RESUMO
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that is highly toxic to humans and animals. Its adverse effects have been widely associated with mitochondrial alterations. However, there are not many treatments that target mitochondria. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of sulforaphane (SFN) pre-exposure against cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced toxicity and mitochondrial alterations in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), by exploring the role of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway (IIS). The results revealed that prior exposure to SFN protected against CdCl2-induced mortality and increased lifespan, body length, and mobility while reducing lipofuscin levels. Furthermore, SFN prevented mitochondrial alterations by increasing mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and restoring mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate, thereby decreasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The improvement in mitochondrial function was associated with increased mitochondrial mass and the involvement of the daf-16 and skn-1c genes of the IIS signaling pathway. In conclusion, exposure to SFN before exposure to CdCl2 mitigates toxic effects and mitochondrial alterations, possibly by increasing mitochondrial mass, which may be related to the regulation of the IIS pathway. These discoveries open new possibilities for developing therapies to reduce the damage caused by Cd toxicity and oxidative stress in biological systems, highlighting antioxidants with mitochondrial action as promising tools.
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Trees in cacao Agroforestry systems (AFS) may present a high potential for cadmium (Cd) phytoextraction, helping to reduce Cd in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) plants grown in contaminated soils. To assess this potential, four forest fine-woody species commonly found in cacao high-productive sites in Colombia (Tabebuia rosea, Terminalia superba, Albizia guachapele, and Cariniana pyriformis) were exposed to contrasting CdCl2 contamination levels (0, 6, and 12 ppm) on a hydroponic medium. Growth dynamics, tolerance index (TI), and Cd concentration and allocation in leaves, stems, and roots were evaluated for up to 90 days after initial exposure. T. superba, A. guachapele, and C. pyriformis were classified as moderately tolerant (TI > 0.6), and T. rosea was considered a sensitive species (TI < 0.35) under 12 ppm Cd contamination. Despite showing a high stem Cd concentration, C. pyriformis also showed the lowest relative growth rate. Among the evaluated forest species, A. guachapele exhibited the highest Cd accumulation capacity per plant (2.02 mg plant-1) but also exhibited a higher Cd allocation to leaves (4%) and a strong decrease in leaf and stem dry mass after 90 days of exposure (~75% and 50% respectively, compared to control treatments). Taking together all the favorable features exhibited by T. superba as compared to other CAFS tree species and recognized phytoextractor tree species in the literature, such as Cd hyperaccumulation, high tolerance index, low Cd concentration in leaves, and high Cd allocation to the stem (harvestable as wood), this species is considered to have a high potential for cadmium phytoextraction in cocoa agroforestry systems.
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The accumulation of high cadmium (Cd) levels in cacao beans (Theobroma cacao) generate several commercial and health issues. We hypothesized that cacao phenotypic and genotypic diversity could provide new insights to decrease Cd accumulation in cacao beans. Nine cacao rootstock genotypes were evaluated for up to 90 days under 0, 6, and 12 (mg·kg-1) of CdCl2 exposure and Cd content and plant growth dynamics were measured in leaves, stems, and roots. Data revealed that all cacao genotypes studied here were highly tolerant to Cd, since they presented tolerance index ≥ 60%. In shoots, EET61 and PA46 presented the higher (~270 mg·kg DW-1) and lower (~20 mg·kg DW-1) Cd concentration, respectively. Accordingly, only the EET61 showed an increase in the shoot cadmium translocation factor over the 90 days of exposure. However, when analyzing cadmium allocation to different organs based on total plant dry mass production, none of the genotypes maintained high Cd compartmentalization into roots, since P46, which was the genotype with the highest allocation of Cd to the roots, presented only 20% of total cadmium per plant in this plant organ and 80% allocated into the shoots, under Cd 12 (mg·kg-1) and after 90 days of exposure. Thus, genotypic/phenotypic variability in cacao rootstocks may provide valuable strategies for maximizing the reduction in Cd content in shoots. In this sense, IMC67 and PA46 were the ones that stood out in the present study.
