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Abstract Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant inheritance syndrome. Although the main manifestation of this disease is the presence of numerous colon adenomas, upper gastrointestinal tract involvement also occurs. A report of a young patient with gastric polyposis (more than 100 polyps) was presented. There was a brief updated review of the topic focused on endoscopic findings, including updated suggestions on gastric polyps in FAP management and monitoring.

Resumen La poliposis adenomatosa familiar (PAF) es un síndrome hereditario autosómico dominante. Aunque la principal manifestación de esta enfermedad es la presencia de numerosos adenomas de colon, también ocurre afectación del tracto gastrointestinal superior. Se presenta un reporte de una paciente joven con una poliposis gástrica (más de 100 pólipos). Se realiza una breve revisión actualizada del tema enfocada en los hallazgos endoscópicos, así como sugerencias actualizadas en el manejo y seguimiento de los pólipos gástricos en la PAF.

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Cancer impacts the person's physical health, psychosocial and spiritual wellbeing. The humanization of care is an essential element to achieve integral wellbeing of the individual. The aim of this article is to present a clinical case, using the nursing process with the NANDA, NOC and NIC taxonomies, and based on the principles of Watson's theory of humanized care. The participant is a 45-year-old woman with gastric cancer in palliative stage. The assessment was performed using Gordon's functional patterns and the Watson Caritas Patient Score scale to evaluate the care received previously in the health system. Eight nursing diagnoses were identified, prioritizing 3 diagnoses using the clinical reasoning web (decisional conflict, anxiety, and ineffective self-management of health). Expected outcomes and nursing interventions were planned and implemented through moments of care using health education through tele-nursing and the intentional use of Caritas processes of care in the transpersonal relationship. The results were evaluated with the scales of the indicators and anxiety was also evaluated with the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Health education in oncology nursing contributed to improve informed decision making, reducing anxiety and providing emotional support to facilitate self-management of health. The participant perceived as humanized care throughout the sessions, reflected in the final evaluation with the Watson Caritas Patient Score scale.

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SUMMARY: Overexpression of metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) in various tumor tissues and cell lines was found to promote tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. However, the role of MALAT1 in gastric cancer (GC) is still unclear. We aimed to investigate the correlation between long-chain non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), MALAT1, MicroRNAs (miRNA) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in gastric cancer and to disclose underlying mechanism. The correlation between MALAT1 levels and clinical features was analyzed by bioinformatics data and human samples. The expression of MALAT1 was down regulated in AGS cells to detect the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion characteristics, as well as the effects on signal pathways. Furthermore, we validated the role of MALAT1/miR-330-3p axis in GC by dual luciferase reporter gene assays. Expression of MALAT1 was higher in cancer tissues than in para-cancerous tissues. The high MALAT1 level predicted malignancy and worse prognosis. Down-regulation of MALAT1 expression in AGS cells inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by targeting VEGFA. By dual luciferase reporter gene assay and miR-330-3p inhibitor treatment, we demonstrate that MALAT1 sponged miR-330-3p in GC, leading to VEGFA upregulation and activation of the mTOR signaling pathway. The MALAT1/miR-330-3p axis regulates VEGFA through the mTOR signaling pathway and promotes the growth and metastasis of gastric cancer.

Se descubrió que la sobreexpresión del transcrito 1 de adenocarcinoma de pulmón asociado a metástasis (MALAT1) en varios tejidos tumorales y líneas celulares promueve la proliferación, migración e invasión de células tumorales. Sin embargo, el papel de MALAT1 en el cáncer gástrico (CG) aún no está claro. Nuestro objetivo fue investigar la correlación entre los ARN no codificantes de cadena larga (lncRNA), MALAT1, los microARN (miARN) y el factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular A (VEGFA) en el cáncer gástrico y revelar el mecanismo subyacente. La correlación entre los niveles de MALAT1 y las características clínicas se analizó mediante datos bioinformáticos y muestras humanas. La expresión de MALAT1 se reguló negativamente en las células AGS para detectar las características de proliferación, migración e invasión celular, así como los efectos sobre las vías de señales. Además, validamos el papel del eje MALAT1/miR- 330-3p en GC mediante ensayos de genes indicadores de luciferasa dual. La expresión de MALAT1 fue mayor en tejidos cancerosos que en tejidos paracancerosos. El alto nivel de MALAT1 predijo malignidad y peor pronóstico. La regulación negativa de la expresión de MALAT1 en células AGS inhibió la proliferación, migración e invasión celular al apuntar a VEGFA. Mediante un ensayo de gen indicador de luciferasa dual y un tratamiento con inhibidor de miR-330-3p, demostramos que MALAT1 esponjaba miR-330-3p en GC, lo que lleva a la regulación positiva de VEGFA y la activación de la vía de señalización mTOR. El eje MALAT1/miR-330-3p regula VEGFA a través de la vía de señalización mTOR y promueve el crecimiento y la metástasis del cáncer gástrico.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: Helicobacter pylori afecta a más de 50% de la población mundial, siendo más prevalente en poblaciones de nivel socioeconómico bajo; esta bacteria constituye la principal causa de cáncer gástrico a nivel global. OBJETIVO: Determinar la frecuencia y los factores asociados a la infección por H. pylori en personas adultas que viven en el centro histórico de la ciudad de Cajamarca, en el norte del Perú. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo que incluyó 124 personas encuestadas mediante un cuestionario y evaluadas mediante endoscopía y cultivo de biopsia gástrica. Una biopsia por persona fue sometida a prueba de ureasa y los cultivos se confirmaron por reacción de polimerasa en cadena (RPC). RESULTADOS: La frecuencia de infección fue de 60,5 % (IC 95% 51,3 - 69,2). El análisis univariado demostró asociación significativa entre la infección y la edad (p = 0,002), y entre la infección y el antecedente de patología gástrica (p = 0,015). El análisis multivariado reveló dos factores asociados: edad (OR = 0,94; IC95% 0,90-0,97) y antecedente de infección por H. pylori (OR = 0,23; IC95% 0,08 - 0,67). CONCLUSIONES: Existe alta frecuencia de infección por H. pylori en esta población; la edad y el antecedente de infección constituyen factores asociados que deben evaluarse con mayor profundidad.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori affects more than 50% of the world's population, being more prevalent in populations of low socioeconomic status. H. pylori is the main cause of gastric cancer globally. AIM: To establish the frequency and factors associated with H. pylori infection in adults living in the historic center of Cajamarca City, in northern Peru. METHODS: This was a descriptive study that included 124 individuals surveyed through a questionnaire and evaluated through endoscopy and gastric biopsy culture. One biopsy per person underwent the urease test, and the cultures were confirmed by PCR. RESULTS: The frequency of infection was 60.5% (95% CI 51.3 - 69.2). In the univariate analysis, there was a significant association between the infection and age (p = 0.002), and between the infection and a history of gastric pathology (p = 0.015). The multivariate analysis revealed two associated factors: age (OR = 0.94; 95% CI 0.90 - 0.97), and history of H. pylori infection (OR = 0.23; 95% CI 0.08 - 0.67). CONCLUSIONS: There is a high frequency of H. pylori infection in this population, and the age and history of H. pylori infection are factors that should be further evaluated.

