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La saliva, compuesta principalmente por 99% de agua y 1% de moléculas orgánicas e inorgánicas, mantiene un rango de pH de 6.0 a 7.5, pero puede verse alterada por ciertos factores. En este estudio se determinó la variación del pH salival, luego de la aplicación tópica manual en mucosa masticatoria y órganos dentarios con aceite de girasol ozonizado de 300 mEq/kgO2, en jóvenes estudiantes de entre 21 a 23 años, como agente de neutralización en los cambios de pH. Se realizó un estudio comparativo longitudinal en 13 sujetos después de su cepillado dental; se tomaron dos muestras en saliva estimulada con el test estandarizado Saliva-Check BUFFER (GC®EUROPE). La medición basal de pH fue 7.66 ± 0.09, cifra por encima del rango normal; después de la aplicación del aceite de girasol ozonizado (O3MX®300IP) el pH fue de 7.27 ± 0.19, estableciéndose una variación de 0.28 ± 0.48, t = 8.04, p < 0.05 (0.000). Este estudio revela una caída significativa en el pH salival después de aplicar aceite de girasol ozonizado, lo que sugiere su potencial como buffer del pH salival. Se necesitan más investigaciones para explorar las implicaciones clínicas para el manejo de la salud oral (AU)

Saliva, primarily composed of 99% water and 1% organic and inorganic molecules, typically maintains a pH range of 6.0 to 7.5 but can be influenced by various factors. This study aimed to assess the variation in salivary pH following manual topical application of 300 mEq/kgO2 ozonated sunflower oil to the masticatory mucosa and dental structures in young individuals aged 21 to 23 years, using it as a pH-neutralizing agent. A longitudinal comparative study was conducted on 13 subjects after dental brushing. Stimulated saliva samples were collected using the standardized Saliva-Check BUFFER Test (GC®EUROPE). An initial baseline pH measurement of 7.66 ± 0.09 was obtained, which was above the normal range. Following the application of ozonated sunflower oil (O3MX®300IP), the pH dropped to 7.27 ± 0.19, indicating a variation of 0.28 ± 0.48 (t = 8.04, p < 0.05 (0.000). In conclusion, this study reveals a significant decrease in salivary pH after applying ozonated sunflower oil, suggesting its potential as a salivary pH buffer. Further research is needed to explore the clinical implications for oral health management.(AU)

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This study aimed to investigate the isolated effects of NaHCO3 on cycling time-trial performance. Furthermore, we investigated whether the ingestion time of NaHCO3, standardized or individualized based on time to peak, could be effective in improving cycling time-trial performance. A systematic review was carried out on randomized placebo-controlled studies. A random-effects meta-analysis assessed the standardized mean difference (SMD) between NaHCO3 and placebo conditions. Eighteen studies were qualitatively (systematic review) and quantitatively (meta-analysis) analysed concerning mean power output (Wmean) (n = 182) and time performance (n = 201). The reviewed studies showed a low risk of bias and homogenous results for Wmean (I2 = 0%) and performance time (I2 = 0%). Overall, when compared to placebo, the NaHCO3 ingestion improved the Wmean (SMD: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.21-0.63; P = 0.001) and performance time (SMD: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.02-0.43; P = 0.03). Similarly, the NaHCO3 ingestion using a time-to-peak strategy improved the Wmean (SMD: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.03-0.75; P = 0.04; I2 = 15%) and performance time (SMD: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.07-0.61, P = 0.01, I2 = 0%). The present findings reveal that NaHCO3 ingestion has the potential to increase the overall performance time and Wmean in cycling time trials.HighlightsNaHCO3 is an effective strategy to increase cycling time-trial performance.The standardized protocol did not improve the cycling time-trial performance parameters.The individualized time-to-peak NaHCO3 ingestion has a positive effect on time and Wmean during cycling time-trial performance.

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The urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) reduces NH3 losses from urea (UR) surface-applied to soils, but its efficacy may be lower in acidic soils. The period when urease inhibition occurs efficaciously may change with soil pH. This needs to be clarified in tropical soils which are commonly acidic. This study evaluated the effectiveness of NBPT-treated urea to delay and reduce ammonia volatilization in two soils at three pH levels. Two experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions in soils with different textures (sandy-clay and clay). The treatments consisted of three soil pH levels and two N sources (UR and UR + NBPT), with five replicates. The soil pH values were adjusted and reached values of 4.5, 5.6, and 6.4 in the sandy-clay, and 4.5, 5.4, and 6.1 in the clay soil. Ammonia volatilization was measured using glass chambers (1.5 L). In the sandy-clay soil, NH3 losses were 40-47 % of the UR-N. In the clay soil, losses were 26-32 %. The addition of NBPT to UR reduced the NH3 volatilization by 18-53 %; the inhibitor decreased the N losses under all soil pH conditions but was significantly less efficient in acidic soils (pH 4.5). The lower efficiency of the inhibitor under acidic conditions was more evident in the first few days: 50 % of the total NH3 losses occurred in less than four days in soils with pH 4.5, but in 8-11 days in soils with pH above 5.4. The rapid loss in efficiency in more acidic soils is a drawback. Using NBPT in severely acidic soils showed a relatively small advantage over untreated UR as the inhibitor did not provide extra time for fertilizer incorporation and further reduction of NH3 losses.(AU)