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Cadmium is a typical heavy metal quite dangerous to humans and animals. Zinc supplementation protects the biological system from Cd toxicity and alleviates Cd-induced toxicity. The present study was assessed to evaluate the preventive effects of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) on male mice with liver damage induced by cadmium chloride (CdCl2). Metals accumulation was quantified in the liver. Body weight, liver weight ratio, lipid peroxidation, caspase 3, and DNA damage were determined in the liver of male mice after receiving an intraperitoneal (IP) a single dose of CdCl2 at 1.5 and 3 mg/kg or/and ZnCl2 10 mg/kg during 21 days. The LD50 was 6.023 mg/kg for CdCl2 and 89.05 mg/kg for ZnCl2. The results indicate that mice in control and Zn groups gained body weight at the end of the experiment, while other treated groups significantly decreased. The relative weight of the liver revealed a significant increase in experimental groups. In addition, an increase in malondialdehyde level, Metallothionein concentration, and caspase-3 level was detected in Cd and Zn groups alone or in combination. Strand breaks of DNA of hepatocytes showed a significant increase in tail length of groups treated with cadmium. Co-treatment with zinc reduced these parameters compared to those measured in cells treated with cadmium. The outcome of this study implied that cadmium chloride causes oxidative stress, DNA damage, and elevated apoptosis markers in mice livers at low and medium doses. By pinpointing the target organ involved, the study results have also added some understanding of the impacts of zinc chloride injection to ameliorate cadmium toxicity in a low dose at 10 mg/kg.
Assuntos
Animais , Camundongos , Zinco , Cádmio/toxicidade , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , GenotoxicidadeRESUMO
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the major toxicants, which affects human health through occupational and environmental exposure. In the current study, we evaluated the protective effects of morel mushrooms against Cd-induced reproductive damages in rats. For this purpose, 30 male rats were divided into 6 groups (n=5/group), the first group served as the control group, second group was treated with an intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of 1 mg/kg/day of Cd. Third and fourth groups were co-treated with 1 mg/kg/day of Cd (i.p) and 10 and 20 mg/kg/day of morel mushroom extract (orally) respectively. The final 2 groups received oral gavage of 10 and 20 mg/kg/day of morel mushroom extract alone. After treatment for 17 days, the animals were euthanized, and testes and epididymis were dissected out. One testis and epididymis of each animal were processed for histology, while the other testis and epididymis were used for daily sperm production (DSP) and comet assay. Our results showed that Cd and morel mushrooms have no effect on animal weight, but Cd significantly decreases the DSP count and damages the heritable DNA which is reversed in co-treatment groups. Similarly, the histopathological results of testes and epididymis show that morel mushrooms control the damage to these tissues. Whereas the morel mushroom extract alone could enhance the production of testosterone. These results conclude that morel mushrooms not only control the damage done by Cd, but it could also be used as a protection mechanism for heritable DNA damage.
O cádmio (Cd) é um dos principais tóxicos, que afeta a saúde humana por meio da exposição ocupacional e ambiental. No presente estudo, avaliamos os efeitos protetores dos cogumelos morel contra os danos reprodutivos induzidos pelo Cd em ratos. Para tanto, 30 ratos machos foram divididos em 6 grupos (n = 5 / grupo); o primeiro grupo serviu de controle, o segundo grupo foi tratado com injeção intraperitoneal (i.p) de 1 mg / kg / dia de Cd. O terceiro e o quarto grupos foram cotratados com 1 mg / kg / dia de Cd (i.p) e 10 e 20 mg / kg / dia de extrato de cogumelo morel (por via oral), respectivamente. Os dois grupos finais receberam gavagem oral de 10 e 20 mg / kg / dia de extrato de cogumelo morel sozinho. Após o tratamento por 17 dias, os animais foram sacrificados e os testículos e o epidídimo foram dissecados. Um testículo e epidídimo de cada animal foram processados para histologia, enquanto o outro testículo e epidídimo foram usados para produção diária de esperma (DSP) e ensaio cometa. Nossos resultados mostraram que os cogumelos Cd e morel não têm efeito sobre o peso do animal, mas o Cd diminui significativamente a contagem de DSP e danifica o DNA hereditário, que é revertido em grupos de cotratamento. Da mesma forma, os resultados histopatológicos dos testículos e do epidídimo mostram que os cogumelos morel controlam os danos a esses tecidos. Considerando que o extrato de cogumelo morel sozinho pode aumentar a produção de testosterona. Esses resultados concluem que os cogumelos morel não apenas controlam os danos causados pelo Cd, mas também podem ser usados como um mecanismo de proteção para danos hereditários ao DNA.