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RESUMEN Antecedentes: el cáncer gástrico (CG) representa un problema de salud pública en Colombia y el mundo. Dado que la mayoría de los pacientes se encuentran en estadios avanzados en el momento del diagnóstico. desarrollar estrategias de manejo. como la terapia de conversión (TC). es una necesidad cada vez mayor en su tratamiento. Objetivo: estimar los resultados con la TC en el tratamiento de pacientes con CG avanzado en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de Colombia (INC). Material y métodos: serie de casos de pacientes con adenocarcinoma gástrico incurable llevados a quimioterapia de inducción y cirugía con intención curativa. entre los años 2010 y 2021. Se revisaron de forma retrospectiva los datos clínico-patológicos y de supervivencia. La supervivencia global (SG) se calculó desde la fecha de la primera quimioterapia hasta la muerte. Las funciones de supervivencia se estimaron con tablas de vida y por el método de Kaplan-Meier y se realizaron curvas de supervivencia a 3 y 5 años. Resultados: se analizaron los datos de 23 pacientes con edad promedio de 56 años. 17 (74%) fueron varones. El criterio de irresecabilidad más frecuente fue un tumor T4b en 13 casos (56.5%). Todos recibieron TC. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 28 meses. Se documentaron 11 recurrencias (52%). La mediana de supervivencia fue de 41.2 meses y la SG a 3 y 5 años de 57.7% y 38.5%. respectivamente. Conclusiones: la TC permitió obtener una SG aceptable de pacientes seleccionados con CG avanzado incurable. Esta estrategia requiere una cuidadosa selección y manejo multidisciplinario en centros oncológicos de referencia.

ABSTRACT Background: Gastric cancer (GC) represents a public health problem in Colombia and worldwide. Since most patients are at advanced stages at the time of diagnosis. it is necessary to develop management strategies as conversion therapy (CT). Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate the results of CT for treating patients with advanced and GC at Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de Colombia (INC). Material and methods: We included patients with incurable gastric cancer who underwent induction chemotherapy and intended curative surgery between 2010 and 2021. The clinical and pathological data and survival of the patients included were retrospectively reviewed. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the time of initiation of chemotherapy until the date of death. Survival functions were estimated using the life table and Kaplan-Meier methods. and survival curves at 3 and 5 years were constructed. Results: 23 patients were analyzed; mean age was 56 years. and 17 (74%) were men. The most common criterion indicating unresectability was a T4b tumor in 13 cases (56.5%). All the patients underwent CT. Median follow-up was 28 months. Eleven patients developed disease recurrence (52%). Median survival was 41.2 months. and 3- and 5-year OS was 57.7% and 38.5%. respectively. Conclusions: CT provided an acceptable OS rate for selected patients with incurable advanced GC. This strategy requires an adequate selection of patients and multidisciplinary management in reference oncology centers.

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Abstract Background and objectives: The rates of (interval) stomach cancer (SC) or postendoscopy (PECRC) or postcolonoscopy (PCCRC) colorectal cancer (CRC) have been little studied in our setting. Data from overseas studies reported PECRC and PCCRC rates of 7-26%. We aim to determine and compare local PECRC and PCCRC rates and characteristics. Patients and methods: With data from three quaternary-care cancer centers, we ambispectively identified patients diagnosed with SC and CRC between 2012 and 2021, in whom a history of endoscopies or colonoscopies in the previous three years was investigated. Cancers diagnosed between 6 and 36 months after an endoscopic study reported as normal were defined as interval cancers. This study compares the clinical, endoscopic, and survival characteristics of both PECRC and PCCRC cohorts. Results: Of 828 patients diagnosed with SC, 66 had PECRC (rate: 7.3%), while in 919 patients with CRC, 68 had PCCRC (rate: 6.9%). There were no significant differences in age or sex, although males predominated (2:1) in the PECRC (0.09). The finding of premalignant lesions was similar in both groups (p = 0.260). The anatomical location was shown to be more proximal (right colon) in the PCCRC than in the PECRC (cardia/fundus) (p = 0.002). Gastric neoplasms were more poorly differentiated (58%) than colon neoplasms (26%) (p = 0.001). There were no differences in early cancers, but tumor status was more advanced in PECRC (p < 0.01). The Kaplan-Meier showed a worse survival for PCCRC than for detected CRC, with no differences in SC and PECRC, suggesting poor survival. Conclusions: The rate of interval cancers is 7.3% and 6.9%, and differences were found between PECRC and PCCRC, proximal locations of the lesions, degree of differentiation, tumor status, and poor survival for the PCCRC. Establishing measures to achieve the World Endoscopy Organization's goal of <5% is necessary.

Resumen Antecedentes y objetivos: Las tasas de cáncer gástrico (CG) o cáncer colorrectal (CCR) posendoscopia (CGPE) o poscolonoscopia (CCRPC) (de intervalo) han sido poco estudiadas en nuestro medio. Los datos de estudios en el exterior informaron tasas de CGPE y CCRPC de 7%-26%. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar y comparar las tasas y características del CGPE y CCRPC locales. Pacientes y métodos: Con datos de tres centros oncológicos de cuarto nivel se identificaron, de forma ambispectiva, pacientes diagnosticados con CG y CCR entre 2012 y 2021, en quienes se investigó el antecedente de endoscopias o colonoscopias en los tres años previos. Los cánceres diagnosticados entre 6 y 36 meses después de un estudio endoscópico reportado como normal se definieron como cánceres de intervalo. En este estudio se comparan las características clínicas, endoscópicas y de sobrevida entre ambas cohortes de cánceres posendoscopia y poscolonoscopia. Resultados: De 828 pacientes diagnosticados con CG, 66 tuvieron CGPE (tasa: 7,3%), mientras que en 919 pacientes con CCR, 68 pacientes presentaron CCRPC (tasa: 6,9%). No hubo diferencias significativas en la edad o el sexo, aunque predominó el masculino (2:1) en el CGPE (0,09). El hallazgo de lesiones premalignas fue similar en ambos grupos (p = 0,260). La ubicación anatómica mostró ser más proximal (colon derecho) en el CCRPC que en el CGPE (cardias/fondo) (p = 0,002). Las neoplasias gástricas fueron más mal diferenciadas (58%) que las de colon (26%) (p = 0,001). No hubo diferencias en los cánceres tempranos, pero el estado tumoral fue más avanzado en el CGPE (p < 0,01). El Kaplan-Meier mostró una peor sobrevida para el CCRPC que para el CCR detectado, sin diferencias en el CG y el CGPE, que mostraron una pobre sobrevida. Conclusiones: La tasa de cánceres de intervalo es de 7,3% y 6,9%, y se encontraron diferencias entre los CGPE y el CCRPC, ubicaciones proximales de las lesiones, grado de diferenciación, estado del tumor y una pobre sobrevida para el CCRPC. Se hace necesario establecer medidas para lograr la meta de la Organización Mundial de Endoscopia de <5%.