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RESUMEN En épocas de escasez, los ganaderos recurren a conservar el alimento mediante procesos de fermentación anaeróbica, conocidos como ensilajes. Una vez que el silo es abierto, el sustrato resulta aeróbicamente estable, cuando, al momento de la apertura, conserva su integridad nutricional. Esto es el resultado de un ambiente ácido que restringe los efectos deletéreos de la acción de microrganismos patógenos, expresado en indicadores de estabilidad a la exposición aeróbica. Uno de los problemas empíricos que enfrenta el productor es resolver la pregunta de cómo evitar el deterioro del ensilaje, una vez es abierto, por lo cual, esta investigación apunta a la resistencia en el periodo de exposición aeróbica (PEA) de un ensilaje de Pennisetum purpureum (PP), con diferentes niveles de sustitución de Tithonia diversifolia (TD). El estudio, se adelantó en el Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical en Colombia. Con un ensilaje de 90 días de fermentación, se realizó una prueba de estabilidad aeróbica de siete días, usando ensilajes de un kilogramo, a diferentes proporciones (%) de TD/PP: 100/0, 67/33, 33/67 y 0/100, enriquecidos con dos aditivos basados en Lactobacillus. Se midió el cambio de la materia seca, temperatura y el pH, encontrándose una estabilidad a la exposición aeróbica. El papel de TD es notable, una vez que el ensilado entra en el PEA, debido a la capacidad tampón que amortigua el cambio de pH, una vez que se abre el silo, generando mayor estabilidad aeróbica.

ABSTRACT In times of scarcity, farmers resort to preserving food through anaerobic fermentation processes, known as silage. Once the silo is opened, the substrate is aerobically stable if it retains its nutritional integrity when opening. This is the result of an acidic environment that restricts the deleterious effects of the action of pathogenic microorganisms, expressed as indicators of stability to aerobic exposure. One of the empirical problems faced by the producer is to solve the question of how to avoid deterioration of the silage once it is opened, for which this research points to the resistance in the period of aerobic exposure (PEA) of a silage of Pennisetum purpureum (PP) with different levels of substitution of Tithonia diversifolia (TD). The study was conducted at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture in Colombia. With a 90-day fermentation silage, a seven-day aerobic stability test was carried out, using a kilogram silage at different proportions (%) of TD/PP: 100/0, 67/33, 33/67 and 0/100 enriched with two Lactobacillus-based additives. The change in dry matter, temperature and pH was measured, finding stability to aerobic exposure. The role of TD is remarkable once the silage enters the PEA due to the buffer capacity that buffers the change in pH once the silo is opened, generating greater aerobic stability.

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ABSTRACT Objective: Most drugs used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment can affect saliva secretion. Methylphenidate is the most commonly prescribed drug for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and was approved for use in children over the age of 6 years. However, limited information is available on the use and long-term adverse effects of methylphenidate in preschool children (< 6 years). We explored the effects of methylphenidate on salivary flow rate and salivary buffering capacity during treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Methods: Children who were diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder by expert psychiatrists, under medical treatment, and those who had no other systemic diseases were included. Stimulated saliva samples were collected before prescription of methylphenidate and after 15 days, 30 days and 3 months of regular drug intake. The samples were analysed for Streptococcus mutans, as well as salivary buffering capacity and salivary flow rate. Twenty children (age range, 6-15 years) with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were included. Results: The mean salivary buffering capacity value at month 3 was significantly lower than that at baseline and at day 15. Regarding the distribution according to salivary flow rate, statistically significant differences were found between baseline and the first month and between baseline and month 3 These results indicate that methylphenidate consumption in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder leads to reduced salivary buffering capacity and salivary flow rate after 3 months of follow-up. Conclusion: Parents should be informed about necessary preventive dental treatments to minimize the negative oral and dental effects of long-term drug use in children.

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The sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER) is the main intracellular calcium (Ca2+) pool in muscle and non-muscle eukaryotic cells, respectively. The reticulum accumulates Ca2+ against its electrochemical gradient by the action of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPases (SERCA pumps), and the capacity of this Ca2+ store is increased by the presence of Ca2+ binding proteins in the lumen of the reticulum. A diversity of physical and chemical signals, activate the main Ca2+ release channels, i.e. ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and inositol (1, 4, 5) trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), to produce transient elevations of the cytoplasmic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) while the reticulum is being depleted of Ca2+. This picture is incomplete because it implies that the elements involved in the Ca2+ release process are acting alone and independently of each other. However, it appears that the Ca2+ released by RyRs and IP3Rs is trapped in luminal Ca2+ binding proteins (Ca2+ lattice), which are associated with these release channels, and the activation of these channels appears to facilitate that the trapped Ca2+ ions become available for release. This situation makes the initial stage of the Ca2+ release process a highly efficient one; accordingly, there is a large increase in the [Ca2+]i with minimal reductions in the bulk of the free luminal SR/ER [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]SR/ER). Additionally, it has been shown that active SERCA pumps are required for attaining this highly efficient Ca2+ release process. All these data indicate that Ca2+ release by the SR/ER is a highly regulated event and not just Ca2+ coming down its electrochemical gradient via the open release channels. One obvious advantage of this sophisticated Ca2+ release process is to avoid depletion of the ER Ca2+ store and accordingly, to prevent the activation of ER stress during each Ca2+ release event.

