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Interest in the role of fences in wildlife movement and injuries is growing, especially in the western US, where many miles of barbed wire fences crisscross the landscape. However, literature is limited on the effect of barbed wire on avian populations. From 2016 to 2021, six New Mexico, USA, rehabilitation centers accepted 49 raptors injured by barbed wire. Eight species were represented; the majority were Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus). Other owls, buteos, and a single falcon were also affected. Most of the injured birds came from counties with low human population density. The injuries tended to be severe, and most birds died or were euthanized; 11 survived, and only eight birds were released. During the study period, barbed wire injuries accounted for over 12% of Great-horned Owl admissions to rehabilitation centers and 7% of all owl admissions. At one New Mexican wildlife rehabilitation center, raptors admitted for barbed wire-associated injuries were more likely to die or be euthanized compared with those admitted for other reasons. Given the welfare effects to these birds, more research is needed to determine whether wildlife-friendly fence modifications, such as a smooth top wire or rail, would mitigate injuries to birds of prey.

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Hemoparasitism is known to vary according to the presence of vectors and hosts, and hematological examination can be a useful tool for early diagnosis in avian medicine, contributing to monitoring and conservation of bird populations. In this context, we aimed to analyze the clinical and hematological aspects of free-ranging owls seized or rescued from the Atlantic Forest biome of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The animals, with or without clinical signs of diseases, were studied regardless of their age, sex, and physical status. Blood samples were collected and complete blood counts were carried out. Five different species were obtained in this study. These species were Megascops choliba (50%), Asio clamator (18.75%), Athene cunicularia (18.75%), Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana (6.25%), and Strix huhula (6.25%). Orphaned birds and traumatic injuries were the causes of admission to the wildlife rehabilitation facility. The search for hemoparasites revealed infection by protozoa of the genera Haemoproteus, Plasmodium, and Trypanosoma. We concluded that hematological findings in seized or rescued owls predominantly suggested the presence of stress or inflammation resulting from post-traumatic situations. The causes of admission were mostly due to human interference, which demonstrates to have a negative impact on the health aspect of owl populations in urban centers, such as Rio de Janeiro. Blood protozoa are circulating among the different populations of owls and although infection by Haemoproteus spp. and Trypanosoma spp. seems to trigger a low pathogenic potential, Plasmodium infection may indicate unfavorable prognosis, endangering wild species.

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Abstract Birds of prey harbor a wide spectrum of various parasites, mostly with a heteroxenous life cycle. However, most reports on their parasites come from Europe. Although the Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) is a widespread species in America, parasitological surveys on this hawk are mostly focused on coprological findings and ectoparasites, with poor attention paid to helminths. The aim of this study was to gather new and additional data on host-parasite associations for the Harris's hawk. Twenty-nine birds from central and southern Chile were necropsied. Further, nine birds from a rehabilitation center and 22 museum specimens were inspected for ectoparasites. Sixty-eight percent of birds hosted at least one parasite species. Four lice species, one mite species and eight helminth species (five nematodes, two platyhelminthes and one acanthocephalan) were recorded. Parasitic lice Colpocephalum nanum and Nosopon chanabense, and a nematode Cyathostoma (Hovorkonema) americana were recorded for the first time in raptors from the Neotropics. A feather mite, Pseudalloptinus sp., nematodes, Physaloptera alata and Microtetrameres sp., and a trematode Neodiplostomim travassosi, were recorded for the first time in Chile. The presence of diverse heteroxenous helminths reported here in the Harris's hawk could be explained by the generalist diet of this raptor.

