RESUMO

Background: The brachycephalic dog breeds have been increasing in Brazil, and these animals are predisposed to present the brachycephalic dog syndrome, consisting of anatomical defects that lead to physiological changes and clinical signs such as wheezing, dyspnea, and hypoxia. Electrocardiography (ECG) is a simple test that can detect disturbances in the electrical activity of the heart, including changes present in hypoxia. The brachycephalic dog syndrome can lead to pulmonary hypertension due to hypoxia. Based on this, the present work aimed to evaluate the ECG of brachycephalic dogs in search of significant changes in heart rhythm, ECG waves, and cardiac axis. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-nine dogs were evaluated in this study, 19 brachycephalic and 10 mesaticephalic, after approval by an ethics committee the animals were selected. Electrocardiographic examinations were performed in 2 stages, at rest and immediately after a 3-min trot. The exam was performed with a computerized electrocardiograph, with a standard time of 5 min. The standard positioning for performing the examination was the right lateral decubitus position. To improve the electrical conductivity, 70% alcohol was used between the animal's skin and the electrodes. In statistical analysis, paired t test was performed for comparison of the same group before and after exercise and unpaired t test between groups at the same moments, considering P < 0.05 as significant. Nineteen brachycephalic animals were evaluated, 10 Pugs and 9 French Bulldogs, 9 males and 10 females. The mean age was 3.4 ± 1.8 years; and the mean weight was 12.5 kg ± 2.7 kg. In the control group, consisting of ten mesaticephalic animals, all were non-breed, three males and seven females; the mean age and weight in this group were 4.4 ± 1.5 years and 7.5 kg ± 0.5 kg, respectively. There was a significant increase in heart rate (bpm) after exercise in brachycephalic dogs (baseline: 119.3 ± 4.3; after exercise: 135.1 ± 4.9; P = 0.0005). The same occurred for P wave amplitude (mV) (baseline: 0.20 ± 0.01; after exercise: 0.22 ± 0.01; P = 0.0001). These differences were not found in the control group. There were no alterations in the duration of the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, and QT interval, and all were within normal values for the species in both groups. The R-wave amplitude remained unaltered and within normal values in both the control and brachycephalic groups. Discussion: The elevation in heart rate may be associated with the chemoreflex secondary to the increased demand for oxygenation during exercise and the hypoxia generated by it. The increase in P amplitude suggests right atrial overload. The P wave corresponds to the atrial depolarization and its amplitude corresponds to the electrical activity in the right atrium. Thus, it is possible to relate the increase in P amplitude and heart rate to the hypoxia caused by exercise in brachycephalic, since this hypoxia results in chemoreceptor activation that increases chronotropism and heart rate. Also, there may be increased pressure in the pulmonary trunk, this increased pressure occurs due to vasoconstriction generated as a reflex to hypoxia in the pulmonary alveoli, leading to a possible picture of acute pulmonary hypertension that, in a cascade effect, leads to hypertrophy and dilation of the right ventricle, increased strength of contractility and ejection affecting the tricuspid valve causing a reflux and consequent overload of the right atrium.

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Brachycephalic dogs have a normal lower jaw and a receded upper jaw, and these dogs are predisposed to nostril stenosis, elongated palate, tracheal hypoplasia and hyperthermia due to heat stress. Giventhese characteristics, these dogs are more predisposed to respiratory and cardiovascular disorders. The popularity of brachycephalic dogsthathave a greatertendency for cardiorespiratory disorders, such as French bulldogs,has increased recently; however, studies on the cardiorespiratoryand haematological parameters in this breedare lacking. Thus, the present study sought to evaluatethe cardiorespiratory and haematological parameters of healthy French bulldogs to standardize normal values forthisbreed. Thirty-six French bulldogs wereused without predilection for age or sex, and the following parameters were evaluated: temperature (T), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), erythrogram, leukogram, total plasma protein, plasmatic fibrinogen, blood platelet count, urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The mean and standard deviation wereas follows: T°C (38.3±0.4), HR (111.1±27.0) beats per minute, RR (54.8±32.5) breaths per minute, erythrocyte count (7.3±1.2x106), haemoglobin (16.9±2.8 g/dL), haematocrit (48.9±7.7%), MCV (67.6±2.4fL), MCH (23.3±0.7 pg), MCHC (34.6±0.8%), RDW-CV (9.3±0.9; 9.2-12.0%), total leukocytes (11009.7±2907.3/mm3), band neutrophils (250.0±260.4/mm3), segmented neutrophils (7094.4±2307.3/mm3), eosinophils (589.7±561.3/mm3), lymphocytes (2020.8±1457.5/mm3), monocytes (987.6±528.4/mm3), total plasma protein (6.9±0.5 g/dL), plasmatic fibrinogen (274.1±96.5 mg/dL), blood platelet count (366.4±88.5/mm3), urea (35.2±12.6 mg/dL), creatinine (0.8±0.2/mg/dL), AP (49.1±25.8U/L),ALT (36.2±12.3U/L). The haematological parameters and heart rate were within the normal values for the species, but the respiratory rate values (54.8±32.5 breaths per minute)were greater than the normal averageof10 to 30 breaths per minute. We conclude thatthehaematological parameters and heart rateof healthy French bulldogs arewithin the normal limit for dogs; however, the respiratory rate is above referencevalues, reinforcing the notion that dogs of this breed, although healthy,exhibitan increasedrisk of respiratory disorders.