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Resumen En la actualidad tanto el consumo de jugos, como de bebidas gaseosas, es muy común en la dieta diaria de la población infantil, estas ofrecen diferentes sabores, además de un alto contenido de azúcar. En este estudio se hizo un análisis de la capacidad buffer de la saliva ante la ingesta de diferentes tipos de bebidas consideradas saludables y no saludables. Se utilizaron dos tipos de instrumentos, un examen clínico aplicado a 62 estudiantes para determinar la prevalencia de caries según ICDAS y un segundo instrumento que consta de una tabla aplicada a los mismos 62 estudiantes con la finalidad de analizar la capacidad buffer de la saliva mediante la toma del pH a intervalos de 15, 35 y 45 minutos después de ingerir las bebidas. Como conclusión se obtuvo que para las bebidas consideradas no saludables el pH tardó más en neutralizarse, mientras que la bebida saludable logró su neutralización más rápido, con una baja prevalencia de caries.

Abstract Nowadays the consumption of juices, and soft drinks, is very common in the children's diet, they offer different flavours and a high content of sugar. In this study, an analysis of the buffer capacity of the saliva was made in view of the intake of different types of beverages considered healthy and unhealthy. Two types of instruments were used, a clinical test applied to 62 students to determine the prevalence of caries according to ICDAS and a second instrument that consists of a chart applied to the same 62 students with the purpose of analyzing the buffer capacity by taking the pH on intervals of 15, 35 and 45 minutes after drinking the beverages. As a conclusion, it was obtained that for the drinks considered unhealthy, the pH took longer to neutralize, while the healthy drink achieved its neutralization faster, with a low prevalence of caries.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: Las caries es la enfermedad oral que mayor destrucción causa a los tejidos dentales, se da gracias a la conjugación de varios factores, uno de ellos es la alteración de pH salival. En los niños, el pH desempeña un importante papel en la remineralización del esmalte dental. La concentración de fluoruro en el esmalte y zona pulpar de la dentina es relativamente alta. Él fluoruro juega un papel muy importante, inclinando el proceso hacia la remineralización y desarrollo de una estructura dental más resistente al ataque de los ácidos. OBJETIVO: La presente investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar los valores del pH y flúor salival y paca biofilm dental relacionado a los diferentes tipos de dentición. POBLACIÓN Y MÉTODO: Se estudiaron 28 pacientes de ambos sexos y edades entre 3 a 12 años que concurrieron a la clínica odontológica de la Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Estudio aleatorio, descriptivo y transversal. Se analizó pH, capacidad buffer, niveles de flúor. La dentición fue clasificada como temporaria, permanente y mixta. RESULTADOS: Se observó mayor cantidad de flúor en placa dental, alta lactancia materna, buena capacidad buffer, con niveles elevados de bicarbonato. Se encontró correlación positiva entre los niveles de flúor en placa dental y pH salival (r: 0.40, p < 0.05). En análisis de varianza (ANOVA II) encontró diferencias significativas en los niveles de flúor en saliva respecto a placa dental en el sexo masculino 0.013 ± 0.002 vs 0.047 ± 0.016; p < 0.05. CONCLUSIÓN: El análisis de las muestras mostró correlación positiva entre pH y flúor en saliva. (AU)

INTRODUCTION: Caries oral disease occurring further destruction cause to dental tissues, by combination of several factors as modification of salivary pH and fluoride levels in salivary and dental plaque. In children pH and fluorideplays an important role in the mineralization of dental enamel. The concentration of fluoride in the enamel and dentin pulp area is relatively high. Fluoride plays a very important role, by tilting the process towards development of a dental structure more resistant to attack by acids and remineralization. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this research are to study the values of pH and fluoride in salivaryrespect to different dentition. METHODS AND POPULATION: 28 patients of both sexes and ages 3 to 12 years who were attended in the dental clinic of Córdoba Catholic University. Design: Randomized, descriptive, cross-sectional study. Variables analyzed were samples of saliva and dental plaque pH and fluoride. The dentition was classified as temporary, permanent and mixed. RESULTS: The study showed high amount of fluoride in dental plaque good buffer capacity, with high levels of bicarbonate was observed. Positive correlation was founded between the levels of fluoride in dental plaque and salivary pH was found (r: 0.40, p < 0.05). The analysis of variance (ANOVA II) showed significant differences in the fluoride levelsin saliva respect to dental plaque in male 0.013 ± 0.002 vs 0.047 ± 0.016; p < 0.05; levels of fluoride in dental plaque in females regard males 0.017 ± 0.003 vs 0.047 ± 0.016p < 0.05. CONCLUSION: The analysis of samples of saliva and dental plaque of the patients studied, showed fluoride levels increased associated to dentition. (AU)