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INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Gastric adenocarcinoma is among the high-ranking tumors, with respect to frequency and mortality, worldwide. The inflammatory process and immune system activity are associated with oncologic control. Our aim was to identify whether the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and other variables are prognostic factors for survival in patients with metastatic gastric cancer in a Mexican population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients diagnosed with metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma, hospitalized within the time frame of December 2011 to 2021, were analyzed. The NLR, PLR, and albumin and hemoglobin levels obtained from blood samples were calculated. Functional status (ECOG and Karnofsky), sex, histology, and the presence of signet ring cells were also considered possible prognostic factors. Each factor's prognostic value for overall survival was determined through univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The study included 956 patients diagnosed with metastatic gastric cancer, of whom 494 (51.7%) were men and 462 (48.3%) were women. The main histologic finding was diffuse adenocarcinoma (n = 619, 64.7%), followed by intestinal adenocarcinoma (n = 293, 30.6%), and the presence of signet ring cells was found in 659 (68.9%) patients. Diagnostic laparoscopy was performed on 238 patients (24.9%) to confirm peritoneal carcinomatosis. The multivariate analysis showed that an NLR above 3.2 (HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.27-1.8; p < 0.001), albumin below 3.5 g/dl (HR 1.25, CI 1.06-1.47; p = 0.006), and an ECOG performance status of 2 or higher (HR 1.39, CI 1.10-1.76; p = 0.005) were independent factors that predicted a lower survival rate, whereas a Karnofsky score above 70% (HR 0.69, CI 0.53-0.91; p = 0.008) was associated with a better survival rate. Lastly, the PLR was not statistically significant in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The NLR, nutritional status assessed through albumin measurement, and functional status can act as independent prognostic survival factors in hospitalized Mexican patients diagnosed with metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma and be taken into account during therapeutic decision-making.

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El cáncer gástrico (CG), es la primera causa de muerte por cáncer, en hombres, y la tercera en mujeres, en Chile. No obstante ello, el CG bifocal (CGB) es una situación poco frecuente. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue reportar un caso de CGB, con linfonodos negativos en un paciente con cirrosis hepática, que fue intervenido quirúrgicamente; y revisar la evidencia existente respecto de sus características morfológicas, terapéuticas y pronósticas. Caso clínico: Hombre de 74 años diabético, hipertenso, insuficiente cardíaco y cirrótico; portador de CGB (subcardial y antro-pilórico), diagnosticado por endoscopia y con confirmación histológica de ambas lesiones; operado en Clínica RedSalud Mayor Temuco en septiembre de 2023. En el intraoperatorio se verificó además la coexistencia de una lesión de aspecto metastásico en el segmento III del hígado, y adhesión de la región antro-pilórica a la vesícula biliar. Se realizó gastrectomía total, linfadenectomía D2, esófago-yeyuno anastomosis término-lateral, resección segmentaria hepática (segmento III) y colecistectomía. El paciente permaneció 6 días en la UCI debido a que desarrolló insuficiencia hepática (encefalopatía leve y ascitis). Se alimentó vía enteral por sonda naso-yeyunal. Posteriormente inició alimentación oral progresiva, la que fue bien tolerada. Completó 11 días de hospitalización en servicio médico-quirúrgico, donde mejoró actividad neurológica, hasta su alta domiciliaria. Actualmente, lleva dos meses desde su operación, se encuentra en buenas condiciones generales, y el Comité Oncológico decidió no dar quimioterapia adyuvante. Se presenta un caso inusual de CG de tipo bifocal, respecto de lo cual hay escasa información disponible. Se logró realizar cirugía con intención curativa en un paciente de alto riesgo, con un resultado exitoso.

SUMMARY: Gastric cancer (GC) is the first cause of death from cancer in men, and the third one in women, in Chile. However, a bifocal GC (BGC) is uncommon. The aim of this study was to report a case of CGB, with negative-lymph nodes in a patient with liver cirrhosis, who underwent surgery; and review the existing evidence regarding its morphological, therapeutic and prognostic characteristics. Clinical case: A 74-year-old male patient with a medical history of diabetes, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and cirrhosis underwent surgical intervention for GC located in subcardial and antro- pyloric regions. The diagnosis was established via endoscopy and confirmed histologically. Surgery was performed at the RedSalud Mayor Temuco Clinic in September 2023. During intraoperative assessment, the coexistence of a lesion with metastatic-like characteristics in segment III of the liver was also verified, along with adhesions between the antro-pyloric region and the gallbladder. Surgical approach encompassed total gastrectomy, D2 lymphadenectomy, esophago-jejunostomy, segmental hepatic resection, and cholecystectomy. Subsequently, the patient required a six-day stay in ICU due to the development of hepatic insufficiency, characterized by mild encephalopathy and ascites. Enteral nutrition was administered via a naso-jejunal tube, followed by a gradual transition to oral feeding, which was well-tolerated. The patient completed an 11-day hospitalization period in the medical-surgical ward, during which his neurological function improved significantly, resulting in his discharge. At present, 2 months post-surgery, the patient remains in satisfactory general health, and the Oncology Committee decided not to proceed with adjuvant chemotherapy. This case represents a rare instance of bifocal GC, for which there is limited available literature. Surgical intervention with curative intent was successfully carried out in a high-risk patient, yielding a positive outcome.

