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This article examines the relationship between school infrastructure and academic performance in Ecuador. The objective of this research is to identify which types of infrastructure are associated with better student outcomes in elementary schools. The study employs data from the 2019 UNESCO standardized test, ERCE-2019, for Ecuadorian primary schools. The findings indicate a significant positive correlation between various types of school infrastructure and student achievement. Such infrastructure includes art and music installations, on-site nursing facilities, and basic service connections, especially in rural areas. Significant correlations between educational outcomes and large-scale infrastructure investments are either not observed or are inconsistently evidenced. These results challenge the heavy focus on prominent educational infrastructure projects in Ecuador, suggesting an opportunity to reorient educational spending to enhance outcomes cost-effectively. These research findings may apply not only to Ecuador but potentially to the broader Latin American context.

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Energy needs in the buildings sector accounts for 40 % of global energy demand. Therefore, the implementation of several renewable energy sources is necessary to reduce this demand. The design stage of a decentralized generation project requires quantifying the power to be installed and the energy forecast for each source throughout the useful life of the building. This study develops a novel optimization algorithm for a long-term economic function based on mixed-integer disciplined convex programming (MIDCP) which guarantees the sustainability of the building and its energy systems. The robust algorithm integrates risk management of intermittent sources, technical and economic parameters of selected technologies, and life cycle analysis (LCA) of different energy systems, including storage. Furthermore, the penetration of green hydrogen into the distributed generation mix is evaluated as an important contribution. Meteorological and energy demand variables of two antagonistic scenarios were also used as inputs to the algorithm. As a result, the optimal energy supply sizing for tertiary buildings in the two defined locations was obtained. The results of the simulations have achieved an optimal convergence of 100 % in the proposed scenarios, with a resolution time of 14 s and using a memory of about 183 MB. The simulations suggest a higher penetration of green hydrogen in scenarios where supply and investment costs decrease to gray hydrogen supply levels, reaching up to 81 % coverage of the thermal demand of the building. Hybrid energy systems under favorable conditions show a penetration of about 92 % within the distributed generation mix. The developed tool could enable decision-makers to optimally plan distributed generation projects in buildings based on economic, policy, and geographic conditions.

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Energy consumption of constructed educational facilities significantly impacts economic, social and environment sustainable development. It contributes to approximately 37% of the carbon dioxide emissions associated with energy use and procedures. This paper aims to introduce a study that investigates several artificial intelligence-based models to predict the energy consumption of the most important educational buildings; schools. These models include decision trees, K-nearest neighbors, gradient boosting, and long-term memory networks. The research also investigates the relationship between the input parameters and the yearly energy usage of educational buildings. It has been discovered that the school sizes and AC capacities are the most impact variable associated with higher energy consumption. While 'Type of School' is less direct or weaker correlation with 'Annual Consumption'. The four developed models were evaluated and compared in training and testing stages. The Decision Tree model demonstrates strong performance on the training data with an average prediction error of about 3.58%. The K-Nearest Neighbors model has significantly higher errors, with RMSE on training data as high as 38,429.4, which may be indicative of overfitting. In contrast, Gradient Boosting can almost perfectly predict the variations within the training dataset. The performance metrics suggest that some models manage this variability better than others, with Gradient Boosting and LSTM standing out in terms of their ability to handle diverse data ranges, from the minimum consumption of approximately 99,274.95 to the maximum of 683,191.8. This research underscores the importance of sustainable educational buildings not only as physical learning spaces but also as dynamic environments that contribute to informal educational processes. Sustainable buildings serve as real-world examples of environmental stewardship, teaching students about energy efficiency and sustainability through their design and operation. By incorporating advanced AI-driven tools to optimize energy consumption, educational facilities can become interactive learning hubs that encourage students to engage with concepts of sustainability in their everyday surroundings.

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Historically, approaches for determining peak water demand in buildings have been based on probabilistic methods. Extensive research has shown that these methods lack accuracy because of the human factor in the probability of use. Inaccuracy in the calculation of peak water demand is the main cause of oversized water supply systems in buildings. This has led to unfavorable effects such as: 1) increasing the building carbon footprint due to the use of more construction materials, and 2) engendering health hazards due to the stagnation of water causing microbial growing. This paper presents a step-by-step methodology that serves to calculate the peak water demand by simulating the use of plumbing fixtures based on data obtained from standardized flowrate. With the implementation of the methodology, the peak water demand estimated was 2.6 times lower in comparison to traditional methods. The main conclusion drawn from the research is the potential of the methodology to easily simulated peak water demand in residential buildings in the short term. Thus, it reveals a hotspot for peak water demand calculation and can serve as routes for future research.