Resumo As aves de rapina representam uma fonte importante de parasitas heteroxenos. Porém, a maioria dos relatos são da Europa. O gavião-asa-de-telha (Parabuteo unicinctus) é uma espécie amplamente distribuída no continente Americano, porém estudos parasitológicos nessas aves têm documentado achados coprológicos e ectoparasitas, com poucos relatos sobre endoparasitas como helmintos. Por essa razão, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever novas associações parasita-hospedeiro para o gavião-asa-de-telha e rapinantes neotropicais. Vinte nove aves provenientes do centro e sul do Chile foram submetidas à necropsia. Por outro lado, nove aves de um centro de reabilitação e 22 espécimes de museu foram inspecionados em busca de ectoparasitas. Do total de aves, 68,3% foram identificadas como portadoras de pelo menos uma espécie de parasita. Quatro espécies de piolhos, um ácaro e oito helmintos (cinco nematoides, dois platelmintos e um acantocéfalo) foram registrados. Os piolhos Colpocephalum nanum, Nosopon chanabense e o nematóide Cyathostoma (Hovorkonema) americana são reportados pela primeira vez em rapinantes neotropicais. Colpocephalum nanum, N. chanabense, Pseudalloptinus sp., Physaloptera alata, Microtetrameres sp., C. (H.) americana e Neodiplostomim travassosi, são reportados pela primeira vez no Chile. A diversidade de helmintos heteróxenos, identificados neste trabalho, poderia ser explicada devido à dieta geralista do gavião-asa-de-telha.

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Wildlife persecution due to human-wildlife conflict has become a serious concern for biodiversity conservation, especially for many endangered species. In this context, conservation approaches need to consider the socio-ecological dimensions of each particular situation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the existence, extent and social characteristics of Human-Raptor Conflicts (HRC) in the Southern Yungas region in northwestern Argentina. We conducted 115 semi-structured interviews in 21 sites and analyzed attitudes and associations between sociodemographic variables and the existence of HRC. Forty percent of interviewees showed negative attitudes towards raptors, mainly with those species considered livestock predators rather than poultry predators. A total of 11 species were regarded as conflictive because of predation on domestic animals, of which Andean condors showed the highest conflict. The only socio-demographic factor affecting conflicts was livestock and poultry rearing, independently of age, gender and occupation of interviewees. The fact that only 8.7% of interviewees reported taking direct actions towards conflictive species indicates a relatively peaceful coexistence of people with raptors. Nevertheless, negative attitudes towards Andean condor together with their extreme susceptibility to any increase in non-natural mortality indicate the need of an integral conservation approach to tackle future threats for this species' conservation in the area.

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Urbanization has a negative impact on raptor species diversity and abundance. However, some species can adapt to urban areas, and the process of city colonization by raptors has been documented scarcely in the Northern Hemisphere. Information about city colonization by raptors in the Southern Hemisphere is null, and studies about habitat use by raptors are scarce. The objectives of this study were: (1) to describe an event of Harris Hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) arrival in Mar del Plata city, Argentina, and (2) to analyze its green area use in a recently colonized city, Buenos Aires. Long-term data collected during 2002-2019, along an urbanization gradient of Mar del Plata, was used to describe the city arrival by the Harris Hawk. Surveys of green areas in Buenos Aires were used to model the Harris Hawk occurrence in relation to green area size and isolation to other green spaces. The Harris Hawk arrival was observed during 2019, mainly in periurban areas of Mar del Plata, and at least three pairs were breeding. In Buenos Aires, the occurrence of the Harris Hawk in green areas was related to the proximity to other large green areas. The results obtained suggest the importance of green areas for raptor colonization in cities.

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The order Haemosporida is widely distributed parasitizing members of the Aves class. In birds of prey, infection with Plasmodium spp. parasites varies from an apathogenic form to a clinical syndrome. However, studies on Haemosporida in raptors from the neotropical region are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate natural infection by Plasmodium spp., Haemoproteus spp. and Leucocytozoon spp. in free-ranging wild raptors from southern Brazil. For this, we sampled 206 individuals of 21 species: 94 live-trapped Southern Caracaras (Caracara plancus) and 112 raptors from other species that were brought to rehabilitation centers. The presence of infection was investigated using a nested-PCR for Haemosporida performed on blood samples. Overall, 56 out of 206 birds were positive for Plasmodium spp./Haemoproteus spp. Twenty-two percent (21/94) of the C. plancus samples were positive. Of the 112 wild raptors rescued, 31% (35/112) of those belonging to 15 other species tested positive. No sample was positive for Leucocytozoon spp. Herein, we demonstrated nine lineages of Haemosporidian parasites (eight Plasmodium sp. and one Haemoproteus sp.) in free-living species of Brazilian birds of prey, being six of them potential novel lineages. It suggests that information currently available on South-American haemosporidian from these birds greatly underestimate the potential lineage diversity in this region.