Cães braquicefálicosapresentam maxilar inferior normal, maxilar superior recuado, além disso, são predispostos à estenose de narina, palato alongado, hipoplasia traqueal e hipertermia por estresse por calor. Devido à essas características são mais predispostos à distúrbios respiratórios e cardiovasculares. A popularidade de cães braquicefálicos aumentou muito recentemente, como por exemplo, o Buldogue Francês, que possui uma maior tendência para transtornos cardiorrespiratórios, porém, não há estudos dos parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e hematológicos nessa raça. Desta maneira, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e hematológicos de cães sadios da raça Buldogue Francês para padronização dos valores normais e servir de subsídios para a rotina clínica, cirúrgica, laboratorial e de futuros estudos nessa raça. Foram utilizados 36 cães da raça Buldogue Francês, sem predileção de idade, raça ou sexo e avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: temperatura (T), frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), eritrograma,leucograma, proteínas plasmáticas totais (PPT), fibrinogênio plasmático, contagem de plaquetas, ureia, creatinina, fosfatase alcalina (ALP) e alanino amino transferase (ALT). A média e desvio padrão foram: T°C (38,3±0,4), FC (111,1±27,0) batimentos/min, FR (54,8±32,5) movimentos/min, contagem de eritrócitos (7,3±1,2x106), Hb(16,9±2,8g/dL), VG(48,9±7,7%), VCM (67,6±2,4fL), HCM (23,3±0,7pg), CHCM (34,6±0,8%), RDW-CV (9,3±0,9; 9,2-12,0%), leucócitos totais (11009,7±2907,3/mm3), bastonetes (250,0±260,4/mm3), neutrófilos (7094,4±2307,3/mm3), eosinófilos (589,7±561,3/mm3), linfócitos (2020,8±1457,5/mm3), monócitos (987,6±528,4/mm3), PPT (6,9±0,5g/dL), fibrinogênio plasmático (274,1±96,5mg/dL), contagem de plaquetas (366,4±88,5/mm3), ureia (35,2±12,6mg/dL), creatinina (0,8±0,2/mg/dL), ALP (49,1±25,8U/L) e ALT (36,2±12,3U/L). Os parâmetros hematológicos e de frequência cardíaca ficaram dentro da normalidade, porém os valores da frequência respiratória (54,8±32,5) movimentos/min ficaram acima da média normal que é de 10 a 30 movimentos/min. Conclui-se que cães saudáveis da raça Buldogue Francês possuem parâmetros hematológicos e de frequência cardíaca dentro da normalidade para cães, porém, a frequência respiratória acima dos valores de referência, reforçando que cães dessa raça, mesmo saudáveis, possuem aumento do risco de transtornos respiratórios.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Brachycephalic dogs have a normal lower jaw and a receded upper jaw, and these dogs are predisposed to nostril stenosis, elongated palate, tracheal hypoplasia and hyperthermia due to heat stress. Giventhese characteristics, these dogs are more predisposed to respiratory and cardiovascular disorders. The popularity of brachycephalic dogsthathave a greatertendency for cardiorespiratory disorders, such as French bulldogs,has increased recently; however, studies on the cardiorespiratoryand haematological parameters in this breedare lacking. Thus, the present study sought to evaluatethe cardiorespiratory and haematological parameters of healthy French bulldogs to standardize normal values forthisbreed. Thirty-six French bulldogs wereused without predilection for age or sex, and the following parameters were evaluated: temperature (T), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), erythrogram, leukogram, total plasma protein, plasmatic fibrinogen, blood platelet count, urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The mean and standard deviation wereas follows: T°C (38.3±0.4), HR (111.1±27.0) beats per minute, RR (54.8±32.5) breaths per minute, erythrocyte count (7.3±1.2x106), haemoglobin (16.9±2.8 g/dL), haematocrit (48.9±7.7%), MCV (67.6±2.4fL), MCH (23.3±0.7 pg), MCHC (34.6±0.8%), RDW-CV (9.3±0.9; 9.2-12.0%), total leukocytes (11009.7±2907.3/mm3), band neutrophils (250.0±260.4/mm3), segmented neutrophils (7094.4±2307.3/mm3), eosinophils (589.7±561.3/mm3), lymphocytes (2020.8±1457.5/mm3), monocytes (987.6±528.4/mm3), total plasma protein (6.9±0.5 g/dL), plasmatic fibrinogen (274.1±96.5 mg/dL), blood platelet count (366.4±88.5/mm3), urea (35.2±12.6 mg/dL), creatinine (0.8±0.2/mg/dL), AP (49.1±25.8U/L),ALT (36.2±12.3U/L). The haematological parameters and heart rate were within the normal values for the species, but the respiratory rate values (54.8±32.5 breaths per minute)were greater than the normal averageof10 to 30 breaths per minute. We conclude thatthehaematological parameters and heart rateof healthy French bulldogs arewithin the normal limit for dogs; however, the respiratory rate is above referencevalues, reinforcing the notion that dogs of this breed, although healthy,exhibitan increasedrisk of respiratory disorders.(AU)

