas subcategorías llevan a generar la teoría "Encontrándome como sobreviviente de cáncer de cérvix", las mujeres viven 5 etapas en el proceso del cáncer de cérvix cada una identificada por la presencia de síntomas, el apoyo familiar y la espiritualidad. El proceso del cáncer significa una experiencia traumática, de sufrimiento y dolor pero a la vez otra oportunidad para disfrutar de la vida y de sus familias. Conclusiones: El planteamiento teórico "Encontrándome como sobreviviente de cáncer de cérvix" es el resultado de la interacción con la realidad de la mujer con cáncer de cérvix, donde se determina a la mujer como una persona con fortaleza, capaz de afrontar las dificultades y efectos de una enfermedad catalogada como mortal y dolorosa. (AU)

The process and meaning of the experience of women with cervical cancer are not evident within the pathological process of cancer, however the woman faces a series of situations from the suspicion of diagnosis to the survivor phase. Objective: To propose a theoretical approach that describes the processes and meaning of the experience of women with cervical cancer. Methodology: A qualitative study was carried out with the method of grounded theory which leads to generate a theoretical approach. 13 in-depth interviews were conducted with women diagnosed with cervical cancer treated at the Nogales clinic in the city of Bogotá Results: carrying out 13 in-depth interviews that allow us to determine 5 subcategories: entering an unknown path, facing what nobody imagines, living the illness, continuing despite the fatigue, leaving suffering a new opportunity. These subcategories lead to generate the theory "Finding myself as a survivor of cervical cancer", where women live 5 stages in the process of cervical cancer each identified by the presence of symptoms, family support and spirituality. In the same way women establish the cancer process as a traumatic experience, suffering and pain but allowing them to live another opportunity to enjoy life and their families Conclusions: The theoretical approach "Finding myself as a survivor of cervical cancer" is the result of the interaction with the reality of the woman with cervical cancer, where the woman is determined as a person with strength, able to face the difficulties and effects of a disease classified as deadly and painful. (AU)

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BACKGROUND: It is uncertain whether the inverse equity hypothesis-the idea that new health interventions are initially primarily accessed by the rich, but that inequalities narrow with diffusion to the poor-holds true for cancer screening in low and middle income countries (LMICs).This study examines the relationship between overall coverage and economic inequalities in coverage of cancer screening in four middle-income countries. METHODS: Secondary analyses of cross-sectional data from the WHO study on Global Ageing and Adult Health in China, Mexico, Russia and South Africa (2007-2010). Three regression-based methods were used to measure economic inequalities: (1) Adjusted OR; (2) Relative Index of Inequality (RII); and (3) Slope Index of Inequality. RESULTS: Coverage for breast cancer screening was 10.5% in South Africa, 19.3% in China, 33.8% in Russia and 43% in Mexico, and coverage for cervical cancer screening was 24% in South Africa, 27.2% in China, 63.7% in Mexico and 81.5% in Russia. Economic inequalities in screening participation were substantially lower or non-existent in countries with higher aggregate coverage, for both breast cancer screening (RII: 14.57 in South Africa, 4.90 in China, 2.01 in Mexico, 1.04 in Russia) and cervical cancer screening (RII: 3.60 in China, 2.47 in South Africa, 1.39 in Mexico, 1.12 in Russia). CONCLUSIONS: Economic inequalities in breast and cervical cancer screening are low in LMICs with high screening coverage. These findings are consistent with the inverse equity hypothesis and indicate that high levels of equity in cancer screening are feasible even in countries with high income inequality.

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Background: There is limited information on population-based cancer survival data in Latin America. Objective: To obtain estimates of survival for some cancers recognized as a public health priority in Colombia using data from the Cancer Registry of Cali for 1995-2004. Methods: All cancer cases for residents of Cali were included for the following sites: breast (3,984), cervix uteri (2,469), prostate (3,999), stomach (3,442) and lung (2,170). Five-year relative survival estimates were calculated using the approach described by Estève. Results: Five-year relative survival was 79% in patients with prostate cancer and 68% and 60% in women with breast or cervix uteri cancer, respectively. The cure fraction was 6% in subjects with lung cancer and 15% in those with stomach cancer. The probability of dying from breast or prostate cancer in people in the lower socio-economic strata (SES) was 1.8 and 2.6 times greater, respectively, when compared to upper SES, p <0.001. Excess mortality associated with cancer was independent of age in prostate or breast cancer. After adjusting for age, sex and SES, the risk of dying from breast, cervix uteri, prostate and lung cancer during the 2000-2004 period decreased 19%, 13%, 48% and 16%, respectively, when compared with the period of 1995-1999. There was no change in the prognosis for patients with stomach cancer. Conclusions: Survival for some kinds of cancer improved through the 1995-2004 period, however health care programs for cancer patients in Cali are inequitable. People from lower SES are the most vulnerable and the least likely to survive.