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Raptors are carnivorous birds with great hunting ability. Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis spp. are intracellular Apicomplexan protozoans which infect a wide range of intermediate hosts, including birds. The aims of this study were to evaluate the serological reactivity of captive raptors serum to T. gondii, N. caninum and S. neurona antigens and identify possible risk factors associated with the infection. From August 2014 to September 2015, blood samples from 72 raptors were collected and serum samples were tested by immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT). Antigen slides were prepared using tachyzoites of T. gondii and N. caninum and using merozoites of S. neurona. Serum samples were tested at the following cut-off dilutions: 1:16 for T. gondii and 1:50 for N. caninum and S. neurona. An anti-chicken IgY antibody conjugated with FITC was used as a secondary antibody at 1:50 dilution. Out of the 72 raptors serum tested by IFAT, 2.7% reacted to N. caninum, 8.3% to T. gondii and 11.1% to S. neurona antigens. The region in which the sample was collected, the reason the raptors were kept in captivity and diet were statistically associated with seropositivity to T. gondii and the use of the birds and diet were statistically associated with seropositivity to N. caninum and S. neurona (p ≤ 0.05). We highlight the occurrence of these protozoans in birds of prey and the importance of good hygiene and feeding management of these birds in captivity to reduce the risk of protozoal infections.

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West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne Flavivirus that can affect birds, horses, and humans, and is the only zoonotic Flavivirus that has been identified in six continents. In Brazil, until 2010, there was no evidence of WNV circulation. Recently, the virus was isolated from a horse with encephalitis, and the first human cases were registered in Brazil. Despite that, there is still no information on the enzootic cycle of this virus in birds or wildlife. This study aimed to investigate whether there is evidence of WNV circulation among wild birds from Southern Brazil. For this, we used free-living wild raptors (live-trapped or rescued) as potential sentinels to investigate the presence of WNV antibodies using ELISA and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) assay. In addition, the presence of nucleic acids from Flavivirus family members was investigated. None of the birds sampled presented clinical findings compatible with WNV. Of the 200 serum samples from birds of prey belonging to 21 species, ten (5%) were positive for the presence of WNV antibodies on ELISA testing. The PRNT test did not confirm the ELISA results, but indicated that three birds had possibly been exposed to Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV). All samples were negative for Flavivirus RNA. The results presented here evince the need for permanent surveillance for emerging flaviviruses in Brazil, as well as for a contingency policy in the case of human/animal outbreaks, particularly in high-risk areas.

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Pellet production is a typical characteristic of the digestive physiology of birds of prey. Alimentary pellets consist of non-digested parts of prey, such as fur, feathers, bones, and parts of insects, that are regurgitated. Obtained dietary samples, such as regurgitated pellets, can noninvasively contribute to the knowledge of the anatomical alimentary channel and the digestive efficiency of birds of prey. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pellet morphometry and meal-to-pellet interval (MPI) of the Accipitridae family subjected to two experimental diets. Heterospizias meridionalis, Rupornis magnirostris, and Geranoaetus albicaudatus were subjected to (1) mice and (2) quail pre-treating diets. Both diets were individually weighed and provided by removing excess feathers, skin, and some viscera. After consumption, the MPI was noted and, immediately after collection, the pellets were carefully weighed on a precision balance and morphometric measurements were taken using a caliper. Pellet weight, length, width, height, and volume were higher when raptors consumed mice. Differences in morphometric characteristics were found between species. Heterospizias meridionalis presented the highest values for the morphometric parameters evaluated. Consumption of mice increased the frequency of regurgitation and the number and weight of pellets egested, indicating that by providing this type of food, we can underestimate the consumption by birds if we do not consider nutritional losses by the pellets when calculating diets. Pellet assessment and MPI are important tools for monitoring the health and nutritional aspects of birds of prey.