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AIM: To investigate the presence of early childhood caries (ECC) in relation to plaque index, colony-forming units of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Lactobacillus spp., pH and salivary buffer capacity in day-care pre-schooler's aged 3-4 years old in Cali, Colombia, 2016. METHODS: Caries prevalence was determined in 124 children using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System and plaque index. In addition, a non-stimulated saliva sample was obtained to determine its pH, and buffer capacity. RESULTS: 55.65% of the children had ECC. The mean decayed-missing-filled teeth index was 2.94 ± 4.26. The absence or presence of ECC, compared to the median plaque index showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). There was not an association between ECC and S. mutans, Lactobacillus spp. colonies, pH and buffer capacity of saliva. CONCLUSIONS: This study reported association between ECC and the increasing amount of bacterial plaque. Other important biological risk factors were not associated with ECC. Regular tooth cleaning can be the most important public health measure to control ECC in day-care children.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of cognitive functions. The prevalence of this disease worldwide is high, and therefore it is important to have a better understanding of the oral health needs and conditions of individuals with this disorder. The present study was carried out in a population with E280A mutation for Alzheimer's disease. The goal was to describe the salivary characteristics of persons with early familial Alzheimer's disease, in order to detect changes in the oral microbiome that can guide the dental management of these patients. Methods: transversal study in 37 participants living in the Metropolitan Area of the city of Medellín, aged 53 ± 6 years in average, in different stages of the disease: mild: 8, moderate: 7, and severe: 22, and evaluated by neuropsychological tests. Salivary samples were collected, evaluating saliva secretion rate and saliva buffer capacity, and conducting microbial analysis of the species most commonly found in the mouth. Results: 45.9% of participants showed a decreased rate of stimulated salivary secretion; salivary buffer capacity was decreased in 83.87% of participants, with average pH values of 3.449 ± 0.89 after the Ericsson test. Buffer capacity was altered in participants with decreased secretion rate and in those with no alteration in salivary secretion rate. High levels of microbial growth were observed, mainly for Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Conclusions: This study suggests that other factors besides the pharmacological ones, like age and disease severity, may affect the salivary rate flow in patients with early familial Alzheimer's disease.

RESUMEN Introducción: la enfermedad de Alzheimer es una alteración neurodegenerativa caracterizada por la pérdida de funciones cognitivas. Existe una alta prevalencia de esta enfermedad a nivel mundial, por lo que resulta oportuno tener una mayor comprensión de las necesidades y condiciones de salud bucal de los sujetos con este desorden. El presente estudio se llevó a cabo en una población con mutación E280A para la enfermedad de Alzheimer. El objetivo consistió en describir las características salivares de las personas con enfermedad de Alzheimer familiar precoz, con el fin de detectar cambios en el microbioma bucal que puedan orientar el manejo odontológico de estos pacientes. Métodos: estudio transversal en 37 participantes que habitan el Área Metropolitana de la ciudad de Medellín, con una edad promedio de 53 ± 6 años, en diferentes estadios de la enfermedad: leve: 8, moderada: 7 y grave: 22, evaluados mediante pruebas neuropsicológicas. Se tomaron muestras salivares, se evaluó la tasa de secreción salivar y la capacidad buffer de la saliva y se efectuó un análisis microbiano de las principales especies presentes en boca. Resultados: el 45,9% de los participantes presentaron una tasa disminuida de secreción salivar estimulada; la capacidad buffer salivar estuvo disminuida en el 83,87% de los participantes, con valores promedios de pH luego de la prueba de Ericsson de 3,449 ± 0,89. La capacidad buffer se encontró alterada tanto en los participantes con tasa de secreción disminuida como en aquellos con tasa de secreción salivar no alterada. Se observó alto crecimiento microbiano, principalmente de Streptococcus mutans y Candida albicans. Conclusiones: este estudio sugiere que pueden existir otros factores, además de los farmacológicos, que afectan la tasa de flujo salivar en los pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer familiar precoz, como la edad y la severidad de la enfermedad.

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OBJECTIVE: It is recognized that cystic fibrosis (CF) patients present a risk for oral diseases, since it affects exocrine glands, and the treatment consists of a carbohydrate-rich diet. Recognizing the protective function of saliva on maintaining oral health, the aim of the study was to evaluate salivary parameters in stimulated whole saliva from children with CF. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted comparing stimulated whole saliva of healthy (n=28; control group) and CF children (n=21; experimental group). Salivary flow rate, initial pH, buffer capacity (total and in each range of pH), total protein and sialic acid (total, free, and conjugated) concentration, α-amylase and salivary peroxidase activities were evaluated. Data were compared by two-tailed Student t test (95% CI; p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS: CF patients presented a significant reduction in salivary parameters compared with the control group (p ≤ 0.05): salivary flow rate (36%), buffer capacity (pH range from 6.9 to 6.0), sialic acid concentration (total 75%, free 61%, and conjugated 83%); α-amylase and salivary peroxidase activities (55%). Additionally, a significant increase in total protein concentration (180%) of stimulated whole saliva from CF patients was verified compared with the control group (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: Children with CF presented significant changes in salivary composition, including salivary flow rate, buffering capacity and protective proteins of the oral cavity, compared with children without CF.

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The objective was evaluate the effect of growth stage, particle size and pre-wilting on fermentation characteristics and nutritional value of the black oat silage (Avena strigosa S.). The experiment was conducted during the winter of 2011, in the city of Renascença, Southwest region of Paraná State, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized distributed in a factorial (3x2x2) with four replications. The factors evaluated were particle sizes: 5, 13 and 22mm; ensilage stages: early flowering and full flowering; and management: with and without pre-wilting. The particle size changes only the silage pH, with better results under 22mm, without any effects on the chemical composition of the silage produced. The management of pre-wilting is efficient to restrict effluents emission at early flowering, also gives better silage fermentation conditions, with reduced buffering capacity of 87.68 to 53.20meq 100g NaOH DM-1 and of pH from 3.64 to 3.15, which ensure a better preservation of the forage nutritional value, having lower levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) with greater crude protein (CP), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). With the advancement of maturity it is observed increases in NDF and ADF and decreases in the values of CP, IVDMD and TDN. The ensilage in the early flowering stage followed by pre-wilting has suitable conditions for fermentation and has better nutritional value.(AU)