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INTRODUCTION: Gastric cancer (GC) is the first cause of cancer-related death in Chile and 6th in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the main gastric carcinogen, and its treatment reduces GC incidence and mortality. Esophageal-gastro-duodenoscopy (EGD) allows for the detection of premalignant conditions and early-stage GC. Mass screening programs for H. pylori infection and screening for premalignant conditions and early-stage GC are not currently implemented in LAC. The aim of this study is to establish recommendations for primary and secondary prevention of GC in asymptomatic standard-risk populations in Chile. METHODS: Two on-line synchronous workshops and a seminar were conducted with Chilean experts. A Delphi panel consensus was conducted over 2 rounds to achieve>80% agreement on proposed primary and secondary prevention strategies for the population stratified by age groups. RESULTS: 10, 12, and 12 experts participated in two workshops and a seminar, respectively. In the Delphi panel, 25 out of 37 experts (77.14%) and 28 out of 52 experts (53.85%) responded. For the population aged 16-34, there was no consensus on non-invasive testing and treatment for H. pylori, and the use of EGD was excluded. For the 35-44 age group, non-invasive testing and treatment for H. pylori is recommended, followed by subsequent test-of-cure using non-invasive tests (stool antigen test or urea breath test). In the ≥45 age group, a combined strategy is recommended, involving H. pylori testing and treatment plus non-invasive biomarkers (H. pylori IgG serology and serum pepsinogens I and II); subsequently, a selected group of subjects will undergo EGD with gastric biopsies (Sydney Protocol), which will be used to stratify surveillance according to the classification Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment (OLGA); every 3 years for OLGA III-IV and every 5 years for OLGA I-II. CONCLUSION: A "test-and-treat" strategy for H. pylori infection based on non-invasive studies (primary prevention) is proposed in the 35-44 age group, and a combined strategy (serology and EGD) is recommended for the ≥45 age group (primary and secondary prevention). These strategies are potentially applicable to other countries in LAC.

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RESUMEN Latinoamérica presenta una alta prevalencia de infección por Helicobacter pylori (Hp). Entre 1996-2003 la prevalencia en Santiago de Chile fue del 70%; estudios recientes presentan una disminución en esta infección. Actualizar la frecuencia de Hp es fundamental debido a su impacto en la salud asociado. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo fue describir la tendencia de la infección por Hp en pacientes que asisten a endoscopía digestiva alta (EDA) ambulatoria en una población chilena. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo de pacientes mayores de 18 años que asistieron a una primera EDA con test rápido de ureasa entre 2010-2020. La tendencia en el tiempo fue descrita mediante análisis de series de tiempo. Se construyó un modelo Poisson para estimar el riesgo de infección, ajustado por edad y sexo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 11 355 pacientes [66,9% mujeres; edad media 52 años; Hp 41,6%]. El sexo masculino presentó una mayor frecuencia de infección por Hp [RR 1,13; (IC95%:1,08-1,18)]. La frecuencia de Hp disminuyó significativamente desde 45,1% en 2010 hasta 29% en 2020, con 36% menor probabilidad de presentar infección por Hp en 2020 con respecto al 2010 [RR 0,64; (IC95%:0,55-0,74)]. Se proyectó un descenso progresivo en la tendencia de infección por Hp hasta valores cercanos al 25% para el año 2025. Conclusión: Se observó una reducción significativa en la infección por Hp entre los años 2010-2020. Esta disminución pudiese ser explicada mediante la incorporación de políticas públicas de salud en la última década asociadas a cambios sociosanitarios.

ABSTRACT Latin America presents a high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection. Between 1996-2003, the prevalence in Santiago, Chile, was 70%; recent studies indicate a decrease in this infection. Updating the frequency of Hp is crucial due to its associated health impact. Objective: Our objective was to describe the trend in Hp infection in patients undergoing ambulatory esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in a Chilean population. Materials and methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on patients over 18 years old who attended a first EGD with a rapid urease test between 2010-2020. Time trends were described through time series analysis. A Poisson model was constructed to estimate the risk of infection, adjusted for age and gender. Results: 11,355 patients were included [66.9% females; mean age 52 years; Hp 41.6%]. Male gender presented a higher frequency of Hp infection [RR 1.13; (95% CI: 1.08-1.18)]. Hp frequency infection decreased significantly from 45.1% in 2010 to 29% in 2020, with a 36% lower probability of Hp infection in 2020 compared to 2010 [RR 0.64; (95% CI: 0.55-0.74)]. A progressive decline in Hp infection trend was projected, reaching values close to 25% by year 2025. Conclusion: A significant reduction in Hp infection was observed between 2010-2020. This decrease could be explained by the implementation of public health policies in the last decade associated with socio-sanitary changes.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Despite the preference for multimodal treatment for gastric cancer, abandonment of chemotherapy treatment as well as the need for upfront surgery in obstructed patients brings negative impacts on the treatment. The difficulty of accessing treatment in specialized centers in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) scenario is an aggravating factor. AIMS: To identify advantages, prognostic factors, complications, and neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies survival in gastric cancer treatment in SUS setting. METHODS: The retrospective study included 81 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent treatment according to INT0116 trial (adjuvant chemoradiotherapy), CLASSIC trial (adjuvant chemotherapy), FLOT4-AIO trial (perioperative chemotherapy), and surgery with curative intention (R0 resection and D2 lymphadenectomy) in a single cancer center between 2015 and 2020. Individuals with other histological types, gastric stump, esophageal cancer, other treatment protocols, and stage Ia or IV were excluded. RESULTS: Patients were grouped into FLOT4-AIO (26 patients), CLASSIC (25 patients), and INT0116 (30 patients). The average age was 61 years old. More than 60% of patients had pathological stage III. The treatment completion rate was 56%. The pathological complete response rate of the FLOT4-AIO group was 7.7%. Among the prognostic factors that impacted overall survival and disease-free survival were alcoholism, early postoperative complications, and anatomopathological status pN2 and pN3. The 3-year overall survival rate was 64.9%, with the CLASSIC subgroup having the best survival (79.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The treatment strategy for gastric cancer varies according to the need for initial surgery. The CLASSIC subgroup had better overall survival and disease-free survival. The INT0116 regimen also protected against mortality, but not with statistical significance. Although FLOT4-AIO is the preferred treatment, the difficulty in carrying out neoadjuvant treatment in SUS scenario had a negative impact on the results due to the criticality of food intake and worse treatment tolerance.