Assuntos
Masculino , Animais , Ratos , DNA , Cádmio/toxicidade , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacos , Reprodução/genética , FitoterapiaRESUMO
Abstract Cadmium (Cd) is one of the major toxicants, which affects human health through occupational and environmental exposure. In the current study, we evaluated the protective effects of morel mushrooms against Cd-induced reproductive damages in rats. For this purpose, 30 male rats were divided into 6 groups (n=5/group), the first group served as the control group, second group was treated with an intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of 1 mg/kg/day of Cd. Third and fourth groups were co-treated with 1 mg/kg/day of Cd (i.p) and 10 and 20 mg/kg/day of morel mushroom extract (orally) respectively. The final 2 groups received oral gavage of 10 and 20 mg/kg/day of morel mushroom extract alone. After treatment for 17 days, the animals were euthanized, and testes and epididymis were dissected out. One testis and epididymis of each animal were processed for histology, while the other testis and epididymis were used for daily sperm production (DSP) and comet assay. Our results showed that Cd and morel mushrooms have no effect on animal weight, but Cd significantly decreases the DSP count and damages the heritable DNA which is reversed in co-treatment groups. Similarly, the histopathological results of testes and epididymis show that morel mushrooms control the damage to these tissues. Whereas the morel mushroom extract alone could enhance the production of testosterone. These results conclude that morel mushrooms not only control the damage done by Cd, but it could also be used as a protection mechanism for heritable DNA damage.
Resumo O cádmio (Cd) é um dos principais tóxicos, que afeta a saúde humana por meio da exposição ocupacional e ambiental. No presente estudo, avaliamos os efeitos protetores dos cogumelos morel contra os danos reprodutivos induzidos pelo Cd em ratos. Para tanto, 30 ratos machos foram divididos em 6 grupos (n = 5 / grupo); o primeiro grupo serviu de controle, o segundo grupo foi tratado com injeção intraperitoneal (i.p) de 1 mg / kg / dia de Cd. O terceiro e o quarto grupos foram cotratados com 1 mg / kg / dia de Cd (i.p) e 10 e 20 mg / kg / dia de extrato de cogumelo morel (por via oral), respectivamente. Os dois grupos finais receberam gavagem oral de 10 e 20 mg / kg / dia de extrato de cogumelo morel sozinho. Após o tratamento por 17 dias, os animais foram sacrificados e os testículos e o epidídimo foram dissecados. Um testículo e epidídimo de cada animal foram processados para histologia, enquanto o outro testículo e epidídimo foram usados para produção diária de esperma (DSP) e ensaio cometa. Nossos resultados mostraram que os cogumelos Cd e morel não têm efeito sobre o peso do animal, mas o Cd diminui significativamente a contagem de DSP e danifica o DNA hereditário, que é revertido em grupos de cotratamento. Da mesma forma, os resultados histopatológicos dos testículos e do epidídimo mostram que os cogumelos morel controlam os danos a esses tecidos. Considerando que o extrato de cogumelo morel sozinho pode aumentar a produção de testosterona. Esses resultados concluem que os cogumelos morel não apenas controlam os danos causados pelo Cd, mas também podem ser usados como um mecanismo de proteção para danos hereditários ao DNA.
RESUMO
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the major toxicants, which affects human health through occupational and environmental exposure. In the current study, we evaluated the protective effects of morel mushrooms against Cd-induced reproductive damages in rats. For this purpose, 30 male rats were divided into 6 groups (n=5/group), the first group served as the control group, second group was treated with an intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of 1 mg/kg/day of Cd. Third and fourth groups were co-treated with 1 mg/kg/day of Cd (i.p) and 10 and 20 mg/kg/day of morel mushroom extract (orally) respectively. The final 2 groups received oral gavage of 10 and 20 mg/kg/day of morel mushroom extract alone. After treatment for 17 days, the animals were euthanized, and testes and epididymis were dissected out. One testis and epididymis of each animal were processed for histology, while the other testis and epididymis were used for daily sperm production (DSP) and comet assay. Our results showed that Cd and morel mushrooms have no effect on animal weight, but Cd significantly decreases the DSP count and damages the heritable DNA which is reversed in co-treatment groups. Similarly, the histopathological results of tests and epididymis show that morel mushrooms control the damage to these tissues. Whereas the morel mushroom extract alone could enhance the production of testosterone. These results conclude that morel mushrooms not only control the damage done by Cd, but it could also be used as a protection mechanism for heritable DNA damage.