Cães braquicefálicosapresentam maxilar inferior normal, maxilar superior recuado, além disso, são predispostos à estenose de narina, palato alongado, hipoplasia traqueal e hipertermia por estresse por calor. Devido à essas características são mais predispostos à distúrbios respiratórios e cardiovasculares. A popularidade de cães braquicefálicos aumentou muito recentemente, como por exemplo, o Buldogue Francês, que possui uma maior tendência para transtornos cardiorrespiratórios, porém, não há estudos dos parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e hematológicos nessa raça. Desta maneira, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e hematológicos de cães sadios da raça Buldogue Francês para padronização dos valores normais e servir de subsídios para a rotina clínica, cirúrgica, laboratorial e de futuros estudos nessa raça. Foram utilizados 36 cães da raça Buldogue Francês, sem predileção de idade, raça ou sexo e avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: temperatura (T), frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), eritrograma,leucograma, proteínas plasmáticas totais (PPT), fibrinogênio plasmático, contagem de plaquetas, ureia, creatinina, fosfatase alcalina (ALP) e alanino amino transferase (ALT). A média e desvio padrão foram: T°C (38,3±0,4), FC (111,1±27,0) batimentos/min, FR (54,8±32,5) movimentos/min, contagem de eritrócitos (7,3±1,2x106), Hb(16,9±2,8g/dL), VG(48,9±7,7%), VCM (67,6±2,4fL), HCM (23,3±0,7pg), CHCM (34,6±0,8%), RDW-CV (9,3±0,9; 9,2-12,0%), leucócitos totais (11009,7±2907,3/mm3), bastonetes (250,0±260,4/mm3), neutrófilos (7094,4±2307,3/mm3), eosinófilos (589,7±561,3/mm3), linfócitos (2020,8±1457,5/mm3), monócitos (987,6±528,4/mm3), PPT (6,9±0,5g/dL), fibrinogênio plasmático (274,1±96,5mg/dL), contagem de plaquetas (366,4±88,5/mm3), ureia (35,2±12,6mg/dL), creatinina (0,8±0,2/mg/dL), ALP (49,1±25,8U/L) e ALT (36,2±12,3U/L). Os parâmetros hematológicos e de frequência cardíaca ficaram dentro da normalidade, porém os valores da frequência respiratória (54,8±32,5) movimentos/min ficaram acima da média normal que é de 10 a 30 movimentos/min. Conclui-se que cães saudáveis da raça Buldogue Francês possuem parâmetros hematológicos e de frequência cardíaca dentro da normalidade para cães, porém, a frequência respiratória acima dos valores de referência, reforçando que cães dessa raça, mesmo saudáveis, possuem aumento do risco de transtornos respiratórios.(AU)

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Background: Ocular biometrics is an easy to perform, safe, non-invasive and low-cost exam that provides immediate resultswith excellent definition. Brachycephalic dogs have a high risk of developing eye problems, and the early appearance isfrequent due to factors linked to anatomical conformation. The aim of the present study was to perform eye biometrics inFrench Bulldog dogs through ultrasound, correlating with body and head size.Materials, Methods & Results: Clinical examination, ophthalmic examination and ocular biometrics were performed usingB-mode ultrasonography, using a 10 megahertz frequency transducer in 30 French Bulldog dogs, aged 1-6 years old, maleand females from the Br Lords Staff kennel and the Radiovet - Rio de Janeiro veterinary clinic. A drop of anesthetic eyedrops containing 1% tetracaine hydrochloride and 0.1% phenylephrine hydrochloride was instilled and the direct contacttechnique was performed with the cornea with the help of sterile water-soluble lubricating acoustic gel between the transducerand the examined eye. These measurements were correlated with cephalic measurements (frontal-occipital distance, skullcircumference, distance between the zygomatic arches and frontal-nasal distance) and with body measurements (lengthof the dog from the cranial end of the sternum to the ischial tuberosity and height of the withers from the cranial angleof the scapula to the ground). No chemical restraint was necessary. Dogs were positioned seated or in sternal decubitus,with slight physical restraint. All measurements were performed by the same examiner. There was no significant difference between the parameters of male and female eye biometrics and there was no difference between the measurementsof the right and left eyes. The mean value of axial bulb length was 19.51 ± 0.58 mm, for the thickness of the lens, 6.71 ±0.66 mm, for depth of the anterior chamber, 2.36 ± 0.89 mm and for the depth of the vitreous chamber...(AU)