RESUMO RACIONAL: Apesar da preferência pelo tratamento multimodal para o câncer gástrico, o abandono do tratamento quimioterápico bem como a necessidade de cirurgia "upfront" em pacientes obstruídos traz impactos negativos para o tratamento. A dificuldade de acesso ao tratamento em centros especializados no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) é um agravante. OBJETIVOS: Identificar vantagens, fatores prognósticos, complicações e sobrevida de terapias neoadjuvantes e adjuvantes no tratamento do câncer gástrico no cenário do SUS. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo incluindo 81 pacientes com adenocarcinoma gástrico submetidos a tratamento segundo os protocolos INT0116 (quimiorradioterapia adjuvante), CLASSIC (quimioterapia adjuvante), FLOT4-AIO (quimioterapia perioperatória) e cirurgia com intuito curativo (ressecção R0 e linfadenectomia D2) em um único centro oncológico entre 2015 e 2020. Indivíduos com outros tipos histológicos, coto gástrico, câncer de esôfago, outros protocolos de tratamento e estádio Ia ou IV foram excluídos. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes foram distribuídos em: FLOT4-AIO (26 pacientes), CLASSIC (25 pacientes) e INT0116 (30 pacientes). A média de idade foi 61 anos. Mais de 60% dos pacientes apresentaram estádio III patológico. A taxa de completude do tratamento foi 56%. A taxa de resposta patológica completa do grupo FLOT4-AIO foi 7,7%. Dentre os fatores prognósticos que impactaram a sobrevida global e sobrevida livre de doença tivemos etilismo, complicações pós-operatórias precoces, status anatomopatológico pN2 e pN3. A taxa de sobrevida global em 3 anos foi 64,9% sendo o subgrupo CLASSIC com melhor sobrevida (79,8%). CONCLUSÕES: A estratégia de tratamento do câncer gástrico varia de acordo com a necessidade de cirurgia inicial. O subgrupo CLASSIC apresentou melhor sobrevida global e sobrevida livre de doença. O esquema INT0116 também protegeu contra a mortalidade, mas não com significância estatística. Apesar do FLOT4-AIO ser o tratamento de escolha, a dificuldade na realização da neoadjuvância no âmbito do SUS impactou negativamente nos resultados devido à criticidade da ingesta alimentar e à pior tolerância ao tratamento.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Curative treatment for gastric cancer involves tumor resection, followed by transit reconstruction, with Roux-en-Y being the main technique employed. To permit food transit to the duodenum, which is absent in Roux-en-Y, double transit reconstruction has been used, whose theoretical advantages seem to surpass the previous technique. AIMS: To compare the clinical evolution of gastric cancer patients who underwent total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y and double tract reconstruction. METHODS: A systematic review was carried out on Web of Science, Scopus, EmbasE, SciELO, Virtual Health Library, PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases. Data were collected until June 11, 2022. Observational studies or clinical trials evaluating patients submitted to double tract (DT) and Roux-en-Y (RY) reconstructions were included. There was no temporal or language restriction. Review articles, case reports, case series, and incomplete texts were excluded. The risk of bias was calculated using the Cochrane tool designed for randomized clinical trials. RESULTS: Four studies of good methodological quality were included, encompassing 209 participants. In the RY group, there was a greater reduction in food intake. In the DT group, the decrease in body mass index was less pronounced compared to preoperative values. CONCLUSIONS: The double tract reconstruction had better outcomes concerning body mass index and the time until starting a light diet; however, it did not present any advantages in relation to nutritional deficits, quality of life, and post-surgical complications.

RESUMO RACIONAL: O tratamento curativo do câncer gástrico envolve a ressecção do tumor, seguida de reconstrução do trânsito, sendo o Y-de-Roux a principal técnica empregada. Para permitir o trânsito alimentar para o duodeno, ausente em Y-de-Roux, tem-se utilizado a reconstrução de duplo trânsito, cujas vantagens teóricas parecem superar a técnica anterior. OBJETIVOS: Comparar a evolução clínica de pacientes com câncer gástrico submetidos à gastrectomia total com Y-de-Roux e reconstrução de duplo trânsito. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática nas bases de dados: Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Scielo, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, PubMed e Cochrane. Os dados foram coletados até 11 de junho de 2022. Foram incluídos estudos observacionais ou ensaios clínicos avaliando pacientes que utilizaram reconstruções de duplo trânsito (DT) e Y-de-Roux (RY). Não houve restrição temporal ou de idioma. Foram excluídos artigos de revisão, relatos de casos, séries de casos e aqueles com texto incompleto. O risco de viés foi calculado utilizando a ferramenta Cochrane desenvolvida para ensaios clínicos randomizados. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos quatro estudos de boa qualidade metodológica, abrangendo 209 participantes. No grupo RY houve maior redução na ingestão alimentar. No grupo DT, a diminuição do índice de massa corporal (IMC) foi menos pronunciada em comparação aos valores pré-operatórios. CONCLUSÕES: A reconstrução de duplo trânsito apresentou melhores resultados em relação ao índice de massa corporal e ao tempo para início de dieta leve, porém não apresentou vantagens em relação aos déficits nutricionais, qualidade de vida e complicações pós-cirúrgicas.

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ABSTRACT Background: Gastric atrophy (GA) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) are early stages in the development of gastric cancer. Evaluations are based on the Updated Sydney System, which includes a biopsy of the incisura angularis (IA), and the Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment (OLGA) and Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment using Intestinal Metaplasia (OLGIM) gastric cancer risk staging systems. Objective: To compare the OLGA and OLGIM classifications with and without IA biopsy. In addition, to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) and pre-neoplastic changes (GA and IM) in different biopsied regions and to identify the exclusive findings of IA. Methods: Observational, prospective, descriptive, unicentric study with 350 patients without a diagnosis of gastric cancer, who underwent upper digestive endoscopy with biopsies at Gastroclínica Itajaí, from March 2020 to May 2022. The histopathological classification of gastritis followed the Updated Sydney System, and the gastric cancer risk assessment followed the OLGA and OLGIM systems. The methodology applied evaluated the scores of the OLGA and OLGIM systems with and without the assessment of the IA biopsy. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive measures (frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation, 95% confidence interval). Ranks were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis or Wilcoxon tests. To analyze the relationship between the frequencies, the bilateral Fisher's exact test was used. Wilson's score with continuity correction was applied to the confidence interval. Results: The median age was 54.7 years, with 52.57% female and 47.43% male patients. The comparison between the used biopsies protocol (corpus + antrum [CA] vs corpus + antrum + incisura angularis [CAI]) and the OLGA and OLGIM stages showed a significant decrease in both staging systems when the biopsy protocol restricted to the corpus and antrum was applied (OLGA CAI vs CA; P=0.008 / OLGIM CAI vs CA; P=0.002). The prevalence of pre-malignant lesions (GA, IM and dysplasia) of the gastric mucosa was (33.4%, 34% and 1.1%, respectively) in the total sample. The antrum region exhibited significantly higher numbers of alteration (P<0.001), except for HP infection, which was present in 24.8% of the patients. Conclusion: Incisura angularis biopsy is important because it increased the number of cases diagnosed in more advanced stages of intestinal metaplasia and atrophy. The study had limitations, with the main one being the relatively small sample size, consisting mostly of healthy individuals, although mostly elderly.