O cádmio (Cd) é um dos principais tóxicos, que afeta a saúde humana por meio da exposição ocupacional e ambiental. No presente estudo, avaliamos os efeitos protetores dos cogumelos morel contra os danos reprodutivos induzidos pelo Cd em ratos. Para tanto, 30 ratos machos foram divididos em 6 grupos (n = 5 / grupo); o primeiro grupo serviu de controle, o segundo grupo foi tratado com injeção intraperitoneal (i.p) de 1 mg / kg / dia de Cd. O terceiro e o quarto grupos foram cotratados com 1 mg / kg / dia de Cd (i.p) e 10 e 20 mg / kg / dia de extrato de cogumelo morel (por via oral), respectivamente. Os dois grupos finais receberam gavagem oral de 10 e 20 mg / kg / dia de extrato de cogumelo morel sozinho. Após o tratamento por 17 dias, os animais foram sacrificados e os testículos e o epidídimo foram dissecados. Um testículo e epidídimo de cada animal foram processados para histologia, enquanto o outro testículo e epidídimo foram usados para produção diária de esperma (DSP) e ensaio cometa. Nossos resultados mostraram que os cogumelos Cd e morel não têm efeito sobre o peso do animal, mas o Cd diminui significativamente a contagem de DSP e danifica o DNA hereditário, que é revertido em grupos de cotratamento. Da mesma forma, os resultados histopatológicos dos testículos e do epidídimo mostram que os cogumelos morel controlam os danos a esses tecidos. Considerando que o extrato de cogumelo morel sozinho pode aumentar a produção de testosterona. Esses resultados concluem que os cogumelos morel não apenas controlam os danos causados pelo Cd, mas também podem ser usados como um mecanismo de proteção para danos hereditários ao DNA.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Cádmio/toxicidade , Agaricales , Ascomicetos , Espermatozoides , TestículoRESUMO
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the major toxicants, which affects human health through occupational and environmental exposure. In the current study, we evaluated the protective effects of morel mushrooms against Cd-induced reproductive damages in rats. For this purpose, 30 male rats were divided into 6 groups (n=5/group), the first group served as the control group, second group was treated with an intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of 1 mg/kg/day of Cd. Third and fourth groups were co-treated with 1 mg/kg/day of Cd (i.p) and 10 and 20 mg/kg/day of morel mushroom extract (orally) respectively. The final 2 groups received oral gavage of 10 and 20 mg/kg/day of morel mushroom extract alone. After treatment for 17 days, the animals were euthanized, and testes and epididymis were dissected out. One testis and epididymis of each animal were processed for histology, while the other testis and epididymis were used for daily sperm production (DSP) and comet assay. Our results showed that Cd and morel mushrooms have no effect on animal weight, but Cd significantly decreases the DSP count and damages the heritable DNA which is reversed in co-treatment groups. Similarly, the histopathological results of testes and epididymis show that morel mushrooms control the damage to these tissues. Whereas the morel mushroom extract alone could enhance the production of testosterone. These results conclude that morel mushrooms not only control the damage done by Cd, but it could also be used as a protection mechanism for heritable DNA damage.(AU)
O cádmio (Cd) é um dos principais tóxicos, que afeta a saúde humana por meio da exposição ocupacional e ambiental. No presente estudo, avaliamos os efeitos protetores dos cogumelos morel contra os danos reprodutivos induzidos pelo Cd em ratos. Para tanto, 30 ratos machos foram divididos em 6 grupos (n = 5 / grupo); o primeiro grupo serviu de controle, o segundo grupo foi tratado com injeção intraperitoneal (i.p) de 1 mg / kg / dia de Cd. O terceiro e o quarto grupos foram cotratados com 1 mg / kg / dia de Cd (i.p) e 10 e 20 mg / kg / dia de extrato de cogumelo morel (por via oral), respectivamente. Os dois grupos finais receberam gavagem oral de 10 e 20 mg / kg / dia de extrato de cogumelo morel sozinho. Após o tratamento por 17 dias, os animais foram sacrificados e os testículos e o epidídimo foram dissecados. Um testículo e epidídimo de cada animal foram processados para histologia, enquanto o outro testículo e epidídimo foram usados para produção diária de esperma (DSP) e ensaio cometa. Nossos resultados mostraram que os cogumelos Cd e morel não têm efeito sobre o peso do animal, mas o Cd diminui significativamente a contagem de DSP e danifica o DNA hereditário, que é revertido em grupos de cotratamento. Da mesma forma, os resultados histopatológicos dos testículos e do epidídimo mostram que os cogumelos morel controlam os danos a esses tecidos. Considerando que o extrato de cogumelo morel sozinho pode aumentar a produção de testosterona. Esses resultados concluem que os cogumelos morel não apenas controlam os danos causados pelo Cd, mas também podem ser usados como um mecanismo de proteção para danos hereditários ao DNA.