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Background: Otitis is a frequent condition in dogs, with a multifactorial etiology covering primary causes, predisposing and perpetuating factors. It is characterized by an inflammatory process of structures that make up the auditory system, with prevalence data ranging from 15 to 20%, which can occur in any age group and without sex predisposition. According to the location, it can be classified as uni or bilateral, affecting the outer, middle and / or inner ear, the latter two being associated with neurological changes such as vestibulopathy, facial nerve paresis and Horner's syndrome. The morbidity and mortality of otitis media and internal may increase with delay in diagnosis, resulting in delay in the correct treatment, and the extension to brainstem is described in felines and considered rare in dogs. The present study aims to report an atypical case of otitis media and internal, with extension to the brain parenchyma in a brachycephalic dog. Case: A 3-year-old bitch French Bulldog was seen, weighing 12 kg, with a history of vomiting, apathy, nystagmus, ataxia and acute evolution hemiparesis. As a result of adoption, it was not known about the animal's morbid past. On special physical and clinical examination, depressed mental status, changes in postural reactions, nostril stenosis with unilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, corneal ulcer, palpebral and labial ptosis, absence of eyelid reflex and spontaneous strabismus were observed, all of these findings observed on the left side of the face. No signs of otitis external to otoscopy were found. The clinical signs found characterize left facial nerve paresis and peripheral and central vestibulopathy. Otitis media / internal and meningoencephalitis were suspected. Hemogram, serum biochemistry (glucose, urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, total proteins, albumin, globulin, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyltransferase, phosphorus, total bilirubin, cholesterol and total calcium), urinalysis, rapid tests for erlichiosis, anaplasms , borreliosis, heartworm, distemper and leishmaniasis, CSF analysis, neurological panel performed by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) that tested the animal for Bartonellosis, Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi), Blastomyces dermatitidis, Cryptococcus sp., Virus West Nile, Distemper, Toxoplasmosis, Neosporose and Coccidioides sp. using conjunctival swab, whole blood, urine and CSF samples. The samples were negative for all of these tests. As an image exam, brain magnetic resonance was performed. In the latter, otitis media and left internal was observed with extension of the lesion to the brain parenchyma. CSF analysis showed cytological changes compatible with a non-suppurative inflammatory process, mild pleocytosis with predominantly mononuclear leukocyte infiltrate. As a form of treatment, antibiotic therapy and total ablation of the auditory canal with lateral bulectomy were performed, showing good results with reduced clinical symptoms. Discussion: It is concluded that although the diagnosis of otitis media and internal with extension to brainstem is more common in cats, it should be included as a differential for central vestibular disorders in dogs, and that the diagnosis together with early and effective treatment are important, since that the evolution of the infection to the central nervous system represents a risk to the patient.

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Background: Ocular biometrics is an easy to perform, safe, non-invasive and low-cost exam that provides immediate resultswith excellent definition. Brachycephalic dogs have a high risk of developing eye problems, and the early appearance isfrequent due to factors linked to anatomical conformation. The aim of the present study was to perform eye biometrics inFrench Bulldog dogs through ultrasound, correlating with body and head size.Materials, Methods & Results: Clinical examination, ophthalmic examination and ocular biometrics were performed usingB-mode ultrasonography, using a 10 megahertz frequency transducer in 30 French Bulldog dogs, aged 1-6 years old, maleand females from the Br Lord’s Staff kennel and the Radiovet - Rio de Janeiro veterinary clinic. A drop of anesthetic eyedrops containing 1% tetracaine hydrochloride and 0.1% phenylephrine hydrochloride was instilled and the direct contacttechnique was performed with the cornea with the help of sterile water-soluble lubricating acoustic gel between the transducerand the examined eye. These measurements were correlated with cephalic measurements (frontal-occipital distance, skullcircumference, distance between the zygomatic arches and frontal-nasal distance) and with body measurements (lengthof the dog from the cranial end of the sternum to the ischial tuberosity and height of the withers from the cranial angleof the scapula to the ground). No chemical restraint was necessary. Dogs were positioned seated or in sternal decubitus,with slight physical restraint. All measurements were performed by the same examiner. There was no significant difference between the parameters of male and female eye biometrics and there was no difference between the measurementsof the right and left eyes. The mean value of axial bulb length was 19.51 ± 0.58 mm, for the thickness of the lens, 6.71 ±0.66 mm, for depth of the anterior chamber, 2.36 ± 0.89 mm and for the depth of the vitreous chamber...

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O acompanhamento gestacional por ultrassonografia permite avaliar o desenvolvimento do concepto e estimar a idade gestacional (IG). No entanto, a fórmula de Nyland e Mattoon para cálculo da IG foi desenvolvida no Beagle. Cães braquicefálicos como o Buldogue Francês apresentam maior predisposição à distocia, o que torna ainda mais importante a correta estimativa da IG. Objetivou-se avaliar a fórmula de Nyland e Mattoon para datar a IG em Buldogue Francês. Cinco cadelas foram submetidas à ultrassonografia abdominal aos 55 dias pós-inseminação. Foi mensurado o diâmetro biparietal (DBP) fetal e aplicado na fórmula. Os resultados foram expressos na forma de média e erro padrão. O DBP foi de 2,14±0,02 e a IG correspondeu a 52 dias. A fórmula não tem confiabilidade para estimar a IG nesta raça.

