RESUMO
Alcohol, a widely commercialized psychotropic drug, and the benzodiazepine Flunitrazepam, an anxiolytic widely prescribed for patients with anxiety and insomnia problems, are well known drugs and both act on the central nervous system. The misuse and the association of these two drugs are public health concerns in several countries and could cause momentary, long-lasting and even lethal neurophysiological problems due to the potentiation of their adverse effects in synergy. The present study observed the result of the association of these drugs on electrophysiological responses in the brain, heart, and respiratory rate in Wistar rats. 8 experimental groups were determined: control, one alcohol group (20% at a dose of 1 ml/100 g VO), three Flunitrazepam groups (doses 0.1; 0.2 and 0.3 mg/kg) and three alcohol-Flunitrazepam groups (20% at a dose of 1 ml/100 g VO of alcohol, combined with 0.1; 0.2 and 0.3 mg/kg of Flunitrazepam, respectively). The results showed that there was a more pronounced reduction in alpha and theta wave power in the alcohol-Flunitrazepam groups, a decrease in the power of beta oscillations and greater sedation. There was a progressive decrease in respiratory rate linked to the increase of Flunitrazepam dose in the alcohol-Flunitrazepam associated administration. It was observed alteration in heart rate and Q-T interval in high doses of Flunitrazepam. Therefore, we conclude that the association alcohol-Flunitrazepam presented deepening of depressant synergistic effects according to the increase in the dose of the benzodiazepine, and this could cause alterations in low frequency brain oscillations, breathing, and hemodynamics of the patient.
Assuntos
Sinergismo Farmacológico , Eletrocardiografia , Etanol , Flunitrazepam , Ratos Wistar , Animais , Masculino , Flunitrazepam/farmacologia , Eletrocardiografia/efeitos dos fármacos , Etanol/farmacologia , Eletrocorticografia/efeitos dos fármacos , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Depressores do Sistema Nervoso Central/farmacologia , Depressores do Sistema Nervoso Central/administração & dosagem , Ratos , Taxa Respiratória/efeitos dos fármacos , Ansiolíticos/farmacologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Low plasma levels of vitamin D causes bone mineral change that can precipitate osteopenia and osteoporosis and could aggravate autoimmune diseases, hypertension and diabetes. The demand for vitamin D supplementation becomes necessary; however, the consumption of vitamin D is not without risks, which its toxicity could have potentially serious consequences related to hypervitaminosis D, such as hypercalcemia and cerebral alterations. Thus, the present study describes the electroencephalographic changes caused by supraphysiological doses of vitamin D in the brain electrical dynamics and the electrocardiographic changes. After 4 days of treatment with vitamin D at a dose of 25,000 IU/kg, the serum calcium levels found were increased in comparison with the control group. The electrocorticogram analysis found a reduction in wave activity in the delta, theta, alpha and beta frequency bands. For ECG was observed changes with shortened QT follow-up, which could be related to serum calcium concentration. This study presented important evidence about the cerebral and cardiac alterations caused by high doses of vitamin D, indicating valuable parameters in the screening and decision-making process for diagnosing patients with symptoms suggestive of intoxication.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this article was to evaluate the effect of alpha binaural beat music on pain level after initial placement of a maxillary fixed appliance, compared to music without binaural beats (placebo) and no music (control). Methods: 60 patients undergoing maxillary fixed orthodontic appliance and initial archwire placement were randomly allocated into the three aforementioned groups. The pain level experienced was monitored for the following seven days, using the short-form McGill pain questionnaire (SF-MPQ). Results / Descriptors: Intensity of both sensory and psychological aspects of pain reduced significantly in the binaural beat music (BBM) group, compared to the control, after the 5th day. Statistically significant lower affective and total pain scores were also found on day 6 for the placebo group, compared to the control. Present Pain Intensity (PPI): Statistically significant lower scores were found between the BBM group and the control group from days 3 to 7. Statistically significant lower scores were also found between the placebo and the control groups on days 4, 5 and 6. Visual Analog Scale (VAS): Compared to the control group, the placebo group had a lower VAS score on day 4, and the BBM group had lower scores on days 6 and 7. Conclusions: There was a significant reduction of pain demonstrated in the BBM group, compared to the control, toward the end of the first week of treatment. There was no difference in reported pain between the BBM and placebo groups for any of the scores.
RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar o efeito da música alfa com ritmo binaural sobre o nível de dor após a instalação de um aparelho fixo superior com arco inicial, em comparação com a música sem ritmos binaurais (placebo) e sem música (controle). Métodos: 60 pacientes submetidos a instalação de aparelho ortodôntico fixo superior e do arco inicial foram alocados aleatoriamente nos três grupos acima mencionados. O nível de dor experimentado foi monitorado durante os sete dias seguintes, usando a forma curta do questionário de dor McGill (SF-MPQ). Resultados: Após o quinto dia, a intensidade dos aspectos sensoriais e psicológicos da dor foi significativamente reduzida no grupo de música com ritmo binaural (BBM), em comparação com o grupo controle. Escores significativamente menores de dor afetiva e total também foram encontrados no dia 6 para o grupo placebo, comparado ao controle. Intensidade da Dor Presente (PPI): escores significativamente menores foram encontrados para o grupo BBM, em comparação ao grupo controle, nos dias 3 a 7. Escores significativamente menores também foram encontrados para o grupo placebo, em comparação ao grupo controle, nos dias 4, 5 e 6. Escala Visual Analógica (VAS): comparado ao grupo controle, o grupo placebo teve um escore VAS menor no dia 4, e o grupo BBM teve escores menores nos dias 6 e 7. Conclusões: No final da primeira semana de tratamento, houve redução significativa da dor no grupo BBM, em comparação ao grupo controle. Não houve diferença entre a dor relatada nos grupos BBM e placebo para qualquer um dos escores.