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Cádmio/toxicidade , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacos , Reprodução/genética , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , FitoterapiaRESUMO
Grafting typically offers a shortcut to breed tree orchards throughout a multidimensional space of traits. Despite an overwhelming spectrum of rootstock-mediated effects on scion traits observed across several species, the exact nature and mechanisms underlying the rootstock-mediated effects on scion traits in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) plants often remain overlooked. Therefore, we aimed to explicitly quantify rootstock-mediated genetic contributions in recombinant juvenile cacao plants across target traits, specifically cadmium (Cd) uptake, and its correlation with growth and physiological traits. Content of chloroplast pigments, fluorescence of chlorophyll a, leaf gas exchange, nutrient uptake, and plant biomass were examined across ungrafted saplings and target rootstock × scion combinations in soils with contrasting levels of Cd. This panel considered a total of 320 progenies from open-pollinated half-sib families and reciprocal full-sib progenies (derived from controlled crosses between the reference genotypes IMC67 and PA121). Both family types were used as rootstocks in grafts with two commercial clones (ICS95 and CCN51) commonly grown in Colombia. A pedigree-based best linear unbiased prediction (A-BLUP) mixed model was implemented to quantify rootstock-mediated narrow-sense heritability (h 2) for target traits. A Cd effect measured on rootstocks before grafting was observed in plant biomass, nutrient uptake, and content of chloroplast pigments. After grafting, damage to the Photosystem II (PSII) was also evident in some rootstock × scion combinations. Differences in the specific combining ability for Cd uptake were mostly detected in ungrafted rootstocks, or 2 months after grafting with the clonal CCN51 scion. Moderate rootstock effects (h 2> 0.1) were detected before grafting for five growth traits, four nutrient uptake properties, and chlorophylls and carotenoids content (h 2 = 0.19, 95% CI 0.05-0.61, r = 0.7). Such rootstock effects faded (h 2< 0.1) when rootstock genotypes were examined in soils without Cd, or 4 months after grafting. These results suggest a pervasive genetic conflict between the rootstock and the scion genotypes, involving the triple rootstock × scion × soil interaction when it refers to Cd and nutrient uptake, early growth, and photosynthetic process in juvenile cacao plants. Overall, deepening on these findings will harness early breeding schemes of cacao rootstock genotypes compatible with commercial clonal scions and adapted to soils enriched with toxic levels of Cd.
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Previous studies have proposed that cadmium (Cd) is a metabolic disruptor, which is associated with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. This metal is not considered by international agencies for the study of metabolic diseases. In this study, we investigate the effect of metformin on Cd-exposed Wistar rats at a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) dose (32.5 ppm) in drinking water. Metabolic complications in the rats exposed to Cd were dysglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, dyslipoproteinemia, and imbalance in triglyceride and glycogen storage in the liver, muscle, heart, kidney, and adipose tissue. Meanwhile, rats treated orally with a No-observable-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) dose of metformin (200 mg/kg/day) showed mild improvement on serum lipids, but not on glucose tolerance; in tissues, glycogen storage was improved, but lipid storage was ineffective. In conclusion, metformin as a first-line pharmacological therapy must take into consideration the origin and duration of metabolic disruption, because in this work the NOAEL dose of metformin (200 mg/kg/day) showed a limited efficiency in the metabolic disruption caused by chronic Cd exposure.