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Alfredo Ramón Campos (1880-1970), militar, arquitecto, político, docente y escritor uruguayo. Constructor material y doctrinario del Ejército del siglo XX. De joven, participó en las guerras civiles de 1897 y 1904. De adulto en la revolución de 1910 y luego en la de 1935. En 1935 concurre como presidente de la delegación uruguaya a la Comisión Militar Neutral para solucionar lo que no pudo la Sociedad de Naciones en la guerra del Chaco. Asume como Ministro de Defensa en junio 1938, sorteando la llegada del Graf Spee a Montevideo y renunciando un año y medio más tarde por falta de apoyo político con la ley del Servicio Militar Obligatorio. Asume nuevamente el ministerio de Defensa en 1942 culminando un importante número de proyectos. En cada destino militar nos dejó un reglamento y una ley. En cada acontecimiento histórico que participó, nos dejó un relato de los hechos. Abrazó una segunda profesión, docente de secundaria, Facultad de Matemáticas y Arquitectura, socio fundador de la "Sociedad de Arquitectos del Uruguay" y jurado de los principales edificios y monumentos del país en la primera mitad del siglo XX. Construyó más de doscientas obras particulares y estatales, realizó decoraciones y reformas, y sobre todo construyó los edificios para alojamiento de las tropas en el Ejército Nacional, ampliaciones del Hospital Militar y Sanatorio Español. La fortaleza de sus obras hace, que aún se mantengan de pie.

Alfredo Ramón Campos (1880-1970), Uruguayan military man, architect, politician, teacher and writer. Material and doctrinal builder of the Army of the 20th century. As a young man, he participated in the civil wars of 1897 and 1904. As an adult, he participated in the revolution of 1910 and then in the revolution of 1935. In 1935 he was president of the Uruguayan delegation to the Neutral Military Commission to solve what the League of Nations could not in the Chaco War. He became Minister of Defense in June 1938, avoiding the arrival of the Graf Spee to Montevideo and resigned a year and a half later due to lack of political support for the law of Compulsory Military Service. He assumed again the Ministry of Defense in 1942, culminating an important number of projects. In each military assignment he left us a regulation and a law. In each historical event in which he participated, he left us an account of the facts. He embraced a second profession, secondary school teacher, Faculty of Mathematics and Architecture, founding member of the "Society of Architects of Uruguay" and juror of the main buildings of the country in the first half of the twentieth century. He built more than two hundred private and state works, made decorations and reforms, and above all built the buildings for troop housing in the National Army, extensions of the Military Hospital and the Spanish Sanatorium. The strength of his works means that they are still standing.

Alfredo Ramón Campos (1880-1970), oficial militar, arquiteto, político, professor e escritor uruguaio. Construtor de material e doutrina do exército no século XX. Quando jovem, participou das guerras civis de 1897 e 1904. Quando adulto, participou das revoluções de 1910 e 1935. Em 1935, foi presidente da delegação uruguaia na Comissão Militar Neutra para resolver o que a Liga das Nações não conseguiu na Guerra do Chaco. Tornou-se Ministro da Defesa em junho de 1938, evitando a chegada do Graf Spee a Montevidéu e renunciando um ano e meio depois devido à falta de apoio político à lei do Serviço Militar Obrigatório. Ele assumiu novamente o Ministério da Defesa em 1942 e concluiu um grande número de projetos. Em cada missão militar, ele nos deixou um regulamento e uma lei. Em cada evento histórico do qual participou, ele nos deixou um relato dos fatos. Adotou uma segunda profissão: professor de ensino médio, professor de matemática e arquitetura, membro fundador da Sociedad de Arquitectos del Uruguay e jurado dos principais edifícios do país na primeira metade do século XX. Ele construiu mais de duzentos edifícios privados e estatais, realizou decorações e reformas e, acima de tudo, construiu os edifícios para acomodação de tropas no Exército Nacional, extensões do Hospital Militar e do Sanatório Espanhol. A força de suas obras significa que elas ainda estão de pé até hoje.