A produção de pelotas é uma característica típica da fisiologia digestiva de aves de rapina. As pelotas alimentares consistem em partes não digestíveis de presas como peles, penas, ossos e partes de insetos que são expelidos. A obtenção de amostras como as pelotas podem colaborar de forma não invasiva com o conhecimento da anatomia do canal alimentar e eficiência digestiva de rapinantes. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a morfometria e o intervalo entre consumo e egestão de pelotas (ICP) em indivíduos da família Accipitridae. Heterospizias meridionalis, Rupornis magnirostris e Geranoaetus albicaudatus foram submetidos a dietas pré processadas com(1) camundongos e (2) codornas. Ambas as dietas foram individualmente pesadas e fornecidas após a remoção do excesso de penas, pele e algumas vísceras. Após o consumo, o ICP foi calculado e imediatamente após a coleta as pelotas foram pesadas e avaliadas quanto a medidas morfométricas com a ajuda de um paquímetro. O peso, comprimento, largura, altura e volume das pelotas foram maiores quando as aves consumiram ratos. Diferenças morfométricas foram encontradas entre as espécies. Heterospizias meridionalis apresentaram os valores mais altos para os parâmetros morfométricos avaliados. O consumo de camundongos aumentou a frequência de egestão, o número e o peso das pelotas, indicando que, ao fornecer este tipo de alimento, podemos subestimar o consumo pelas aves se não considerarmos as perdas nutricionais pelas pelotas ao calcular as dietas. A avaliação de pelotas e ICP são ferramentas importantes para monitorar os aspectos sanitários e nutricionais em rapinantes.

Assuntos

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Pellet production is a typical characteristic of the digestive physiology of birds of prey. Alimentary pellets consist of non-digested parts of prey, such as fur, feathers, bones, and parts of insects, that are regurgitated. Obtained dietary samples, such as regurgitated pellets, can noninvasively contribute to the knowledge of the anatomical alimentary channel and the digestive efficiency of birds of prey. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pellet morphometry and meal-to-pellet interval (MPI) of the Accipitridae family subjected to two experimental diets. Heterospizias meridionalis, Rupornis magnirostris, and Geranoaetus albicaudatus were subjected to (1) mice and (2) quail pre-treating diets. Both diets were individually weighed and provided by removing excess feathers, skin, and some viscera. After consumption, the MPI was noted and, immediately after collection, the pellets were carefully weighed on a precision balance and morphometric measurements were taken using a caliper. Pellet weight, length, width, height, and volume were higher when raptors consumed mice. Differences in morphometric characteristics were found between species. Heterospizias meridionalis presented the highest values for the morphometric parameters evaluated. Consumption of mice increased the frequency of regurgitation and the number and weight of pellets egested, indicating that by providing this type of food, we can underestimate the consumption by birds if we do not consider nutritional losses by the pellets when calculating diets. Pellet assessment and MPI are important tools for monitoring the health and nutritional aspects of birds of prey.(AU)

A produção de pelotas é uma característica típica da fisiologia digestiva de aves de rapina. As pelotas alimentares consistem em partes não digestíveis de presas como peles, penas, ossos e partes de insetos que são expelidos. A obtenção de amostras como as pelotas podem colaborar de forma não invasiva com o conhecimento da anatomia do canal alimentar e eficiência digestiva de rapinantes. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a morfometria e o intervalo entre consumo e egestão de pelotas (ICP) em indivíduos da família Accipitridae. Heterospizias meridionalis, Rupornis magnirostris e Geranoaetus albicaudatus foram submetidos a dietas pré processadas com(1) camundongos e (2) codornas. Ambas as dietas foram individualmente pesadas e fornecidas após a remoção do excesso de penas, pele e algumas vísceras. Após o consumo, o ICP foi calculado e imediatamente após a coleta as pelotas foram pesadas e avaliadas quanto a medidas morfométricas com a ajuda de um paquímetro. O peso, comprimento, largura, altura e volume das pelotas foram maiores quando as aves consumiram ratos. Diferenças morfométricas foram encontradas entre as espécies. Heterospizias meridionalis apresentaram os valores mais altos para os parâmetros morfométricos avaliados. O consumo de camundongos aumentou a frequência de egestão, o número e o peso das pelotas, indicando que, ao fornecer este tipo de alimento, podemos subestimar o consumo pelas aves se não considerarmos as perdas nutricionais pelas pelotas ao calcular as dietas. A avaliação de pelotas e ICP são ferramentas importantes para monitorar os aspectos sanitários e nutricionais em rapinantes.(AU)