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar os efeitos do estádio fenológico, o tamanho de partícula e o pré-murchamento sobre as características de fermentação e valor nutritivo da silagem de aveia preta (Avena strigosa). O experimento foi conduzido durante o período hibernal de 2011, em “latossolo vermelho” de textura argilosa localizado em Renascença, sudoeste do Paraná, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema trifatorial (3x2x2) com quatro repetições, sendo os fatores tamanhos médios de partícula: 5; 13 e 22mm; estádios de ensilagem: início do florescimento e florescimento pleno; e manejos: com e sem pré-murchamento. O tamanho de partícula alterou apenas o pH do material ensilado, com melhores resultados com 22mm, sem efeitos na composição bromatológica da silagem produzida. A operação de pré-murchamento é eficiente em restringir a emissão de efluentes no início do florescimento e, também, confere à silagem melhores condições de fermentação, com redução da capacidade tampão de 87,68 para 53,20 meq NaOH 100g MS-1 e do pH de 3,64 para 3,15, os quais garantem melhor preservação do valor nutritivo da forragem, possuindo menores teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente acido (FDA), com maior proteína bruta (PB), digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Com o avanço da maturidade, verifica-se elevação nos teores de FDN e FDA e redução nos teores de PB, DIVMS e NDT. A ensilagem em início de florescimento, seguida de pré-murchamento, possui condições adequadas para fermentação e apresenta melhor valor nutritivo.(AU)

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The objective was evaluate the effect of growth stage, particle size and pre-wilting on fermentation characteristics and nutritional value of the black oat silage (Avena strigosa S.). The experiment was conducted during the winter of 2011, in the city of Renascença, Southwest region of Paraná State, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized distributed in a factorial (3x2x2) with four replications. The factors evaluated were particle sizes: 5, 13 and 22mm; ensilage stages: early flowering and full flowering; and management: with and without pre-wilting. The particle size changes only the silage pH, with better results under 22mm, without any effects on the chemical composition of the silage produced. The management of pre-wilting is efficient to restrict effluents emission at early flowering, also gives better silage fermentation conditions, with reduced buffering capacity of 87.68 to 53.20meq 100g NaOH DM-1 and of pH from 3.64 to 3.15, which ensure a better preservation of the forage nutritional value, having lower levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) with greater crude protein (CP), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). With the advancement of maturity it is observed increases in NDF and ADF and decreases in the values of CP, IVDMD and TDN. The ensilage in the early flowering stage followed by pre-wilting has suitable conditions for fermentation and has better nutritional value.

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar os efeitos do estádio fenológico, o tamanho de partícula e o pré-murchamento sobre as características de fermentação e valor nutritivo da silagem de aveia preta (Avena strigosa). O experimento foi conduzido durante o período hibernal de 2011, em “latossolo vermelho” de textura argilosa localizado em Renascença, sudoeste do Paraná, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema trifatorial (3x2x2) com quatro repetições, sendo os fatores tamanhos médios de partícula: 5; 13 e 22mm; estádios de ensilagem: início do florescimento e florescimento pleno; e manejos: com e sem pré-murchamento. O tamanho de partícula alterou apenas o pH do material ensilado, com melhores resultados com 22mm, sem efeitos na composição bromatológica da silagem produzida. A operação de pré-murchamento é eficiente em restringir a emissão de efluentes no início do florescimento e, também, confere à silagem melhores condições de fermentação, com redução da capacidade tampão de 87,68 para 53,20 meq NaOH 100g MS-1 e do pH de 3,64 para 3,15, os quais garantem melhor preservação do valor nutritivo da forragem, possuindo menores teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente acido (FDA), com maior proteína bruta (PB), digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Com o avanço da maturidade, verifica-se elevação nos teores de FDN e FDA e redução nos teores de PB, DIVMS e NDT. A ensilagem em início de florescimento, seguida de pré-murchamento, possui condições adequadas para fermentação e apresenta melhor valor nutritivo.

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AbstractThe objective was evaluate the effect of growth stage, particle size and pre-wilting on fermentation characteristics and nutritional value of the black oat silage (Avena strigosa S.). The experiment was conducted during the winter of 2011, in the city of Renascença, Southwest region of Paraná State, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized distributed in a factorial (3x2x2) with four replications. The factors evaluated were particle sizes: 5, 13 and 22mm; ensilage stages: early flowering and full flowering; and management: with and without pre-wilting. The particle size changes only the silage pH, with better results under 22mm, without any effects on the chemical composition of the silage produced. The management of pre-wilting is efficient to restrict effluents emission at early flowering, also gives better silage fermentationconditions, with reduced buffering capacity of 87.68 to 53.20meq 100g NaOH DM-1 and of pH from 3.64 to 3.15, which ensure a better preservation of the forage nutritional value, having lower levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) with greater crude protein (CP), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). With the advancement of maturity it is observed increases in NDF and ADF and decreases in the values of CP, IVDMD and TDN. The ensilage in the early flowering stage followed by pre-wilting has suitable conditions for fermentation and has better nutritional value.

ResumoObjetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar os efeitos do estádio fenológico, o tamanho de partícula e o pré-murchamento sobre as características de fermentação e valor nutritivo da silagem de aveia preta (Avena strigosa). O experimento foi conduzido durante o período hibernal de 2011, em latossolo vermelho de textura argilosa localizado em Renascença, sudoeste do Paraná, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema trifatorial (3x2x2) com quatro repetições, sendo os fatores tamanhos médios de partícula: 5; 13 e 22mm; estádios de ensilagem: início do florescimento e florescimento pleno; e manejos: com e sem pré-murchamento. O tamanho de partícula alterou apenas o pH do material ensilado, com melhores resultados com 22mm, sem efeitos na composição bromatológica da silagem produzida. A operação de pré-murchamento é eficiente em restringir a emissão de efluentes no início do florescimento e, também, confere à silagem melhores condições de fermentação, com redução da capacidade tampão de 87,68 para 53,20 meq NaOH 100g MS-1 e do pH de 3,64 para 3,15, os quais garantem melhor preservação do valor nutritivo da forragem, possuindo menores teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente acido (FDA), com maior proteína bruta (PB), digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Com o avanço da maturidade, verifica-se elevação nos teores de FDN e FDA e redução nos teores de PB, DIVMS e NDT. A ensilagem em início de florescimento, seguida de pré-murchamento, possui condições adequadas para fermentação e apresenta melhor valor nutritivo

RESUMO

AbstractThe objective was evaluate the effect of growth stage, particle size and pre-wilting on fermentation characteristics and nutritional value of the black oat silage (Avena strigosa S.). The experiment was conducted during the winter of 2011, in the city of Renascença, Southwest region of Paraná State, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized distributed in a factorial (3x2x2) with four replications. The factors evaluated were particle sizes: 5, 13 and 22mm; ensilage stages: early flowering and full flowering; and management: with and without pre-wilting. The particle size changes only the silage pH, with better results under 22mm, without any effects on the chemical composition of the silage produced. The management of pre-wilting is efficient to restrict effluents emission at early flowering, also gives better silage fermentationconditions, with reduced buffering capacity of 87.68 to 53.20meq 100g NaOH DM-1 and of pH from 3.64 to 3.15, which ensure a better preservation of the forage nutritional value, having lower levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) with greater crude protein (CP), in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). With the advancement of maturity it is observed increases in NDF and ADF and decreases in the values of CP, IVDMD and TDN. The ensilage in the early flowering stage followed by pre-wilting has suitable conditions for fermentation and has better nutritional value.

ResumoObjetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar os efeitos do estádio fenológico, o tamanho de partícula e o pré-murchamento sobre as características de fermentação e valor nutritivo da silagem de aveia preta (Avena strigosa). O experimento foi conduzido durante o período hibernal de 2011, em latossolo vermelho de textura argilosa localizado em Renascença, sudoeste do Paraná, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema trifatorial (3x2x2) com quatro repetições, sendo os fatores tamanhos médios de partícula: 5; 13 e 22mm; estádios de ensilagem: início do florescimento e florescimento pleno; e manejos: com e sem pré-murchamento. O tamanho de partícula alterou apenas o pH do material ensilado, com melhores resultados com 22mm, sem efeitos na composição bromatológica da silagem produzida. A operação de pré-murchamento é eficiente em restringir a emissão de efluentes no início do florescimento e, também, confere à silagem melhores condições de fermentação, com redução da capacidade tampão de 87,68 para 53,20 meq NaOH 100g MS-1 e do pH de 3,64 para 3,15, os quais garantem melhor preservação do valor nutritivo da forragem, possuindo menores teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente acido (FDA), com maior proteína bruta (PB), digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Com o avanço da maturidade, verifica-se elevação nos teores de FDN e FDA e redução nos teores de PB, DIVMS e NDT. A ensilagem em início de florescimento, seguida de pré-murchamento, possui condições adequadas para fermentação e apresenta melhor valor nutritivo

RESUMO

The impact of the chemical changes in the ocean waters due to the increasing atmospheric CO2 depends on the ability of an organism to control extracellular pH. Among sea urchins, this seems specific to the Euechinoidea, sea urchins except Cidaroidea. However, Cidaroidea survived two ocean acidification periods: the Permian-Trias and the Cretaceous-Tertiary crises. We investigated the response of these two sea urchin groups to reduced seawater pH with the tropical cidaroid Eucidaris tribuloides, the sympatric euechinoid Tripneustes ventricosus and the temperate euechinoid Paracentrotus lividus. Both euechinoid showed a compensation of the coelomic fluid pH due to increased buffer capacity. This was linked to an increased concentration of DIC in the coelomic fluid and thus of bicarbonate ions (most probably originating from the surrounding seawater as isotopic signature of the carbon - δ¹³C - was similar). On the other hand, the cidaroid showed no changes within the coelomic fluid. Moreover, the δ¹³C of the coelomic fluid did not match that of the seawater and was not significantly different between the urchins from the different treatments. Feeding rate was not affected in any species. While euechinoids are able to regulate their extracellular acid-base balance, many questions are still unanswered on the costs of this capacity. On the contrary, cidaroids do not seem affected by a reduced seawater pH. Further investigations need to be undertaken to cover more species and physiological and metabolic parameters in order to determine if energy trade-offs occur and how this mechanism of compensation is distributed among sea urchins.