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Cadmium (Cd) is toxic to plants and animals, making it necessary to develop strategies that seek to reduce its introduction into food chains. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether silicon (Si) and selenium (Se) reduce Cd concentrations in Pfaffia glomerata medicinal plant and attenuate the oxidative stress promoted by this metal. These plants were cultivated in hydroponics under the following treatments: control (nutrient solution), 2.5 µM Se, 2.5 mM Si, 50 µM Cd, 50 µM Cd + 2.5 µM Se, 50 µM Cd + 2.5 mM Si. After 14 days of exposure to treatments, leaves and roots were collected for the determination of dry weight of shoot and roots, Cd concentrations, chlorophyll and carotenoids content, and biochemical parameters (lipid peroxidation and guaiacol peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities). The data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared with Scott-Knott test at 5% error probability. Roots of P. glomerata plants showed a significant reduction on dry weight accumulation when exposed to Cd. However, both Se and Si promoted a significant reduction of deleterious effects of Cd. The Cd concentrations in the tissues were reduced in the presence of Se or Si. Plants treated with Cd together with Se or Si presented higher pigment content than those with only Cd, thus showing a reduction in the negative effects caused by this element. In the treatments in which Se and Si were added in the growth medium together with Cd, an activation of superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes was observed in the roots and shoot, which may have contributed to lower lipid peroxidation. Thus, Se and Si reduce Cd concentrations and have potential to ameliorate Cd toxicity in P. glomerata plants, which can be used to increase productivity and quality of medicinal plants.
Assuntos
Amaranthaceae , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Cádmio/toxicidade , Selênio/farmacologia , Silício/farmacologia , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Amaranthaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Amaranthaceae/enzimologia , Brasil , Cádmio/metabolismo , Clorofila/metabolismo , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Plantas Medicinais , Poluentes do Solo/metabolismoRESUMO
Cadmium (Cd) is a carcinogen with several well-described toxicological effects in humans, but its molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood. Overexpression of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27/HSPB1)-a multifunctional protein chaperone-has been shown to protect cells from oxidative damage and apoptosis triggered by Cd exposure. The aims of this work were to investigate the potential use of extracellular recombinant HSP27 to prevent/counteract Cd-induced cellular toxicity and to evaluate if peroxynitrite was involved in the development of Cd-induced toxicity. Here, we report that the harmful effects of Cd correlated with changes in oxidative stress markers: upregulation of reactive oxygen species, reduction in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, increment in lipid peroxidation, peroxynitrite (PN), and protein nitration; intracellular HSP27 was reduced. Treatments with Cd (100 µM) for 24 h or with the peroxynitrite donor, SIN-1, decreased HSP27 levels (~50%), suggesting that PN formation is responsible for the reduction of HSP27. Pre-treatments of the cells either with Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) (a pharmacological inhibitor of NO synthase) or with recombinant HSP27 (rHSP27) attenuated the disruption of the cellular metabolism induced by Cd, increasing in a 55 and 52%, respectively, the cell viability measured by CCK-8. Cd induced necrotic cell death pathways, although apoptosis was also activated; pre-treatment with L-NAME or rHSP27 mitigated cell death. Our findings show for the first time a direct relationship between Cd-induced toxicity and PN production and a role for rHSP27 as a potential therapeutic agent that may counteract Cd toxicity.