The ultrasound gestational follow-up allows the evaluation of the development of the concept and the estimation of gestational age (GI). However, the Nyland and Mattoon formula for calculating the GI was developed in the Beagle. Brachycephalic dogs such as the French Bulldog have a greater predisposition to dystocia, which makes the correct estimation of GI even more important. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Nyland and Mattoon formula for dating GI in French Bulldog. Five bitches were submitted to abdominal ultrasound at 55 days post-insemination. The fetal biparietal diameter (DBP) was measured and applied in the formula. The results were expressed as mean and standard error. DBP was 2.14±0.02 and IG corresponded to 52 days. The formula has no reliability to estimate GI in this breed.

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RESUMO

O acompanhamento gestacional por ultrassonografia permite avaliar o desenvolvimento do concepto e estimar a idade gestacional (IG). No entanto, a fórmula de Nyland e Mattoon para cálculo da IG foi desenvolvida no Beagle. Cães braquicefálicos como o Buldogue Francês apresentam maior predisposição à distocia, o que torna ainda mais importante a correta estimativa da IG. Objetivou-se avaliar a fórmula de Nyland e Mattoon para datar a IG em Buldogue Francês. Cinco cadelas foram submetidas à ultrassonografia abdominal aos 55 dias pós-inseminação. Foi mensurado o diâmetro biparietal (DBP) fetal e aplicado na fórmula. Os resultados foram expressos na forma de média e erro padrão. O DBP foi de 2,14±0,02 e a IG correspondeu a 52 dias. A fórmula não tem confiabilidade para estimar a IG nesta raça.(AU)

The ultrasound gestational follow-up allows the evaluation of the development of the concept and the estimation of gestational age (GI). However, the Nyland and Mattoon formula for calculating the GI was developed in the Beagle. Brachycephalic dogs such as the French Bulldog have a greater predisposition to dystocia, which makes the correct estimation of GI even more important. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Nyland and Mattoon formula for dating GI in French Bulldog. Five bitches were submitted to abdominal ultrasound at 55 days post-insemination. The fetal biparietal diameter (DBP) was measured and applied in the formula. The results were expressed as mean and standard error. DBP was 2.14±0.02 and IG corresponded to 52 days. The formula has no reliability to estimate GI in this breed.(AU)

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O exame ultrassonográfico ocular é indispensável no pré-operatório de procedimentos cirúrgicos intraoculares como a facectomia, além de ser uma ferramenta complementar ao exame oftalmológico, em casos de perda da transparência dos meios ópticos. A inexistência de estudos acerca de padrões de normalidades para as medidas do bulbo ocular e de suas estruturas internas nos gatos, cujos valores possibilitam o monitoramento de enfermidades e auxiliam em procedimentos cirúrgicos motivaram este estudo. Utilizaram-se 40 gatos, adultos, machos e fêmeas, livres de enfermidades sistêmica e oftalmológica. Destes, 22 eram da raça persa (grupo braquicefálico - GB) e 18 sem raça definida (grupo não braquicefálico - GNB). A biometria ultrassonográfica ocular transcorneana foi realizada, em modo-B∕A, com o transdutor microlinear de 9 MHz e as medidas D1 (profundidade da câmara anterior), D2 (diâmetro do cristalino), D3 (profundidade da câmara vítrea) e D4 (diâmetro axial do bulbo ocular) aferidas. Ainda, mensuraram-se as distâncias fronto-occipital e bizigomática e o peso desses animais. Os dados obtidos foram analisados pelo teste-t pareado, seguindo-se as análises de variância e covariância, além da regressão linear múltipla relacionando-se as medidas de D1, D2, D3 e D4 às medidas bizigomática e fronto-occipital, como também à idade, ao peso e ao gênero. Obteve-se como resultado a média de D1, D2, D3 e D4, assim como dos diâmetros bizigomático e fronto-occipital, idade e peso, verificando-se diferenças significativas para D4 nas fêmeas de GB. Houve, pela análise de regressão linear, influência do peso, idade e diâmetro fronto-occipital sobre D1, D2 e D4 nos gatos do GB, e dos diâmetros bizigomático sobre D1, D3 e D4 nos gatos do GNB. Conclui-se que houve diferença no diâmetro axial do bulbo ocular nas fêmeas do GB, e que o peso, a idade e os diâmetros cranianos influenciam a biometria ocular dos gatos braquicefálicos e não braquicefálicos.(AU)