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Gran cantidad de población consume cotidianamente infusiones, como el Té, Manzanilla y Yerba Mate. Diferentes estudios han determinado sus efectos benéficos en los seres humanos, razón por la cual, para este estudio se han seleccionado aquellas infusiones de uso habitual con el fin de caracterizar sus efectos inmediatos sobre las propiedades de la saliva. Con grupos de 37 sujetos sanos, entre 18-23 años, de bajo riesgo cariogénico se obtuvieron 3 muestras de saliva no estimulada: Basal; Post-ingesta de Agua Destilada (Placebo) y Post-ingesta Infusión (Té Negro, Té Verde, Mate, Manzanilla y Manzanilla con Endulzante), respectivamente. Todas las pruebas fueron realizadas bajo condiciones estándar. Se determinó el flujo salival (ml/min), pH mediante pH-metro (PL-600, GOnDO Electronics Co, TW) y capacidad buffer mediante método de Ericsson. Todos los datos se procesaron mediante la prueba ANOVA con el programa Origin 6.0. El promedio de Flujo Salival Basal (0,51 ml/min) tiende a aumentar destacando el efecto de la Manzanilla con Endulzante (0,63 ml/min); el pH basal (7,25) se mantuvo relativamente constante, y la Capacidad Buffer (4,38) también tiende a aumentar destacando la Manzanilla (5,01). El efecto de algunas infusiones es positivo sobre las propiedades salivales, destacando la Infusión de Manzanilla, Manzanilla con Endulzante y Yerba Mate las cuales aumentan significativamente el flujo y la capacidad buffer salival, lo cual sugiere un efecto benéfico en la prevención de caries.

A great number of the population consumes daily a variety of infusions such as Tea, Chamomile and Mate Herb. Different studies have determined their favorable effects in human beings, for this reason those infusions habitually used have been selected for this study, in order to characterize their immediate effects on the saliva properties. We studied groups of 37 healthy subjects, between 18-23 years of age, with low caries risk, and obtained 3 samples of non-stimulated saliva: Basal; Post-ingestion of Distilled Water (Placebo); Post-ingestion of Infusion (Black Tea, Green Tea, Mate Herb, Chamomile and Chamomile with Sucralose). All the tests were realized under standard conditions. We measured, salivary flow (ml/min); pH with pH-meter (PL-600, GOnDO Electronics Co, TW) and buffer capacity with Ericsson's method. All the information was processed with Anova Test in Origin 6.0. Our results showed the average of Salivary Basal Flow (0.51 ml/min) tends to increase standing out the effect of Chamomile with Sucralose (0.63 ml/min), the basal pH (7.25) was maintained relatively constant, and finally the Buffer Capacity (4.38) also tends to increase, emphasizing Chamomile (5.01). The effect of some infusions is positive on the salivary properties, emphasizing the Infusion of Chamomile, Chamomile with Sucralose and Mate Herb, which increase significantly the flow and the salivary buffer capacity. This suggests a favorable effect in the prevention of caries.

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A síndrome de Down (SD) é a alteração cromossômica mais comum no ser humano e caracteriza-se pelo aparecimento de um cromossomo extra, localizado no par 21. Objetivo: Nesta pesquisa estudou-se a velocidade de fluxo, o pH e a capacidade de tamponamento salivar em pacientes portadores da síndrome de Down. Materiais e Métodos: Foram selecionados 60 indivíduos não aparentados, pareados em idade e sexo, residentes em Curitiba, Paraná, sendo 30 indivíduos diagnosticados com SD (grupo experimental) e 30 indivíduos normorreativos (grupo controle). Para as avaliações bioquímicas salivares coletaram-se as amostras pelo método Spitting preconizado por Navazesh (1992) e posteriormente realizaram-se as análises. O fluxo salivar foi calculado através da fórmula de Banderas-Tarabay (1997). O pH salivar foi mensurado com o auxílio de um medidor digital e a capacidade tampão com o kit Caritest® – SL. Resultados: O valor médio do fluxo salivar foi estatisticamente menor para os indivíduos portadores da SD e os valores médios de pH e capacidade tampão salivar não diferiram entre os grupos. Conclusão: Indivíduos com SD apresentaram alterações uantitativas e não qualitativas do fluido salivar...

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal abnormality in humans and is characterizedby the appearance of an extra chromosome, located at par 21. Objective: In this research we studiedthe flow rate, pH and buffering capacity of saliva in patients with Down syndrome. Materials and methods:60 unrelated individuals were selected matched by age and sex, living in Curitiba, Paraná, with 30 patientsdiagnosed with DS (experimental group) and 30 normoreactive individuals (control group). For biochemicalassessment, salivary samples were collected by Spitting method, recommended by Navazesh (1992) and thenthe analyses were carried out. Salivary flow was calculated using the formula of Banderas-Tarabay (1997).Salivary pH was measured with the aid of a digital meter and buffering capacity with the Caritest® – SL kit.Results: The mean salivary flow was statistically lower for patients with SD and the average values of pH andsalivary buffer capacity did not differ between groups. Conclusion: Individuals with SD showed no quantitativeand qualitative changes in salivary fluid...