RESUMO Contexto: A atrofia gástrica (AG) e a metaplasia intestinal (MI) são estágios iniciais do desenvolvimento do câncer gástrico. As avaliações são baseadas no Sistema de Sydney Atualizado, que inclui uma biópsia da incisura angular (IA), e nos sistemas de estadiamento de risco de câncer gástrico Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment (OLGA) e Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment using Intestinal Metaplasia (OLGIM). Objetivo: Comparar as classificações OLGA e OLGIM com e sem biópsia da IA. Além disso, determinar a prevalência de Helicobacter pylori (HP) e alterações pré-neoplásicas (AG e MI) em diferentes regiões biopsiadas e identificar os achados exclusivos da IA. Métodos: Estudo observacional, prospectivo, descritivo, unicêntrico, com 350 pacientes sem diagnóstico de câncer gástrico, submetidos à endoscopia digestiva alta com biópsias na Gastroclínica Itajaí, no período de março de 2020 a maio de 2022. A classificação histopatológica da gastrite seguiu o Sistema de Sydney Atualizado, e a avaliação do risco de câncer gástrico seguiu os sistemas OLGA e OLGIM. A metodologia aplicada avaliou os escores dos sistemas OLGA e OLGIM com e sem a avaliação da biópsia da IA. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio de medidas descritivas (frequências, porcentagens, média, desvio padrão, intervalo de confiança de 95%). As classificações foram comparadas usando os testes de Kruskal-Wallis ou Wilcoxon. Para analisar a relação entre as frequências, foi usado o teste exato de Fisher bilateral. O escore de Wilson com correção de continuidade foi aplicado ao intervalo de confiança. Resultados: A idade média foi de 54.7 anos, com 52.57% de pacientes do sexo feminino e 47.43% do sexo masculino. A comparação entre o protocolo de biópsias utilizado (corpo + antro [CA] vs corpo + antro + incisura angular [CAI]) e os estágios OLGA e OLGIM mostrou uma diminuição significativa em ambos os sistemas de estadiamento quando o protocolo de biópsia restrito ao corpo e ao antro foi aplicado (OLGA CAI vs CA; P=0.008 / OLGIM CAI vs CA; P=0.002). A prevalência de lesões pré-malignas (GA, MI e displasia) da mucosa gástrica foi de (33.4%, 34% e 1.1%, respectivamente) na amostra total. A região do antro exibiu um número significativamente maior de alterações (P<0.001), com exceção da infecção por HP, que estava presente em 24.8% dos pacientes. Conclusão: A biópsia de IA é importante porque aumentou o número de casos diagnosticados em estágios mais avançados de MI e AG. O estudo teve limitações, sendo a principal delas o tamanho relativamente pequeno da amostra, composta principalmente por indivíduos saudáveis, embora em sua maioria idosos.

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Abstract Introduction: Gastric cancer is the fifth most frequently diagnosed type of cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Oncolytic viruses are a potential agent for cancer treatment. Objective: To evaluate the penetration capacity, selectivity, and oncolytic efficiency of rotavirus Wt1-5 using an ex vivo infection model in tumor samples obtained from patients diagnosed with gastric adenocarcinoma. Materials and methods: Experimental laboratory study performed on explants of diffuse and intestinal-subtype gastric adenocarcinomas collected at the Hospital Universitario de La Samaritana (Bogotá D.C., Colombia). These explants were infected with rotavirus Wt1-5, and immunocytochemistry tests were used to assess its penetration and diffusion capacity through the tumor microenvironment, as well as its potential as an oncolytic virus. Data are described using means and standard deviations. In addition, a bivariate analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test to determine differences between the data from the evaluated assays and the control used in each assay. A statistical significance level of p<0.05 was considered. Results: At 12 hours post infection (h.p.i), rotavirus Wt1-5 had disseminated in all tumor layers, promoting the infection of tumor cells and resulting in necrosis of tumor tissue after 48 h.p.i. On the other hand, adjacent non-tumor tissues showed no evidence of infection with this rotavirus or tissue lysis (p<0.05). Conclusions: Explant culture is a useful model for studying and predicting ex vivo infectious behavior. Rotavirus Wt1-5 selectively and efficiently infects tumor cells in gastric adenocarcinoma explants, both diffuse and intestinal.

Resumen Introducción. A nivel mundial, el cáncer gástrico es el quinto cáncer más comúnmente diagnosticado y la cuarta causa de mortalidad por cáncer. Los virus oncolíticos son un agente terapéutico potencial para el cáncer. Objetivo. Evaluar la capacidad de penetración, la selectividad y la eficiencia oncolítica del rotavirus Wt1-5 mediante un modelo de infección ex vivo en muestras tumorales obtenidas de pacientes con diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma gástrico. Materiales y métodos. Estudio experimental de laboratorio realizado en explantes de adenocarcinoma gástricos de subtipo difuso e intestinal recolectados en el Hospital Universitario de La Samaritana (Bogotá D.C., Colombia). Estos explantes se infectaron con el rotavirus Wt1-5 y, mediante pruebas inmunohistoquímicas, se evaluó su capacidad de penetración y difusión a través del microambiente tumoral, así como su potencial como virus oncolítico. Los datos se describen usando medias y desviaciones estándar. Además, se realizó un análisis bivariado mediante la prueba de U de Mann-Whitney para determinar las diferencias entre los datos de los ensayos evaluados y el control empleado en cada uno. Se consideró un nivel de significancia estadística de p<0.05. Resultados. A las 12 horas post infección (h.p.i) se observó que el rotavirus Wt1-5 se había diseminado en todas las capas del tumor, lo cual favoreció la infección de las células tumorales y generó necrosis del tejido tumoral a partir de las 48 h.p.i. Por otro lado, los tejidos no tumorales adyacentes no mostraron evidencia de infección con este rotavirus, ni lisis tisular (p<0.05). Conclusiones. El cultivo de explantes es un modelo útil para estudiar y predecir el comportamiento infeccioso ex vivo. El rotavirus Wt1-5 infecta de manera selectiva y eficiente las células tumorales en explantes de adeno-carcinoma gástrico, tanto del subtipo difuso como del subtipo intestinal.