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Zero-export photovoltaic systems are an option to transition to Smart Grids. They decarbonize the sector without affecting third parties. This paper proposes the analysis of a zero-export PVS with a green hydrogen generation and storage system. This configuration is feasible to apply by any self-generation entity; it allows the user to increase their resilience and independence from the electrical network. The technical issue is simplified because the grid supplies no power. The main challenge is finding an economic balance between the savings in electricity billing, proportional to the local electricity rate, and the complete system's investment, operation, and maintenance expenses. This manuscript presents the effects of the power sizing on the efficacy of economic savings in billing (ηSaving) and the effects of the cost reduction on the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and a discounted payback period (DPP) based on net present value. In addition, this study established an analytical relationship between LCOE and DPP. The designed methodology proposes to size and selects systems to use and store green hydrogen from the zero-export photovoltaic system. The input data in the case study are obtained experimentally from the Autonomous University of the State of Quintana Roo, located on Mexico's southern border. The maximum power of the load is LPmax = 500 kW, and the average power is LPmean = 250 kW; the tariff of the electricity network operator has hourly conditions for a medium voltage demand. A suggested semi-empirical equation allows for determining the efficiency of the fuel cell and electrolyzer as a function of the local operating conditions and the nominal power of the components. The analytical strategy, the energy balance equations, and the identity functions that delimit the operating conditions are detailed to be generalized to other case studies. The results are obtained by a computer code programmed in C++ language. According to our boundary conditions, results show no significant savings generated by the installation of the hydrogen system when the zero-export photovoltaic system Power ≤ LPmax and DPP ≤ 20 years is possible only with LCOE ≤ 0.1 $/kWh. Specifically for the Mexico University case study, zero-export photovoltaic system cost must be less than 310 $/kW, fuel cell cost less than 395 $/kW, and electrolyzer cost less than 460 $/kW.

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This research analyzes the impact of a hybrid off-grid renewable energy system consisting of wind turbines, solar photovoltaic, hydrokinetic turbines and battery-backed to provide a group of novel airplane-shaped buildings, generates development in nearby towns that sit on a city vantage point from Cuenca in Ecuador. This is an innovative proposal that, in addition to using renewable energy in the complex of buildings, generates development in nearby towns. Three sources of renewable energy under energy control, load cycle and load monitoring are used to determine new patterns in the behavior of the sources with respect to the demand for electricity. Above all, it reduces carbon. With the support of HOMER Pro, the generation sources are optimized to cover the electrical demand patterns of the group of buildings in the form of airplanes. The results show that the systems that include solar panels, wind and hydrokinetic generators have a higher cost but there is more guarantee by maintaining their charge levels in the batteries above 40%. The proposed methodology and design can be widely adapted to places with similar characteristics worldwide, creating a novel solution for this type of buildings powered by renewable energy. The annual energy required by the set of buildings is 234.86 MW h/year. When projecting the renewable energy system for 25 years, an NPC of $37,600 and a COE of $0.386/kWh are achieved.

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Air quality is one of the main factors that must be guaranteed in animal production. However, the measurement of pollutants is still a problem in several countries because the available methods are costly and do not always apply to the reality of the constructive typology adopted, as in countries with a hot climate, which adopt predominantly open facilities. Thus, the objective of the present study was to develop predictive models for the potential generation and emission of ammonia in the production of broiler chickens with different types of litter, different reuse cycles and under different climatic conditions. Samples of poultry litter from thirty commercial aviaries submitted to different air temperatures were analyzed. The experiment was conducted and analyzed in a completely randomized design, following a factorial scheme. Models were developed to predict the potential for generation and emission of ammonia, which can be applied in facilities with ambient conditions of air temperature between 25 and 40 °C and with wood shaving bed with up to four reuse cycles and coffee husks bed with up to six reuse cycles. The developed and validated models showed high accuracy indicating that they can be used to estimate the potential for ammonia generation and emission.