Ocular ultrasonography is a helpful ophthalmic examination, performed on the absence of transparency in ocular means and frequently requested prior intraocular surgery. Unfortunately, the lack of studies upon ultrasonografic images of the normal feline eye, difficults the evaluation of its biometry and its inner structures in many ophthalmic diseases and also before surgery. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ocular biometry and the morphometric parameters of the cranium of 40 healthy adult cats, including 22 Persian cats (Brachycephalic group - BG) and 18 Mixed-breed cats (Noun brachycephalic group - NBG). B/A-mode ultrasonographic biometry, utilizing a 9 MHz probe, was performed for depth of the anterior chamber (D1), lens axial length (D2), depth of the vitreous chamber (D3) and axial length of the globe (D4). Morphometric parameters of the cranium were obtained for bizygomatic (BZ) and occipital frontal (OF) diameters. Data was collected and statistical analysis, including "t" paired tests, variance and covariance analysis and multiple linear regressions was performed for every obtained measure and also for animal ages, weigh and gender. Statistic relevant values were observed in D4 parameter for female cats of BG. Multiple linear regression indicated some influence of the weigh, age and OF in D1, D2 and D4 of PG; and of BZ in D1, D3 and D4 of NBG. Besides that, it was observed that biometry was also influenced by weigh, age and morphometric parameters of their craniums in both groups.(AU)

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O exame ultrassonográfico ocular é indispensável no pré-operatório de procedimentos cirúrgicos intraoculares como a facectomia, além de ser uma ferramenta complementar ao exame oftalmológico, em casos de perda da transparência dos meios ópticos. A inexistência de estudos acerca de padrões de normalidades para as medidas do bulbo ocular e de suas estruturas internas nos gatos, cujos valores possibilitam o monitoramento de enfermidades e auxiliam em procedimentos cirúrgicos motivaram este estudo. Utilizaram-se 40 gatos, adultos, machos e fêmeas, livres de enfermidades sistêmica e oftalmológica. Destes, 22 eram da raça persa (grupo braquicefálico - GB) e 18 sem raça definida (grupo não braquicefálico - GNB). A biometria ultrassonográfica ocular transcorneana foi realizada, em modo-B∕A, com o transdutor microlinear de 9 MHz e as medidas D1 (profundidade da câmara anterior), D2 (diâmetro do cristalino), D3 (profundidade da câmara vítrea) e D4 (diâmetro axial do bulbo ocular) aferidas. Ainda, mensuraram-se as distâncias fronto-occipital e bizigomática e o peso desses animais. Os dados obtidos foram analisados pelo teste-t pareado, seguindo-se as análises de variância e covariância, além da regressão linear múltipla relacionando-se as medidas de D1, D2, D3 e D4 às medidas bizigomática e fronto-occipital, como também à idade, ao peso e ao gênero. Obteve-se como resultado a média de D1, D2, D3 e D4, assim como dos diâmetros bizigomático e fronto-occipital, idade e peso, verificando-se diferenças significativas para D4 nas fêmeas de GB. Houve, pela análise de regressão linear, influência do peso, idade e diâmetro fronto-occipital sobre D1, D2 e D4 nos gatos do GB, e dos diâmetros bizigomático sobre D1, D3 e D4 nos gatos do GNB. Conclui-se que houve diferença no diâmetro axial do bulbo ocular nas fêmeas do GB, e que o peso, a idade e os diâmetros cranianos influenciam a biometria ocular dos gatos braquicefálicos e não braquicefálicos.

Ocular ultrasonography is a helpful ophthalmic examination, performed on the absence of transparency in ocular means and frequently requested prior intraocular surgery. Unfortunately, the lack of studies upon ultrasonografic images of the normal feline eye, difficults the evaluation of its biometry and its inner structures in many ophthalmic diseases and also before surgery. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ocular biometry and the morphometric parameters of the cranium of 40 healthy adult cats, including 22 Persian cats (Brachycephalic group - BG) and 18 Mixed-breed cats (Noun brachycephalic group - NBG). B/A-mode ultrasonographic biometry, utilizing a 9 MHz probe, was performed for depth of the anterior chamber (D1), lens axial length (D2), depth of the vitreous chamber (D3) and axial length of the globe (D4). Morphometric parameters of the cranium were obtained for bizygomatic (BZ) and occipital frontal (OF) diameters. Data was collected and statistical analysis, including "t" paired tests, variance and covariance analysis and multiple linear regressions was performed for every obtained measure and also for animal ages, weigh and gender. Statistic relevant values were observed in D4 parameter for female cats of BG. Multiple linear regression indicated some influence of the weigh, age and OF in D1, D2 and D4 of PG; and of BZ in D1, D3 and D4 of NBG. Besides that, it was observed that biometry was also influenced by weigh, age and morphometric parameters of their craniums in both groups.

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The high prevalence of craniovertebral junction malformation in Northeastern Brazil is historically associated with brachycephalic biotype (flat head), also common in this region. It has been postulated that this trait was introduced to this region by the Dutch during the colonial period in Brazil's history. Based on the confrontation of this paradigm against some historical facts, the authors concluded that the brachycephalic phenotype was inherited from prehistoric ancestors (Amerindians) who were already living in this region when white European men arrived.