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BACKGROUND: The updated Sydney system biopsy protocol (USSBP) standardizes the sampling of gastric biopsies for the detection of preneoplastic conditions (e.g., gastric intestinal metaplasia [GIM]), but the real-world diagnostic yield is not well-described. AIM: To determine whether regular application of USSBP is associated with higher detection of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), GIM and autoimmune gastritis (AIG). METHODS: We performed a real-world retrospective study at an academic urban tertiary hospital in Chile. We manually reviewed medical records from consecutive patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) from January to December 2017. Seven endoscopists who performed EGDs were categorized into two groups (USSBP 'regular' and USSBP 'infrequent') based on USSBP adherence, using minimum 20% adherence as the prespecified threshold. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between endoscopist groups and the likelihood of diagnosing CAG, GIM or AIG. RESULTS: 1206 patients were included in the study (mean age: 58.5; 65.3% female). The USSBP regular group demonstrated a higher likelihood of detecting CAG (20% vs. 5.3%; aOR 4.03, 95%CI: 2.69-6.03), GIM (12.2% vs. 3.4%; aOR 3.91, 95%CI: 2.39-6.42) and AIG (2.9% vs. 0.8%; aOR 6.52, 95%CI: 1.87-22.74) compared to infrequent group. Detection of advanced-stage CAG (Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment stage III/IV) was significantly higher in the USSBP regular vs. infrequent group (aOR 5.84, 95%CI: 2.23-15.31). CONCLUSIONS: Routine adherence to USSBP increases the detection rates of preneoplastic conditions, including CAG, GIM and AIG. Standardized implementation of USSBP should be considered in high gastric cancer risk populations.

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Siendo el cáncer gástrico la 3ª causa de muerte por cáncer en Chile, y existiendo estrategias de tamizaje consistentes en pesquisa de lesiones preneoplásicas de la mucosa gástrica, es relevante conocer los aspectos genéticos y moleculares que puedan ser aplicados, en la optimización de dichas estrategias a grupos de mayor riesgo. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue revisar la evidencia actual en los aspectos señalados, y de la inmunohistoquímica de 4 marcadores (p53, CDX2, MUC2 y S100A9) en la mucosa gástrica normal y en las lesiones preneoplásicas de la misma.

SUMMARY: Since gastric cancer is the 3rd leading cause of death from cancer in Chile, and there are screening strategies consisting of screening for preneoplastic lesions of the gastric mucosa, it is important to know certain genetic and molecular aspects that can be applied in optimizing these strategies for higher risk groups. The aim of this manuscript was to review the current evidence on the aforementioned aspects, and on the immunohistochemistry of 4 markers (p53, CDX2, MUC2 and S100A9) in normal gastric mucosa and in its preneoplastic lesions.

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Introducción: El riesgo de desarrollar cáncer gástrico varía entre continentes, países y regiones. A pesar de que existe una alta prevalencia de Helicobacter pylori su rol como patógeno o mutualista define el riesgo de cáncer gástrico en las regiones de Colombia. Objetivo: Discutir el rol de Helicobacter pylori en el riesgo de cáncer gástrico en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Revisión de literatura mediante la búsqueda, en las bases de datos LILACS, SciELO, PubMed. Resultados: La coevolución del humano y de Helicobacter pylori; la virulencia de genes cagA, vacA; el tipo de respuesta inmune inflamatoria a Helicobacter pylori (Th1) o antinflamatoria (Th2) y la susceptibilidad humana a cáncer gástrico (IL1β, IL10), junto a la dieta y factores ambientales explican el papel de Helicobacter pylori como patógeno o mutualista asociado al riesgo de cáncer gástrico en Colombia. Conclusiones: Helicobacter pylori tiene un rol mutualista principalmente en poblaciones de bajo riesgo de cáncer gástrico (costas), no obstante, en poblaciones con alto riesgo de cáncer gástrico (andes), su papel como patógeno amerita la erradicación; única estrategia para mitigar la alta incidencia de este cáncer en Colombia.

Introduction: The risk to develop gastric cancer varies between continents, countries and regions. Although there is a high prevalence of Helicobater pylori, its role as either pathogen or mutualistic bacteria defines the risk of gastric cancer in Colombian regions. Objective: To discuss the role of Helicobacter pylori in the risk of gastric cancer in Colombia. Materials and methods: A literature review based on searching LILACS, SciELO, and PubMed databases. Results: Helicobacter pylori role as either a pathogen or mutualistic microorganism associated with gastric cancer risk in Colombia can be explained by analyzing elements such as: human and Helicobacter pylori coevolution; cagA and vacA gene virulence; inflammatory (Th1) or anti-inflammatory (Th2) responses induced by Helicobacter pylori; human susceptibility to gastric cancer (IL1β, IL10); diet; and environmental factors. Conclusions: Even though Helicobacter pylori has a mutualistic role in populations at low gastric cancer risk (coastal regions), its role as a pathogen in populations at higher risk (Andean regions) justifies its eradication as a key strategy to mitigate the incidence of this cancer in Colombia.

Introdução: O risco de desenvolver câncer gástrico varia entre continentes, países e regiões. Embora haja uma alta prevalência de Helicobacter pylori, seu papel como patógeno ou mutualista define o risco de câncer gástrico nas regiões da Colômbia. Objetivo: Discutir o papel do Helicobacter pylori no risco de câncer gástrico na Colômbia. Materiais e métodos: Revisão da literatura por meio da busca, nas bases de dados LILACS, SciELO e PubMed. Resultados: A coevolução de humanos e Helicobacter pylori; a virulência dos genes cagA, vacA; o tipo de resposta imune inflamatória ao Helicobacter pylori (Th1) ou anti-inflamatório (Th2) e a suscetibilidade humana ao câncer gástrico (IL1β, IL10), juntamente com a dieta e fatores ambientais explicam o papel do Helicobacter pylori como patógeno ou mutualista associado ao risco de câncer gástrico na Colômbia. Conclusões: Helicobacter pylori tem um papel mutualista principalmente em populações de baixo risco de câncer gástrico (litoral), porém, em populações com alto risco de câncer gástrico (andes), seu papel como patógeno justifica a erradicação; única estratégia para mitigar a alta incidência deste câncer na Colômbia.

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Introduction: Gastric cancer (GC) is the first cause of death by neoplasm in Colombia, with 6,451 deaths in 2020. This pathology and its chronic manifestations pose a public health challenge. The objective is to estimate the disease burden of GC in Tunja, Boyacá, from 2010 to 2019. Materials and methods: An exploratory ecological study was conducted using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) as the unit of measurement. The National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) mortality databases and prevalence information from the Integrated Social Protection Information System (SISPRO) records were used. Deaths and GC cases were pooled and then adjusted to control for bias. Results: In 2010-2019, 34.2 DALYs were lost for every 1,000 people secondary to GC in Tunja, 30.5 were due to years lost due to premature death, and 3.72 were due to years lived with disability. DALYs due to premature death were found to exceed DALYs due to disability. Conclusion: The morbidity burden of GC from 2010 to 2019 for Tunja was similar to that of other cancers because of years of life lost due to premature death, so public health efforts should be made to increase early detection.