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Population increase, climate change and soil impermeability are factors causing floods in large urban centres. Such places also always have water shortage problems. This research aims to evaluate the influence of rainwater harvesting in residential buildings on stormwater in a basin located in southern Brazil (Rio Cachoeira Basin). Urbanised and non-urbanised areas, soil types, curve numbers and time of concentration of each sub-basin were taken into account. Through the HEC-HMS programme, it was possible to calculate hydrographs for the base scenario (when there is no rainwater harvesting). Then, rainwater tanks for the residential buildings were sized using the computer programme Netuno. In the second scenario, there is rainwater harvesting in all residential buildings. Thus, the hydrographs for the second scenario were also calculated. The peak flow reduction potentials for the sub-basins ranged from 2.7% to 14.3%. The highest percentage (14.3%) did not occur in the sub-basin with the most extensive roof area; such highest peak flow reduction occurred in Bom Retiro sub-basin. In Bom Retiro sub-basin, there are more houses than multi-storey residential buildings. Even when considering the full potential of rainwater harvesting for roof areas of all existing buildings in the Rio Cachoeira Basin, the average potential reduction in peak flow was 7.2%. The conclusion is that rainwater tanks in residential buildings have little influence on stormwater runoff, and the stormwater runoff will be less affected when the area of the hydrographic basin is larger. Thus, the reduction in peak flows is insignificant when considering the flooding in the region.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender a perspectiva de médicos acerca do processo de trabalho em Clínicas Populares de Saúde. Para isso, realizamos uma pesquisa qualitativa na qual foram entrevistados oito jovens médicos especialistas que atuam nessas empresas em São Luís, Maranhão. Identificamos condições precarizadas de trabalho, mas com pouca resistência por parte dos médicos, considerando que essas empresas são encaradas como espaços de projeção no mercado de trabalho local. Devido às limitações do modelo assistencial do tipo queixa-conduta, os entrevistados acionam uma rede informal e os usuários das Clínicas Populares de Saúde são encaminhados para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Assim, o processo de trabalho do médico é desafiado por esse modelo assistencial fragmentado, o que faz borrar os limites nas interfaces público-privado na medida em que uma dupla porta de entrada para o SUS é naturalizada.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender la perspectiva de médicos sobre el proceso de trabajo en Clínicas Populares de Salud. Para ello, realizamos una investigación cualitativa en la que fueron entrevistados ocho jóvenes médicos especialistas que actúan en esas empresas en São Luís, Maranhão. Identificamos condiciones precarias de trabajo, pero con poca resistencia por parte de los médicos, considerando que esas empresas son consideradas como espacios de proyección en el mercado de trabajo local. Debido a las limitaciones del modelo asistencial del tipo queja-conducta, los entrevistados ponen en acción una red informal y los usuarios de las Clínicas Populares de Salud son derivados para el Sistema Brasileño de Salud (SUS). De tal forma, el proceso de trabajo del médico es desafiado por ese modelo asistencial fragmentado, lo que borra los límites de las interfaces público-privado a medida que se naturaliza una doble puerta de entrada al SUS.(AU)

The objective of the study was to understand the perspective of doctors regarding the work process in Low-cost Health Clinics. To this end, we conducted qualitative research interviewing 8 young specialist doctors who work in these business firms in São Luís, Maranhão. We identified precarious working conditions, although presenting little resistance from the doctors, considering that these businesses are seen as spaces of projection in the local job market. Due to the limitations of the complaint-driven model of care, the interviewees activate an informal network, and the users of the Low-Cost Health Clinics are referred to the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). Thus, the physician's work process is challenged by this fragmented care model, which blurs the boundaries in the public-private interfaces leading to a naturalized double gateway to the SUS.(AU)

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Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp. y Balamuthia mandrillaris, son especies de ameba de vida libre (AVL) que causan enfermedades en el sistema nervioso central grave y puede ser fatal en humanos y otros animales. Todos los géneros de AVL tienen dos etapas: quiste y trofozoíto. Los trofozoítos se dividen por fisión binaria, se alimentan activamente y es la etapa infecciosa del organismo. En el medio ambiente, los acanthopodios permiten que los trofozoítos se adhieran a las superficies de las bacterias, hongos, algas y detritos en los que se encuentran su alimento. Acanthamoeba spp. Parecen mantener una relación endosimbiótica con algunas de las bacterias que consumen. Muchas de estas bacterias, como la Legionella, Pseudomonas, Vibrio y algunas micobacterias parecen adquirir factores de virulencia mientras están viviendo dentro de las amebas, lo que les permite sobrevivir y prosperar dentro de otras células fagocíticas (por ejemplo, macrófagos humanos). La tenacidad de AVL para proliferar en ecosistemas hostiles y sobrevivir a la desecación o desinfección hace de estos organismos una fuente potencial transmitida por el agua, por los alimentos y el aire. Conocidos por su ubicuidad, los AVL han sido aislados de diversas matrices ambientales, como suelo, agua dulce y salobre, aguas residuales, aguas termales, polvo y otros. En función de lo antes comentado, este trabajo tiene como objetivo identificar amebas de vida libre en tanques de almacenamiento de agua de edificios del área metropolitana de la ciudad de Ambato (Ecuador), con el fin de aplicar soluciones correctivas en cualquiera de sus puntos. Según el sitio de muestreo, el género de AVL identificado con mayor frecuencia en la superficie fue Balamuthia sp (70,59%) y Acanthamoeba sp., con un 37,78 %. El fondo estuvo caracterizado por Naegleria sp. con un 44,44%(AU)

Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp. and Balamuthia mandrillaris are species of free-living amoeba (FLA) that cause severe central nervous system disease and can be fatal in humans and other animals. All genera of FLA have two stages: cyst and trophozoite. Trophozoites divide by binary fission, actively feed, and is the infective stage of the organism. In the environment, acanthopods allow trophozoites to adhere to the surfaces of bacteria, fungi, algae, and detritus on which their food is found. Acanthamoeba spp. they appear to maintain an endosymbiotic relationship with some of the bacteria they consume. Many of these bacteria, such as Legionella, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, and some mycobacteria appear to acquire virulence factors while living inside amoebas, allowing them to survive and thrive inside other phagocytic cells (eg, human macrophages). FLA's tenacity to proliferate in hostile ecosystems and survive desiccation or disinfection makes these organisms a potential waterborne, foodborne, and airborne source. Known for their ubiquity, FLAs have been isolated from various environmental matrices, such as soil, fresh and brackish water, wastewater, hot springs, dust, and others. Based on the aforementioned, this work aims to identify free-living amoebas in water storage tanks of buildings in the metropolitan area of the city of Ambato (Ecuador), in order to apply corrective solutions at any of its points. According to the sampling site, the FLA genus most frequently identified on the surface was Balamuthia sp (70.59%) and Acanthamoeba sp., with 37.78 %. The background was characterized by Naegleria sp. with 44.44%(AU)

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This work has its origin in the growing demands of energy regulations to meet future local targets and to propose a global implementation framework. A literature review related to conventional electrical energy storage systems has been carried out, presenting different cases analyzed at building scale to deepen in nature-inspired processes that propose reductions in environmental impact and present improvements in these storage devices. The use of batteries, especially lithium-ion batteries, is the most prominent among the electrical storage applications; however, improvements have been proposed through hydrogen batteries or the implementation of more environmentally friendly materials to manufacture the electrodes. In this sense, oriented to creating systems designed to protect the environment, important advances have been made in the development of storage systems based on biomimetic strategies. The latter range from the generation of energy through the respiratory processes of microorganisms to the recreation of the generation, storage, and release of energy using the thermoelectric and thermoregulatory characteristics of some insects. These facts show that the trend in research towards improving existing systems continues but reinforces the idea that new solutions must be environmentally friendly, so there is still a long way to improving the processes established thus far.

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RESUMO As áreas urbanas buscam novas opções de serviço de água, para garantir o abastecimento. A literatura acadêmica versa sobre o pensamento de que a crise hídrica está relacionada ao crescimento urbano; no entanto, o fator predominante é o aumento do consumo, independentemente do crescimento populacional, pois fatores comportamentais devem ser revistos a partir de simples hábitos diários. Os empresários não focam apenas nas questões de economia ou da discussão ambiental, de mais vale a garantia da autonomia, pois a insegurança hídrica é cada vez mais crescente. Empreendimentos como os shopping centers poderão consumir volumes de água equivalentes ao consumo de 5 mil pessoas. Para saber as percepções dos atores envolvidos no design e na gestão de shopping centers, este trabalho utilizou o método AHP, com a aplicação de questionários e resultados combinados. Dados resultantes demonstram que o conhecimento dos envolvidos nem sempre corresponde aos conceitos de conservação de água e que uma melhor sinergia entre a ciência e o mercado deve estar mais próxima.

ABSTRACT Urban areas seek new water service options, to ensure the supply. The academic literature deals with the thought that the water crisis is related to urban growth; however, the predominant factor is the increased consumption, regardless of population growth, as behavioral factors should be reviewed based on simple daily habits. Entrepreneurs do not focus only on economic issues or on top of environmental discussion, as well ensuring autonomy, as water insecurity is increasingly growing. Enterprises such as shopping malls may consume water volumes equivalent to the consumption of 5,000 people. In order to know the perceptions of the actors involved in the design and management of shopping malls, this work used the AHP method, with the application of questionnaires and combined results. Resulting data demonstrate that the knowledge of those involved does not always correspond to the concepts of water conservation and a better synergy between science and the market should be more forthcoming.