Antecedentes: En Latinoamérica existe poca información de estimaciones de supervivencia al cáncer basadas en estudios de población. Objetivo: Obtener estimaciones de supervivencia relativa (SR) para algunos tipos de cáncer reconocidos como prioridad de salud pública en Colombia con la información del Registro Poblacional de Cáncer de Cali. Métodos: Se incluyeron todos los casos de cáncer invasivo ocurridos en residentes de Cali durante el periodo 1994-2005 para las siguientes localizaciones: mama (3,984), cérvix (2,469), próstata (3,999), estómago (3,442) y pulmón (2,170). Las estimaciones de supervivencia relativa a cinco años se calcularon utilizando el método descrito por Estève. Resultados: La SR a cinco años fue 79% en pacientes con cáncer de próstata y 68% y 60% en mujeres con cáncer de mama y cérvix. La fracción de curación fue 6% en sujetos con cáncer de pulmón y 15% en aquellos con cáncer de estómago; en estos pacientes; la SR a cinco años fue 17%. La probabilidad de morir por cáncer de mama o próstata en personas de los ESE más bajos fue de 1.8 y 2.6 veces más, respectivamente, en comparación con los ESE altos, p <0.001. Después de ajustar por edad, sexo y ESE, el riesgo de morir por cáncer de mama, cérvix, próstata o pulmón en el período 2000-2004 se redujo 19%, 13% 52% y 16%, respectivamente, en comparación con el período 1995-1999. No hubo cambio en el pronóstico para los pacientes con cáncer de estómago. Conclusión: La supervivencia para algunos tipos de cáncer ha mejorado a través de los años 1995-2004, pero los programas de atención para los pacientes con cáncer en Cali son inequitativos. Las personas de ESE bajos son más vulnerables y tienen menos probabilidad de sobrevivir al cáncer.

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No presente trabalho, estudamos a frequência de achados de esfregaços anormais pelo exame de Papanicolaou nas populações de adolescentes (idade <=21 anos)e adulta (>21 anos) atendidas pelo Setor de Citologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz-Programa de Prevenção do Câncer de Colo Uterino nos últimos seis anos (1996 a 2001). Verificamos que a frequência destes achados vem aumentando gradativamente em ambas as populações, sendo sempre mais alta nas adolescentes (1,7 por cento, 2,3 por cento, 1,8 por cento, 1,3 por cento, 2,6 por cento e 4,2 por cento respectivamente). Nas mulheres adultas, as lesões também sobreram progressivo aumento com o passar dos anos, com ocorrência de 1,2 por cento, 1,3 por cento, 1,0 por cento, 0,9 por cento, 1,6 por cento e 2,5 por cento respectivamente. A análise estatística mostrou uma tendência linear de aumento de frequência de exames anormais em ambos os grupos sendo maior nas adolescentes. Acrescendo os dados dos quatro anos precedentes (1992 a 1995) de estudo similar, publicado anteriormente, envolvendo o mesmo tipo de populações, as diferenças foram ainda mais notáveis com relação aos anos posteriores: de 1992 a 1995, a frequência de lesões na população de adolescentes foi de 0,45 por cento, 0,95 por cento, 1,12 por cento e 2,10 por cento, e na população de adultas, 0,44 por cento, 0,72 por cento, 0,87 por cento e 1,18 por cento respectivamente. Uma vez que a progressão das lesões para câncer cervical se dá em um período médio de dez anos, é de grande importância que a população mais jovem, sexualmente ativa, também seja monitorada pelos Programas de Prevenção de Câncer do Colo Uterino. (AU)

The aim of the present study was to ascertain the frequency of abnormal PAP smears(ASCUS, AGUS, SILs and carcinoma) in two populations that search for the Program of Cervical CancerPrevention of the Public Health Services of São Paulo State (Brazil) in the last six years (1996 to 2001):adolescents (up to the age of 21 years) and adults (over 21 years). The samples were examined at Divisionof Pathology of Adolfo Lutz Institute. The frequency of uterine cervix lesions is increasing constantly inboth populations but mainly in adolescents (1.7%, 2.3%, 1.8%, 1.3% 2.6% and 4.2% respectively). Theadult women also have showed a progressive increasing of the lesions during the period studied: 1.2%,1.3%, 1.0%, 0.9%,1.6% and 2.5%, respectively. The addition of data of four anterior years (1992 a1995) of a similar study previously published, involving the same type of populations, the differences werestill further notable if compared to the posterior years: from 1992 a 1995, the frequency of lesions in theadolescent population was 0,45%, 0,95%, 1,12% e 2,10%, and in the adult population was 0,44%, 0,72%,0,87% e 1,18%, respectively.Statistical analysis showed a tendency of linear increase in frequency of abnormal PAP smears in bothgroups, being greater in the adolescent group. Since the progression of intraepithelial lesions to invasivecancer may occur in a period of ten years, the younger sexually active population should be monitored byregular programs for uterine cervix cancer detection. (AU)

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