RESUMO
Language as a vehicle for human development has an important impact on social processes which are decisive in the establishment of optimal living conditions. Modern studies have found that skills that make of language an activity of complex multisensory integration are determined by the oscillation rhythms of the different brain waves described from neurosciences. In the literature has described an abnormal pattern of oscillations, responsible for communicative deficiencies in individuals with Autist Spectrum Disorders and beside with social deficits, resulting in a typically characteristic profile. Brain waves show an impact on the mental states that be high cognitive demand as learning, communication and speech understanding, widespread difficulties in this population. The recent findings presented here and product of a judicious bibliographic review, are characterized within speech therapy making it possible to land the intervention processes to the linguistic and cognitive needs of these individuals, using biological mechanisms and resulting in possible procedures of greater relevance and effectiveness, that improve user's life quality and motivate speech therapy and similar professionals to expand their knowledge in this interesting field.
Assuntos
Neurociências , Ondas Encefálicas , Idioma , Qualidade de Vida , Fala , Fonoterapia , Comunicação , Compreensão , Desenvolvimento Humano , AprendizagemRESUMO
El objetivo del estudio que se informa fue describir la técnica de neurofeedback, sus aplicaciones y usos, como así también determinar su eficacia a lo largo de los estudios revisados. De esta forma se encuentra la compilación de 53 artículos científicos acerca de la técnica, que describen cómo los autores han demostrado su funcionalidad, cuando se trata de proyectar de manera tangible el rendimiento de algún tipo de población para la posterior formulación de un tratamiento o intervención particular. En la presente revisión se describe la definición del método y las ondas cerebrales analizadas por el mismo, para luego mencionar su uso y aplicación en distintas áreas de las neurociencias. Se concluye que el neurofeedback es una técnica efectiva y no invasiva usada como tratamiento y entrenamiento en diversos campos cuyo resultado ha sido satisfactorio.
Neurofeedback emerges as a way to teach the individual to modify some aspects of brain activity. The brain activity works through the brain waves: Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, and Sensoriomotor Rhythm (SMR), which results in behavior, such as sleep, arousal and even anxiety. The theoretical basis of the technique in the early cognitive learning model is located and works according to the principles of operant conditioning. The individual learns how to influence the electrical activity of the brain by different states like relaxation and others, making the technique a chance to educate the brain. Another objective of neurofeedback is to improve performance, based on partnerships between those measurements recorded, and those behaviors or states of concentration that refers wave pattern; the emotional states, relaxation and concentration of an individual can make the rate and wavelength go faster or slower, depending on the case, and how they influence the voltage amplitude. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is the best instrument to measure the cerebral activity marked by brain waves, this record is used to establish under what factors (voltage, frequency, etc.) is the brain working which goes from the ideal mental state through pathological cases, identifying the pattern of neuronal interaction. This in order to achieve multiple objectives of science: improvement of cognitive activity, optimizing performance in athletes (archery, golf, sky, tennis, swimming), stimulation of the artists skills, (performers and dancers) treating disorders of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), epilepsy, addiction disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and autism, even cognitive functions such as concentration and memory, and other variables, as emotional control and personality. This paper allows the reader to discover detailed aspects of multiple studies on the topic of neurofeedback as it use and technique. This review of articles applied to sporting, artistic and even cognitive domain, presented and described all of their results. These studies suggest the application of technical features such as low global connectivity and neuroplasticity, most of these studies may be trained simultaneously with the application of neurofeedback and other techniques such as training mental skills and visualization; and in most cases are evaluated by psychometric instruments to notice the advances simultaneously with the results of EEG, for integral intervention. It is also possible the application of the technique in order to find the reduced biological predisposition to certain diseases by stimulating the brain activity of the affected hemisphere, for each case has specific protocols depending on the type of wave, and obtains results performing the treatment from 20 through 40th session. In the case of learning disabilities, it has been reported, an increase of 12 to 19 IQ points after training with neurofeedback. No significant side effects are reported, they may occur in the event that the sessions are too prolonged for the participant, including: headache, fatigue and anxiety, which are momentary states so that will not be considered risk factors to finalize the treatment. Moreover, the article suggests how to study a population or a specific study on an individual, as describe how authors have demonstrated it functionality to design treatments for a particular intervention in any population. Through the review of 53 scientific articles, it provides the definition of the method, analyzed brain waves and application in different areas of neuroscience. The purpose of this article is expose neurofeedback. We conclude that neurofeedback is an effective noninvasive technique, and used as treatment and training in various fields whose outcomes has been satisfactory. As general recommendations for future research, there is a need to create and implement protocols to support technical for each particular situation, increasing its use, due to it has successfully demonstrated its effectiveness so far. technique, applications, uses and effectiveness.