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COVID-19 has spread quickly to several countries following the initial outbreak of the disease. As a consequence, several measures have been taken to mitigate the virus spread worldwide. In the city of Florianópolis, in southern Brazil, a strict lockdown was implemented on 16 March 2020. Although commercial activities were allowed to resume 21 April, a complete lockdown of municipal public buildings (e.g., administrative buildings and schools) lasted up to 5 August 2020. Reports in the literature emphasize the influence of occupant presence and actions on energy use in buildings. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the electric energy use of municipal buildings in Florianópolis. A large database with monthly electric energy use data was provided by the City Hall and analyzed. Firstly, the consumer units were grouped into three categories: systems, services and buildings. This revealed that buildings were directly affected by the lockdown measures, but systems and services were not. Therefore, an in-depth evaluation of health centers, administrative buildings, elementary schools and nursery schools was conducted and mean electric energy reductions of 11.1 %, 38.6 %, 50.3 %, and 50.4 %, respectively, were observed. Although it may initially seem unexpected, municipal health centers had a small electric energy use reduction, because they were not directly responsible for COVID-19 treatment, as patients were forwarded to specific facilities. Walkthroughs and energy audits were performed in an administrative building, an elementary school, and a nursery school, to gain a deeper understanding of the consumption trends. It was observed that municipal buildings present a basal energy use intensity even when the buildings are unoccupied. Energy audits verified that stand-by loads and vital loads, such as lighting for safety and computer servers, play a key role in this share of energy use.

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There is little knowledge about occupants' satisfaction when diverse end users coexist in the same building. This paper presents the results of a survey administered to 1013 occupants in 43 academic buildings in Spain, with the aim to reveal the perception of the indoor environmental quality and workplace ergonomics of both lecturers and students. The results revealed that light adequacy, cleanliness and acoustics in classrooms are perceived differently by lecturers and students. Results also revealed no gender differences in satisfaction with all aspects of comfort in classrooms. However, in offices, air quality, thermal sensation in winter and adequacy of space were perceived differently by male and female. The findings will be of interest for tertiary building maintenance, design teams and ergonomists to enhance comfort in both groups of end users. Practitioner Summary: There are no reported studies on how groups of occupants (regular and temporary) perceive comfort in relevant aspects such as acoustics, lighting, space adequacy, cleanliness, and ergonomics. The survey results with 1013 occupants revealed that regular users tend to be less satisfied than temporary users in rooms where they cohabit. Abbreviations: POE: post-occupancy evaluation; HVAC: heating, ventilation and air conditioning; AQ: air quality; IEQ: indoor environmental quality; TS: thermal sensation.

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The indoor human thermal comfort (HTC) was investigated in residences located in the Pelotas City, southern Brazil, by the effective temperature index (ETI). In this study, temperature and relative humidity were measured inside 429 houses, located in different regions of Pelotas city, from January 11 to August 27, 2019. Samples were obtained using HOBO data loggers, indoor sensors, installed in different regions of the municipality, in the context of a cohort study of children between 2 and 4 years old and their respective mothers, led by Epidemiological Research Center of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPEL). In general, all regions had average hourly values of effective temperature index above the comfort zone in summer and below the comfort zone in the winter. In terms of spatial variability, the indoor HTC was dependent on environmental factors such as lake breeze and indoor behavior factors, such as the use of air conditioning system in the downtown buildings.

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Urbanização afeta a composição e funções ecossistêmicas das comunidades de morcegos em várias regiões do planeta. Entretanto, este ainda é um tema pouco explorado no Neotrópico. No Brasil, embora poucas cidades apresentem inventários de quirópteros, órgãos municipais de saúde pública (e.g., Centro de Controle de Zoonoses) realizam a vigilância passiva dos morcegos infectados pelo vírus da raiva. Estas instituições fazem a identificação dos espécimes oriundos principalmente de áreas urbanas e coletam dados biológicos importantes para o manejo ambiental, controle populacional, ecologia e conservação das espécies. O presente estudo analisou os dados de recebimento de morcegos, de 2001 a 2017, oriundos da cidade de Guarulhos, comparando as taxas de recebimento, frequência, riqueza e dominância das espécies com estudos prévios conduzidos em cidades brasileiras. Os dados da vigilância em saúde pública demonstraram uma alta riqueza de espécies (n = 29), representadas por três famílias mais comuns em áreas urbanas brasileiras (Phyllostomidae, Molossidae e Vespertilionidae). Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766), Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766) e Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821) representaram a maioria (70%) dos dados da quiropterofauna de Guarulhos. Esta dominância pode estar relacionada com a flexibilidade da dieta dessas espécies (insetívoras e nectarívoras não obrigatórias) e abrigos diurnos em edificações, recursos estes altamente disponíveis nas cidades brasileiras. Assim, para mitigar os efeitos da urbanização sobre a rica quiropterofauna regional, recomenda-se que o planejamento ambiental das cidades considere suas diretrizes urbanísticas e florísticas como uma ferramenta ao manejo integrado da fauna silvestre e saúde pública, além de implantar estratégias para aumentar o potencial de conservação da biodiversidade nestes ambientes.(AU)