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La hipertensión arterial (HTA) es una enfermedad cardiovascular que padece gran parte de la población mundial y nacional, alcanzando en Chile un 26,9 por ciento en el año 2010. El objetivo fue determinar pH salival, capacidad buffer, proteínas totales y flujo salival, en pacientes hipertensos controlados usuarios de diuréticos. Se analizaron 14 muestras de saliva no estimulada de pacientes hipertensos controlados con diuréticos y 10 muestras de saliva no estimulada de personas que no padecían enfermedades sistémicas y no tomaban medicamentos, los valores obtenidos de pH salival, capacidad buffer, flujo salival y proteínas totales fueron determinados en ambos grupos. La mediana obtenida en las muestras de hipertensos controlados con diuréticos, para el pH salival fue de 6,83; para la capacidad buffer fue 4,86; para el flujo salival fue 0,55 ml/min y para las proteínas totales salivales fue de 1,09 g/dL. Para el grupo de pacientes sanos la mediana fue de 6,88 para el pH; 4,25 para la capacidad buffer; 1,8 ml/min para el flujo salival y 0,29 g/dL para las proteínas totales salivales. Además, no se encontró asociación entre el flujo salival (rs = 0,425), capacidad buffer (rs = 0,283) y concentración de proteínas (rs = 0,245) con la dosis del diurético (p > 0,05) . Se encontró que existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el flujo salival y la concentración de proteínas salivales entre el grupo de pacientes hipertensos y de pacientes sanos (U Mann-Wthitney P < 0,005). No existían diferencias estadísticamente significativas de pH salival y capacidad buffer entre pacientes hipertensos controlados y pacientes sanos (U Mann-Wthitney P >0,005). Los pacientes que sufren HTA y están siendo controlados con diuréticos tienen una disminución del flujo salival y un aumento de la concentración de proteínas, no viéndose afectadas las variables de pH y capacidad buffer.

Introduction: Hypertension (HT) is a cardiovascular disease with a high prevalence around the world. In Chile at year 2010 it reached 26.9 percent of the population. Objective: To determine salivary pH, buffering capacity, total proteins and salivary flow in controlled hypertensive diuretic users and a group without systemic diseases. Methods: 14 samples of unstimulated saliva of patients with hypertension treated with diuretics and 10 samples of unstimulated saliva of people without systemic diseases and not taking medication were analyzed. pH, salivary buffering, salivary flow and total protein were determined in both groups. Results: The figures for the treated HT patients were as follows: pH: 6.83, buffer capacity: 4.86, salivary flow: 0.55 ml / min and total salivary proteins: 1.09 g / dL. For those without systemic diseases the results were: pH: 6,88, buffer capacity: 4,25, saliva flow: 1.8 ml / min and total salivary protein: 0.29 g / dL. No association was found between salivary flow (rs = 0.425), buffering capacity (rs = 0.283) and protein concentration (rs = 0.245) with the diuretic dose (p > 0.05). Statistically significant differences were found in salivary flow and total salivary protein concentration between the group with hypertension and without. (U Mann-Wthitney P > 0.005). No statistically significant differences in salivary pH and buffering capacity were found among the study groups (U Mann-Wthitney > 0.005). Conclusion: Patients with hypertension and treated with diuretics have a decreased salivary flow and an increased total protein concentration while ph and buffer capacity remained normal.

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La saliva, un elemento esencial en la preservación de salud oral, puede verse alterada por diversos factores, como el consumo de fármacos, en cuanto al flujo, pH o capacidad buffer, constituyendo un factor predisponente a diversas patologías (1). Comparar el flujo salival no estimulado, pH y capacidad buffer entre consumidoras y no consumidoras de anticonceptivos orales combinados. Cincuenta y seis mujeres sanas, entre 21 y 26 años de edad, con bajo riesgo cariogénico, dividida en dos grupos, consumidoras y no consumidoras de anticonceptivos orales. Para determinar el flujo salival no estimulado, se tomó una muestra de saliva durante 15 minutos. Para determinar los pH se utilizó un potenciómetro (PL-600Lab PH meter) y para determinar capacidad buffer se utilizó el método de Ericsson. Para analizar la significancia estadística de las diferentes pruebas se realizó la prueba U Mann-Whitney utilizando el software SPSS versión 14.0. El promedio de flujo salival no estimulado observado en este estudio, es mayor entre consumidoras de anticonceptivos orales, con un p<0.005. En cuanto a capacidad buffer, se obtuvieron valores levemente superiores en el grupo consumidor, mientras que los valores de pH resultaron similares entre ambos grupos. El flujo salival no estimulado se ve aumentado en las consumidoras de anticonceptivos orales combinados, mientras que la capacidad buffer presenta un incremento no significativo, mientras que el pH salival arroja valores similares para ambos grupos

Saliva is an essential element in oral health preservation and its pH, buffer capacity and flow rate, have a fundamental role. These factors may be altered by, among others, drug consumption which predisposes to several diseases (1). To compare the non-stimulated salivary flow rate, pH and buffer capacity between patients under Oral contraceptives medication and not taking any medication. Fifty six healthy women, aged 21 to 26 years, with low cariogenic risk, divided into two groups: under oral contraceptives medication and without medication. To determine the non-stimulated salivary flow rate, was taken a saliva sample during 15 minutes. To determine the pH, was used a potentiometer (PL 600Lab PH-meter) and buffer capacity was measured by Ericsson's method. Mann-Whitney test was performed using SPSS software version 14.0 to determine statistical significance. Mean of stimulated salivary flow rate is not statistically significantly in subjects under oral contraceptives medication (p <0.005). Buffer capacity showed slightly higher values in study group, while the pH values were similar in study and control groups. The stimulated salivary flow rate is not increased by consuming the Oral contracetives, the salivary pH shown similar values for both groups, and finally, the salivary buffer capacity, shown increased in the consumer group, however, it does not statistically significant

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