Introducción: el cáncer gástrico (CG) es la primera causa de muerte por neoplasia en Colombia, con 6451 muertes durante el 2020. Esta patología y sus manifestaciones crónicas plantean un desafío en la salud pública. El objetivo fue estimar la carga de enfermedad por CG en Tunja, Boyacá, durante los años 2010 a 2019. Metodología: se realizó un estudio ecológico exploratorio en el que se utilizó como unidad de medida los años de vida ajustados por discapacidad (AVAD). Se emplearon las bases de datos de mortalidad del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) e información de la prevalencia desde los registros del Sistema Integrado de Información de la Protección Social (SISPRO). Las muertes y los casos de CG se agruparon y luego se ajustaron para controlar sesgos. Resultados: en el período 2010-2019 se perdieron 34,2 AVAD por cada 1000 personas secundarios a CG en Tunja, de los cuales 30,5 fueron debido a años perdidos por muerte prematura y 3,72 por años vividos con discapacidad. Se encontró que los AVAD por muerte prematura superan a los AVAD por discapacidad. Conclusión: la carga de morbilidad por CG en el período 2010 a 2019 para la ciudad de Tunja fue similar a la carga de otros cánceres y fue debido a años de vida perdidos por muerte prematura, motivo por el cual se deben realizar esfuerzos de salud pública para aumentar la detección temprana.

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SUMMARY: Gastrin plays a vital role in the development and progression of gastric cancer (GC). Its expression is up-regulated in GC tissues and several GC cell lines. Yet, the underlying mechanism remains to be investigated. Here, we aim to investigate the role and mechanism of gastrin in GC proliferation. Gastrin-overexpressing GC cell model was constructed using SGC7901 cells. Then the differentially expressed proteins were identified by iTRAQ analysis. Next, we use flow cytometry and immunofluorescence to study the effect of gastrin on the mitochondrial potential and mitochondria-derived ROS production. Finally, we studied the underlying mechanism of gastrin regulating mitochondrial function using Co-IP, mass spectrometry and immunofluorescence. Overexpression of gastrin promoted GC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. A total of 173 proteins were expressed differently between the controls and gastrin- overexpression cells and most of these proteins were involved in tumorigenesis and cell proliferation. Among them, Cox17, Cox5B and ATP5J that were all localized to the mitochondrial respiratory chain were down-regulated in gastrin-overexpression cells. Furthermore, gastrin overexpression led to mitochondrial potential decrease and mitochondria-derived ROS increase. Additionally, gastrin-induced ROS generation resulted in the inhibition of cell apoptosis via activating NF-kB, inhibiting Bax expression and promoting Bcl-2 expression. Finally, we found gastrin interacted with mitochondrial membrane protein Annexin A2 using Co-IP and mass spectrometry. Overexpr ession of gastrin inhibits GC cell apoptosis by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction through interacting with mitochondrial protein Annexin A2, then up-regulating ROS production to activate NF-kB and further leading to Bax/Bcl-2 ratio decrease.

La gastrina juega un papel vital en el desarrollo y progresión del cáncer gástrico (CG). Su expresión está regulada al alza en tejidos de CG y en varias líneas celulares de CG. Sin embargo, el mecanismo subyacente aun no se ha investigado. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el papel y el mecanismo de la gastrina en la proliferación de CG. El modelo de células CG que sobre expresan gastrina se construyó usando células SGC7901. Luego, las proteínas expresadas diferencialmente se identificaron mediante análisis iTRAQ. A continuación, utilizamos la citometría de flujo y la inmunofluorescencia para estudiar el efecto de la gastrina en el potencial mitocondrial y la producción de ROS derivada de las mitocondrias. Finalmente, estudiamos el mecanismo subyacente de la gastrina que regula la función mitocondrial utilizando Co-IP, espectrometría de masas e inmunofluorescencia. La sobreexpresión de gastrina promovió la proliferación de células CG in vitro e in vivo. Un total de 173 proteínas se expresaron de manera diferente entre los controles y las células con sobreexpresión de gastrina y la mayoría de estas proteínas estaban implicadas en la tumorigenesis y la proliferación celular. Entre estas, Cox17, Cox5B y ATP5J, todas localizadas en la cadena respiratoria mitocondrial, estaban reguladas a la baja en las células con sobreexpresión de gastrina. Además, la sobreexpresión de gastrina provocó una disminución del potencial mitocondrial y un aumento de las ROS derivadas de las mitocondrias. Por otra parte, la generación de ROS inducida por gastrina resultó en la inhibición de la apoptosis celular mediante la activación de NF-kB, inhibiendo la expresión de Bax y promoviendo la expresión de Bcl-2. Finalmente, encontramos que la gastrina interactuaba con la proteína de membrana mitocondrial Anexina A2 usando Co-IP y espectrometría de masas. La sobreexpresión de gastrina inhibe la apoptosis de las células CG al inducir la disfunción mitocondrial a través de la interacción con la proteína mitocondrial Anexina A2, luego regula el aumento de la producción de ROS para activar NF-kB y conduce aún más a la disminución de la relación Bax/Bcl-2.

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INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Endoscopy is the most effective method for identifying gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC). Interval gastric cancer (IGC) is GAC that is diagnosed 2-3 years after a normal endoscopy. Its characteristics are unknown in the Colombian environment. The clinical, histopathologic, and endoscopic characteristics were evaluated, along with the presentation rate, proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use, and IGC survival rate, and compared with other types of GAC. METHODS: A retrospective, analytic study was conducted on a prospective cohort. It evaluated 513 patients with GAC treated at our institution, within the time frame of January 2012 and June 2018. The patients had endoscopic diagnosis of GAC and endoscopy within the past three years that was negative for tumor. RESULTS: A total of 513 patients diagnosed with GAC were evaluated. Forty-two of the patients had IGC (8.2%): 9 early lesions and 33 advanced lesions (79%). The IGCs were smaller (31 vs. 41 mm; P < .01), as well as flatter and more depressed (P < .01). There was no association with PPI use, but there was an association with a history of gastrectomy and anastomosis (P = .02), as well as the absence of red flags (P < .003). The most frequent locations were the gastric body (52%) and the antrum (26%). Overall two-year survival was similar between IGC and GAC (37.1 vs. 39.3%, P = .72). CONCLUSION: A total of 8.2% of recently diagnosed GAC were cases of IGC. The presence of anastomosis and the absence of red flags were related to IGC. Overall survival was poor and there were no differences from the other types of GAC detected.

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