Assuntos
Cádmio/toxicidade , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP27/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Corantes Fluorescentes/química , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP27/genética , Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP27/farmacologia , Células HeLa , Humanos , Microscopia de Fluorescência , NG-Nitroarginina Metil Éster/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Ácido Peroxinitroso/análise , Ácido Peroxinitroso/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/biossíntese , Proteínas Recombinantes/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/patologiaRESUMO
Toxic levels of Cd can cause protein denaturation and oxidative stress, which result in membrane damage, enzimatic activity changes and other metabolic damage. Some plants may show alteration in the activity of their antioxidant enzymes as a heavy metal tolerance mechanism. This study aims at evaluating the role of enzymes of the antioxidant system in adaptive responses of the accumulator P. glomerata species to levels of cadmium (Cd). Plants were cultivated in nutrient solutions containing concentrations of Cd in the form of CdSO4 (0, 45 and 90 µmol L-1), for 20 d. Cd concentrations and yields of root and shoot dry matter were determined at the end of the experiment. Malondialdehyde (MDA) production and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were determined after days 1, 12 and 20. Higher Cd concentrations in tissues of P. glomerata were found to reduce biomass production in both roots and shoots. The lipid peroxidation rates in leaves and roots were smaller at the start of the experiment for all Cd levels. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased in leaves on day 1 and in roots on day 20 as Cd levels increased. Cd stress induced an increase in the activity of APX in leaves, whereas in roots ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity was reduced at high concentration of Cd. At the end of the experiment, catalase (CAT) activity in leaves was reduced as Cd concentration increased. Nevertheless, the glutathione reductase (GR) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activities increased. In roots, GR activity was reduced on days 1 and 20.
RESUMO
Toxic levels of Cd can cause protein denaturation and oxidative stress, which result in membrane damage, enzimatic activity changes and other metabolic damage. Some plants may show alteration in the activity of their antioxidant enzymes as a heavy metal tolerance mechanism. This study aims at evaluating the role of enzymes of the antioxidant system in adaptive responses of the accumulator P. glomerata species to levels of cadmium (Cd). Plants were cultivated in nutrient solutions containing concentrations of Cd in the form of CdSO4 (0, 45 and 90 µmol L-1), for 20 d. Cd concentrations and yields of root and shoot dry matter were determined at the end of the experiment. Malondialdehyde (MDA) production and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were determined after days 1, 12 and 20. Higher Cd concentrations in tissues of P. glomerata were found to reduce biomass production in both roots and shoots. The lipid peroxidation rates in leaves and roots were smaller at the start of the experiment for all Cd levels. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased in leaves on day 1 and in roots on day 20 as Cd levels increased. Cd stress induced an increase in the activity of APX in leaves, whereas in roots ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity was reduced at high concentration of Cd. At the end of the experiment, catalase (CAT) activity in leaves was reduced as Cd concentration increased. Nevertheless, the glutathione reductase (GR) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activities increased. In roots, GR activity was reduced on days 1 and 20.
RESUMO
Cadmium is an important toxic environmental heavy metal. Several studies have demonstrated that a major site of cadmium toxicity in humans and in other animals is the proximal tubule of the kidney. A well established model for nefrotoxicity is the use of in vitro technique with proximal tubule epithelial cell lines, as LLC-PK1. Herein, we have the intention to study the possible protective effect of high diluted CdCl2 solutions. In a blinding way, LLC-PK1 cells were pre-treated with high diluted cadmium chloride in the potencies 10 cH, 15 cH and 20cH. After 4 days, these cells have received CdCl2 in a pre-determined toxic concentration. The cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. We have identified a protective effect of two CdCl2 high diluted solutions, 10 cH and 20 cH, when cells were intoxicated by sublethal CdCl2 concentration. The results indicate that probably the high dilutions have an expressive action on cells in sublethal intoxication.
O Cádmio é um contaminante ambiental relevante. Muitos estudos demonstram que o sítio de toxicidade em humanos e outros animais é o túbulo proximal do rim. Um modelo bem estabelecido para nefrotoxicidade é o uso de técnicas in vitro com linhagens de células epiteliais do túbulo proximal, conhecidas por LLC-PK1. Assim, nossa proposta foi a de estudar os eventuais efeitos protetores de uma alta diluição de CdCl2. Em um ensaio cego, células LLC_PK1 foram pré-tratadas com altas diluições de cloreto de cádmio nas diluições 10 cH, 15 cH e 20 cH. Após 4 dias, estas células receberam CdCl2 em uma concentração tóxica, previamente deteminada. A viabilidade cellular foi estudada por ensaios MTT. Observamos um efeito protetor para duas altas diluições de CdCl2, 10 cH e 20 cH, quando as células foram intoxicadas por concentrações subletais de CdCl2. Estes resultados indicam a possibilidade de que altas diluições tenham ação expressiva em células, em intoxicações subletais.