Urban bats from Guarulhos city: high species richness and dominance of ecologically bats revealed from the rabies monitoring data. Urbanization has impacted bat communities and their ecosystemic services in various regions of the world. However, this impact has been few studied in the Neotropic. In Brazil, although urban bat inventories are scarce, public health organs (e.g., Zoonoses Control Center) perform passive surveillance of infected bats by the rabies virus. These institutions carry out bat identification and collect biologic data essentials to the environment management, population control, ecology, and bat conservation. The present study analyzed bat data (from 2001 to 2017) recorded in Guarulhos city, which integers São Paulo metropolitan region. We compared bat receivement rate, richness, and dominance with other studies. The health surveillance data demonstrated high species richness (n = 29), represented by the three bat families most commonly recorded in Brazilian cities (Phyllostomidae, Molossidadae and Vespertilionidae). Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766), Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766) and Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821) represented most bat data (70%) from Guarulhos city. This dominance can be explained by the diet flexibility (insectivores and non-obligate nectarivores) and shelter occupation in buildings of these species, resources highly available in cities. The understood of the urban characteristics associated with urban bat dominance is important by the provide insights on how to mitigate the impacts of urbanization on the richest regional bat community. Thus, it is recommended that citiesʼ environmental planning consider urbanistic and floristic guidelines as a tool integrated for wild life and public health management, and implement strategies to increase the conservation potential in urban ecosystems.(AU)

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the feeding and agonistic behavior of Quarter Horses kept in different types of stalls in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais. A completely randomized design with two treatments (two types of stalls) and seven replicates (seven days of evaluation) was used. Four Quarter Horse mares and four stallions were used per treatment. Behavioral observations were made at 10-minute intervals for 24 hours. The stall environment was characterized by the following variables: air temperature, relative humidity, and black globe temperature for subsequent estimation of the wet-bulb globe temperature. Feeding behavior variables included: time spent eating concentrate and time spent eating roughage (hours), bite rate (bites/min), and the number of daily bites (bites/day). Zinc-roofed stalls had higher air temperatures than clay-roofed stalls and the external environment, averaging 28.2, 27.0, and 27.4 ºC, respectively, while relative humidity was significantly lower in the external environment (65.80%). Horses housed in zinc-roofed stalls had longer feeding times (8.32 h) than animals kept in clay-roofed stalls (7.22 h). Approximately 94% of the total feeding time was spent eating roughage and 73% of the time was spent resting and walking, regardless of the covering type. Although environmental variables showed thermal discomfort, the roofing material did not alter the feeding behavior of stabled horses in the semiarid region of Minas Gerais, suggesting an adaptation to the studied conditions. The feeding frequency should be increased to avoid a long resting time.(AU)

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RESUMO

Urbanização afeta a composição e funções ecossistêmicas das comunidades de morcegos em várias regiões do planeta. Entretanto, este ainda é um tema pouco explorado no Neotrópico. No Brasil, embora poucas cidades apresentem inventários de quirópteros, órgãos municipais de saúde pública (e.g., Centro de Controle de Zoonoses) realizam a vigilância passiva dos morcegos infectados pelo vírus da raiva. Estas instituições fazem a identificação dos espécimes oriundos principalmente de áreas urbanas e coletam dados biológicos importantes para o manejo ambiental, controle populacional, ecologia e conservação das espécies. O presente estudo analisou os dados de recebimento de morcegos, de 2001 a 2017, oriundos da cidade de Guarulhos, comparando as taxas de recebimento, frequência, riqueza e dominância das espécies com estudos prévios conduzidos em cidades brasileiras. Os dados da vigilância em saúde pública demonstraram uma alta riqueza de espécies (n = 29), representadas por três famílias mais comuns em áreas urbanas brasileiras (Phyllostomidae, Molossidae e Vespertilionidae). Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766), Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766) e Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821) representaram a maioria (70%) dos dados da quiropterofauna de Guarulhos. Esta dominância pode estar relacionada com a flexibilidade da dieta dessas espécies (insetívoras e nectarívoras não obrigatórias) e abrigos diurnos em edificações, recursos estes altamente disponíveis nas cidades brasileiras. Assim, para mitigar os efeitos da urbanização sobre a rica quiropterofauna regional, recomenda-se que o planejamento ambiental das cidades considere suas diretrizes urbanísticas e florísticas como uma ferramenta ao manejo integrado da fauna silvestre e saúde pública, além de implantar estratégias para aumentar o potencial de conservação da biodiversidade nestes ambientes.