A alta prevalência de malformação da junção craniovertebral no Nordeste do Brasil é historicamente associada ao biótipo braquicefálico (cabeça chata), também comum nessa região. Postula-se que essa característica tenha sido introduzida na região pelos holandeses durante o período colonial da história do Brasil. Com base na confrontação desse paradigma com alguns fatos históricos, os autores concluem que o fenótipo braquicefálico foi herdado de ancestrais pré-históricos (ameríndios) que já habitavam a região no momento da chegada do homem branco europeu.

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A síndrome respiratória do cão braquicefálico é caracterizada pela obstrução parcial das vias aéreas superiores devido a alterações anatômicas das mesmas. Cada animal pode apresentar o processo com diferentes graus de intensidade. A respiração dos animais acometidos fi ca comprometida e podem ocorrer casos de asfi xia e colapso durante excitação ou em aquecimento devido ao clima ou atividade física. O caso clínico relatado no presente trabalho foi um quadro de distrição respiratória alta importante após agitação e foi diagnosticado com alterações anatômicas importantes na região da faringe. O animal foi submetido à cirurgia corretiva, e apresentou melhora do padrão respiratório e ausência de recidivas após a alta.(AU)

Brachycephalic Syndrome in Dogs is characterized by partial obstruction of the upper airway due to anatomical changes of these dogs. These fi ndings occurs in differents degrees in each dog and can cause restrict breathing, which may result in suffocation and collapse during excitement or warming due to climate or physical activity. The dog reported in this clinical case presented important symptoms of respiratory dyspnea high after excitement and was diagnosed with major anatomical changes in the region of the pharynx. The animal underwent corrective surgery, with improvement in respiratory pattern and absence of relapse after discharge.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

A síndrome respiratória do cão braquicefálico é caracterizada pela obstrução parcial das vias aéreas superiores devido a alterações anatômicas das mesmas. Cada animal pode apresentar o processo com diferentes graus de intensidade. A respiração dos animais acometidos fi ca comprometida e podem ocorrer casos de asfi xia e colapso durante excitação ou em aquecimento devido ao clima ou atividade física. O caso clínico relatado no presente trabalho foi um quadro de distrição respiratória alta importante após agitação e foi diagnosticado com alterações anatômicas importantes na região da faringe. O animal foi submetido à cirurgia corretiva, e apresentou melhora do padrão respiratório e ausência de recidivas após a alta.

Brachycephalic Syndrome in Dogs is characterized by partial obstruction of the upper airway due to anatomical changes of these dogs. These fi ndings occurs in differents degrees in each dog and can cause restrict breathing, which may result in suffocation and collapse during excitement or warming due to climate or physical activity. The dog reported in this clinical case presented important symptoms of respiratory dyspnea high after excitement and was diagnosed with major anatomical changes in the region of the pharynx. The animal underwent corrective surgery, with improvement in respiratory pattern and absence of relapse after discharge.

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RESUMO

La aortitis sifilítica es frecuentemente asociada a aneurismas y/o enfermedad coronaria estenótica ostial, sin embargo este tipo de lesiones son raramente reportadas. Se reporta un caso deaneurisma de tronco arterial braquiocefálico con compresión y desplazamiento de estructuras vecinas,erosión esternal y su tratamiento...

A aortitis sifilítica é frequentemente associada a aneurisma e/ou enfermedade estenotica ostial, sem no entanto este tipo de lesão são raramente reportadas. Apresentamos um caso de aneurisma do tronco arterial braquiocefálico com compressão e deslocamento de estrcturas vizinhas, erosão esternal e seu tratamento...

Syphilitic aortitis is often associated with aneurysms and ostial stenotic coronary however such injuries are rarely reported. We report a case of brachiocephalic arterial trunk aneurysm with compression and displacement of neighboring structures, sternal erosion and its treatment...

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RESUMO

This study aimed to evaluate the Shih Tzu tear production quantity and quality, in order to compare it with tear production of different breeds previously described. The tear production quantitative evaluation was performed in 35 animals, by Schirmer tear tests 1 and 2 (STT-1 and STT-2), in absence or presence the local anesthetic , respectively. Regarding the mucin tear layer, a qualitative tear production evaluation was performed in 15 animals through conjunctival goblet cell density (CGCD) analysis. The mean values obtained to STT-1 were 19.66 ± 7.30 and 21.97 ± 5.69 for left eye (LE) and right eye (RE), respectively. The mean values obtained to  STT-2 were  10.71 ± 6.10 and 9.14 ± 4.78 for LE and RE, respectively. Both STT-1 and STT-2 values found to the Shih Tzu dogs are within tear production standards of other breeds previously described. The mean CGCD found to LE was 13.64 ± 3.44, and to RE it was 13.64 ± 4.07. These values are lower than those described for other breeds.KEYWORDS: brachycephalic; dog; mucin; Schirmer; tear.