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Ornithonyssus bursa (Berlese, 1888), known as the tropical fowl mite, is a hematophagous mite of domestic and wild birds. This mite can bite humans accidentally, causing “gamasoidosis,” “avian-mite dermatitis,” or “bird-mite dermatitis” in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In Brazil, O. bursa was previously recorded parasitizing birds of the orders Charadriiformes Huxley, 1867, Columbiformes Latham, 1790, Galliformes Temminck, 1820, Passeriformes Linnaeus, 1758, Strigiformes Wagler, 1830, and Tinamiformes Huxley, 1872. Here, we provide a new association of O. bursa with Harris’s hawk, Parabuteo unicinctus (Temminck, 1824) (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) and the first record of this mite species in the Paraíba State, Brazil.

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Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) are one of the most common tumors of the tegument that can have a misdiagnosis of chronic skin wounds. An adult captive crowned solitary eagle presented an indolent wound-like ulcer on the footpad and a fatal outcome. An infiltrating tumoral mass in the foot and multiple tumoral metastatic nodules in visceral organs were detected. The neoplasm was composed of atypical squamous cells with strong positivity for cytokeratin, "keratin pearl" structures, and marked invasion of tissues confirming a diagnosis of metastatic SCC. This might be the first report of an SSC with metastasis on the footpad in a captive Chaco eagle, which is one of the endangered species of birds of prey.

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The feather mite family Gabuciniidae currently includes 16 genera and approximately 65 described species associated with birds of nine orders, with the greatest diversity on Accipitriformes. In this study, 11 new species are described from the following hosts: Aetacarus accipiter sp. nov. from the Bicolored Hawk Accipiter bicolor (Vieillot, 1817) (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae), Capitolichus campoflicker sp. nov. from the Campo Flicker Colaptes campestris (Vieillot, 1818) (Piciformes: Picidae), Coraciacarus cabure sp. nov. from the Barred Forest-falcon Micrastur ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817) (Falconiformes: Falconidae), Coraciacarus peixefrito sp. nov. from the Pheasant Cuckoo Dromococcyx phasianellus (Spix, 1824) (Cuculiformes: Cuculidae), Gabucinia neotropica sp. nov. from the Curl-crested Jay Cyanocorax cristatellus (Temminck, 1823) (type host) and C. chrysops (Vieillot, 1818) (Passeriformes: Corvidae), Hieracolichus caboclo sp. nov. from the Savanna Hawk Buteogallus meridionalis (Latham, 1790) (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae), Hieracolichus falcon sp. nov. from the Southern Caracara Caracara plancus (Miller, 1777) (Falconiformes: Falconidae), Piciformobia adjuncta sp. nov. from the Guira Cuckoo Guira guira (Gmelin, 1788) (Cuculiformes: Cuculidae), Proaposolenidia bicolor sp. nov. from the Bicolored Hawk Accipiter bicolor (Vieillot, 1817) (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae), Proaposolenidia plumbea sp. nov. from the Plumbeous Kite Ictinia plumbea (Gmelin, 1788) (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae), and Tocolichus toco sp. nov. from the Toco Toucan Ramphastos toco Statius Müller, 1776 (Piciformes: Ramphastidae). In addition, two new combinations are proposed, Proaposolenidia ostoda (Gaud, 1983) comb. nov. and Aetacarus hirundo (Mégnin Trouessart, 1884) comb. nov., both transferred from the genus Hieracolichus. With the addition of these new species, the number of gabuciniids described from the Neotropical region has increased from 14 to 25 species. These findings indicate that Brazil is home to a large diversity of undescribed gabuciniids, which is not surprising considering the vast bird fauna of this country, and especially since most avian species from Brazil have yet to be investigated for their feather mites.