Urban bats from Guarulhos city: high species richness and dominance of ecologically bats revealed from the rabies monitoring data. Urbanization has impacted bat communities and their ecosystemic services in various regions of the world. However, this impact has been few studied in the Neotropic. In Brazil, although urban bat inventories are scarce, public health organs (e.g., Zoonoses Control Center) perform passive surveillance of infected bats by the rabies virus. These institutions carry out bat identification and collect biologic data essentials to the environment management, population control, ecology, and bat conservation. The present study analyzed bat data (from 2001 to 2017) recorded in Guarulhos city, which integers São Paulo metropolitan region. We compared bat receivement rate, richness, and dominance with other studies. The health surveillance data demonstrated high species richness (n = 29), represented by the three bat families most commonly recorded in Brazilian cities (Phyllostomidae, Molossidadae and Vespertilionidae). Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766), Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766) and Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821) represented most bat data (70%) from Guarulhos city. This dominance can be explained by the diet flexibility (insectivores and non-obligate nectarivores) and shelter occupation in buildings of these species, resources highly available in cities. The understood of the urban characteristics associated with urban bat dominance is important by the provide insights on how to mitigate the impacts of urbanization on the richest regional bat community. Thus, it is recommended that citiesʼ environmental planning consider urbanistic and floristic guidelines as a tool integrated for wild life and public health management, and implement strategies to increase the conservation potential in urban ecosystems.

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Urban bats from Guarulhos city: high species richness and dominance of ecologically bats revealed from the rabies monitoring data. Urbanization has impacted bat communities and their ecosystemic services in various regions of the world. However, this impact has been few studied in the Neotropic. In Brazil, although urban bat inventories are scarce, public health organs (e.g., Zoonoses Control Center) perform passive surveillance of infected bats by the rabies virus. These institutions carry out bat identification and collect biologic data essentials to the environment management, population control, ecology, and bat conservation. The present study analyzed bat data (from 2001 to 2017) recorded in Guarulhos city, which integers São Paulo metropolitan region. We compared bat receivement rate, richness, and dominance with other studies. The health surveillance data demonstrated high species richness (n = 29), represented by the three bat families most commonly recorded in Brazilian cities (Phyllostomidae, Molossidadae and Vespertilionidae). Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766), Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766) and Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821) represented most bat data (70%) from Guarulhos city. This dominance can be explained by the diet flexibility (insectivores and non-obligate nectarivores) and shelter occupation in buildings of these species, resources highly available in cities. The understood of the urban characteristics associated with urban bat dominance is important by the provide insights on how to mitigate the impacts of urbanization on the richest regional bat community. Thus, it is recommended that cities environmental planning consider urbanistic and floristic guidelines as a tool integrated for wild life and public health management, and implement strategies to increase the conservation potential in urban ecosystems.

RESUMO Urbanização afeta a composição e funções ecossistêmicas das comunidades de morcegos em várias regiões do planeta. Entretanto, este ainda é um tema pouco explorado no Neotrópico. No Brasil, embora poucas cidades apresentem inventários de quirópteros, órgãos municipais de saúde pública (e.g., Centro de Controle de Zoonoses) realizam a vigilância passiva dos morcegos infectados pelo vírus da raiva. Estas instituições fazem a identificação dos espécimes oriundos principalmente de áreas urbanas e coletam dados biológicos importantes para o manejo ambiental, controle populacional, ecologia e conservação das espécies. O presente estudo analisou os dados de recebimento de morcegos, de 2001 a 2017, oriundos da cidade de Guarulhos, comparando as taxas de recebimento, frequência, riqueza e dominância das espécies com estudos prévios conduzidos em cidades brasileiras. Os dados da vigilância em saúde pública demonstraram uma alta riqueza de espécies (n = 29), representadas por três famílias mais comuns em áreas urbanas brasileiras (Phyllostomidae, Molossidae e Vespertilionidae). Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766), Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766) e Myotis nigricans (Schinz, 1821) representaram a maioria (70%) dos dados da quiropterofauna de Guarulhos. Esta dominância pode estar relacionada com a flexibilidade da dieta dessas espécies (insetívoras e nectarívoras não obrigatórias) e abrigos diurnos em edificações, recursos estes altamente disponíveis nas cidades brasileiras. Assim, para mitigar os efeitos da urbanização sobre a rica quiropterofauna regional, recomenda-se que o planejamento ambiental das cidades considere suas diretrizes urbanísticas e florísticas como uma ferramenta ao manejo integrado da fauna silvestre e saúde pública, além de implantar estratégias para aumentar o potencial de conservação da biodiversidade nestes ambientes.