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar quantitativa e qualitativamente a produção lacrimal de cães da raça Shih Tzu, confrontando a produção lacrimal na raça Shih Tzu e a descrita em outras raças. A avaliação quantitativa foi realizada em 35 animais, por meio dos testes lacrimais de Schirmer 1 e 2 (TLS-1 e TLS-2), na ausência e na presença de anestesia local, respectivamente. Uma avaliação qualitativa, relativa à camada lacrimal mucosa, foi realizada por meio da obtenção da densidade de células caliciformes (DCC) conjuntivais, em 15 animais. Os valores médios obtidos para TLS-1 foram 19,66 ± 7,30 e 21,97 ± 5,69 para o olho esquerdo (OE) e olho direito (OD), respectivamente. Os valores médios obtidos para TLS-2 foram 10,71 ± 6,10 e 9,14 ± 4,78 para OE e OD, respectivamente. Tanto os valores de TLS-1 quanto os de TLS-2 encontrados para a raça Shih Tzu estão dentro dos padrões de produção lacrimal normal descritos para cães hígidos de outras raças A densidade de células caliciformes média encontrada para o OE foi de 13,64 ± 3,44; e para o OD, de 13,64 ± 4, 07, valores inferiores aos descritos para cães hígidos de outras raças.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: braquicefálico; cão; lágrima; mucina; Schirmer.

RESUMO

This study aimed to evaluate the Shih Tzu tear production quantity and quality, in order to compare it with tear production of different breeds previously described. The tear production quantitative evaluation was performed in 35 animals, by Schirmer tear tests 1 and 2 (STT-1 and STT-2), in absence or presence the local anesthetic , respectively. Regarding the mucin tear layer, a qualitative tear production evaluation was performed in 15 animals through conjunctival goblet cell density (CGCD) analysis. The mean values obtained to STT-1 were 19.66 ± 7.30 and 21.97 ± 5.69 for left eye (LE) and right eye (RE), respectively. The mean values obtained to  STT-2 were  10.71 ± 6.10 and 9.14 ± 4.78 for LE and RE, respectively. Both STT-1 and STT-2 values found to the Shih Tzu dogs are within tear production standards of other breeds previously described. The mean CGCD found to LE was 13.64 ± 3.44, and to RE it was 13.64 ± 4.07. These values are lower than those described for other breeds.KEYWORDS: brachycephalic; dog; mucin; Schirmer; tear.

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar quantitativa e qualitativamente a produção lacrimal de cães da raça Shih Tzu, confrontando a produção lacrimal na raça Shih Tzu e a descrita em outras raças. A avaliação quantitativa foi realizada em 35 animais, por meio dos testes lacrimais de Schirmer 1 e 2 (TLS-1 e TLS-2), na ausência e na presença de anestesia local, respectivamente. Uma avaliação qualitativa, relativa à camada lacrimal mucosa, foi realizada por meio da obtenção da densidade de células caliciformes (DCC) conjuntivais, em 15 animais. Os valores médios obtidos para TLS-1 foram 19,66 ± 7,30 e 21,97 ± 5,69 para o olho esquerdo (OE) e olho direito (OD), respectivamente. Os valores médios obtidos para TLS-2 foram 10,71 ± 6,10 e 9,14 ± 4,78 para OE e OD, respectivamente. Tanto os valores de TLS-1 quanto os de TLS-2 encontrados para a raça Shih Tzu estão dentro dos padrões de produção lacrimal normal descritos para cães hígidos de outras raças A densidade de células caliciformes média encontrada para o OE foi de 13,64 ± 3,44; e para o OD, de 13,64 ± 4, 07, valores inferiores aos descritos para cães hígidos de outras raças.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: braquicefálico; cão; lágrima; mucina; Schirmer.

RESUMO

Variations in the trajectory of the brachiocephalic trunk and the common carotid artery predispose to disorders which might be critical in a tracheotomy and/or surgeries. Dissection of 110 formol fixed adult cadavers, both sexes, were performed to increase the anatomic knowledge of the neck vessels and its variations. Cadavers were from the Laboratory of Descriptive and Topographic Anatomy of the Federal University of São Paulo- Paulista Medical School- UNIFESP-EPM. In 109 of these cadavers no variations were found while in one (0.9%) it was possible to observe a variation in the trajectory of the brachiocephalic trunk and in the right common carotid artery.

Las variaciones en el trayecto del tronco braquiocefálico y de la arteria carótida común predisponen a complicaciones que pueden ser fatales durante una traqueotomía y/o cirugías. Con el objetivo de ampliar el conocimiento anatómico de estos vasos del cuello y de sus variaciones, decidimos diseccionar 110 cadáveres, formalizados, adultos, de ambos los sexos, provenientes del Laboratorio de Anatomía Descriptiva y Topográfica de la Universidad Federal de São Paulo-Escuela Paulista de Medicina ¡ UNIFESP-EPM. En 109 (99,1%) de los cadáveres no encontramos variaciones En un caso (0,9%) observamos variación en el trayecto del tronco braquiocefálico y de la arteria carótida común derecha.

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