El Cádmio es un metal pesado com relevante acción tóxica en el medio ambiente. Varios estudios han demostrado que un sitio importante de la toxicidad del cadmio en los humanos y en otros animales es el túbulo proximal del riñón. Un modelo bien establecido de nefrotoxicidad es el uso de la técnica in vitro con células epiteliales del túbulo proximal, como las LLC-PK1. Estudiamos el posible efecto protector de soluciones altamente diluidas de CdCl2. Com uma metodologia em ciego, las células LLC-PK1 fueron pre-tratados con cloruro de cadmio altamente diluídos en las potencias 10 cH, 15 cH y 20 cH. Después de 4 días, estas células han recibido CdCl2 en una concentración tóxica predeterminado. La viabilidad celular se evaluó por el ensayo MTT. Hemos identificado un efecto protector de dos soluciones de altamente diluída de CdCl2, 10 cH y 20 cH, cuando las células se intoxicaron por concentración CdCl2 subletales. Los resultados indican que probablemente las altas diluciones tienen una acción expresiva en las células, en la intoxicación subletal.
Assuntos
Altas Potências , Cloreto de Cádmio , Cádmio , Células LLC-PK1 , Isoterapia , ToxicidadeRESUMO
Cadmium (Cd), is an environmental and industrial pollutant that affects the male reproductive system. Cd induces its effect by affecting tissue antioxidant enzyme systems. Green tea extract (GTE) is an antioxidant and free radicals scavenger and has a chelating property. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of GTE against testes damage induced by Cd. Four groups of male rats, were utilized as following: Controls, GTE treated, Cd treated and Cd + GTE, treated rats at the same doses. The rats received GTE and or Cd orally in drinking water. After 5 weeks, the animals were sacrificed and testes were removed for microscopic and Biochemical evaluation. The levels of lipid peroxides (LPO) and glutathione (GSH) were detected in the tissue homogenates of rat testes. The current study showed marked morphological changes in the form of swelling, congestion, hemorrhage and necrosis in testes of rats treated with Cd alone. However, the rats treated with Cd+GTE showed milder edema, congestion and minute foci of necrosis in the testes. The LPO levels were significantly higher as compared to control and of GSH were significantly lower in Cd-treated rats but when GTE was co-administrated with Cd, there was an effective reduction in oxidative stress as shown by a significant rise of GSH level. In conclusion, the rats received GTE + Cd could enhance antioxidant/ detoxification system which consequently reduced the oxidative stress in rat testes. The beneficial effect of GTE is thus potentially reducing Cd toxicity and tissue damage.
El cadmio (Cd), es un contaminante del medio ambiente e industrial que afecta al sistema reproductivo masculino. Cd induce su efecto por afección de los sistemas enzimáticos antioxidantes de los tejidos. El extracto de té verde (ETV) es un antioxidante y buscador de radicales libres y tiene una propiedad quelante. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto protector de ETV contra daños provocado por Cd a los testículos. Cuatro grupos de ratas macho, se utilizaron: Controles, tratados con ETV, tratados con Cd y tratados con Cd + ETV, todas las ratas tratadas con las mismas dosis. Las ratas recibieron ETV o Cd por vía oral en el agua potable. Después de 5 semanas, los animales fueron sacrificados y los testículos fueron retirados para la evaluación microscópica y bioquímica. Los niveles de peróxidos lípidos (LPO) y de glutation (GSH) fueron detectados en el tejido homogenizado de rata testículos. El estudio demostró marcados cambios morfológicos como inflamación, congestión, hemorragia y necrosis en los testículos de las ratas tratadas solamente con Cd. Sin embargo, las ratas tratadas con Cd + ETV mostraron leves signos de edema, congestión y focos de necrosis en los testículos. Los niveles de LPO fueron significativamente mayores en comparación con el control y la de GSH fue significativamente menor en las ratas tratadas con Cd, pero cuando ETV fue co-administrado con Cd, hubo una reducción efectiva en el estrés oxidativo, como lo demuestra el aumento significativo del nivel de GSH. En conclusión, las ratas recibieron GTE + Cd que podría aumentar el sistema antioxidante / desintoxicación, por tanto, reducir el estrés oxidativo en los testículos de ratas. El efecto beneficioso de GTE es reducir la toxicidad y el daño tisular causado Cd.