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Abstract In the 1960s, organochlorine compounds were responsible for the decline of birds of prey populations such as Haliaee- tus leucocephalus and Falco peregrinus. Pesticides similar to DDT cause bioaccumulation in birds, affecting their eggshell com- position and compromising their development. Using system biology tools, the goal of this study was to better comprehend how organochlorines act on birds. We performed a literature review, using the STITCH 5.0 platform, searching for the terms DDT and TCDD. The sub-networks were amplified in 100 interactions in STRING 10.5 and joined by the Cytoscape 3.4.0 Merge software, using the experimental animal model Gallus gallus. Clusterization, gene ontology, and centrality were the parameters evaluated in the resulting network. The resulting network had 1,417 interactions and 137 nodes. The clusterization indicated four clusters and the gene ontology pointed to biological processes related to cell signaling and morphological development. The centrality analysis indicated ESR1 and HSP90AB1 as hub/bottleneck proteins involved in the estrogen pathway and calcium transport. Therefore, it is possible that HSP90 proteins have increased expression in birds contaminated with organochlorine pesticides, favoring ESRI-organochlorines interaction and disturbing the calcium availability related to the eggshell formation. The presence or absence of heat shock proteins, such as HSP90, influences several aspects of reproduction in many species. Therefore, the relationship between the HSP90 protein expression and thin-shell syndrome was identified for the first time in this in silico study.

Resumen En los años 60, los organoclorados fueron responsables del declive de aves de rapiña como Haliaeetus leucocephalus y Falco peregrinus. Pesticidas como el DDT, causan biomagnificación en las aves, afectando las cáscaras de los huevos y dañando su desarrollo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue, a través de herramientas de biología de sistemas, comprender cómo los organoclorados actúan en el organismo de las aves. A través de una revisión bibliográfica se incluyeron dos compuestos, DDT y TCDD. Estos fue ron prospectos en la plataforma STITCH 5.0. Las subredes encontradas fueron aumentadas en 100 interacciones en la plataforma STRING 10.5 y unidas por la herramienta Merge del programa Cytoscape 3.4.0, usando el modelo experimental Gallus gallus. En la red resultante se analizaron la clusterización, la ontología génica y la centralidad. La red resultante presentó 137 nudos y 1.417 interacciones. El análisis de clusterización indicó 4 clusters, siendo que el análisis y ontología génica apuntó procesos biológicos ligados a la señalización y al desarrollo morfológico. El estudio de centralidad apuntó a ESR1 y HSP90AB1 como los hubs-bottle- neck proteínas que estaban involucradas en la vía de recepción de estrógeno y en el transporte de calcio. De acuerdo con los resultados podemos inferir que las proteínas HSP90 tienen su expresión aumentada, en aves contaminadas con pesticidas organoclo rados, favoreciendo la interacción entre ESRI y DDT / TCDD. Con ello, la interacción ESRI y la hormona estrógeno se compromete perjudicando el transporte de calcio y consecuentemente la formación de la cáscara del huevo en aves expuestas. La expresión de proteínas de choque térmico ha sido asociada a varios aspectos de la reproducción en muchas especies, sin embargo, una asociación entre HSP90 y el síndrome de la cáscara fina del huevo fue identificada por primera vez en este experimento in silico.

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RESUMO

Brazil has the highest number of birds of prey in the world, which are important environmental quality indicators. Nevertheless, few studies of the clinical pathology of raptors have been developed in this country. The objectives of this study were to create a database of owl hematology in Brazil and to compare the values between sex in Asio clamator, Megascops spp. and Tyto furcata. Blood samples were collected from 81 captive owls of 10 species located in Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná and São Paulo states, Brazil. Hemogram and Total Plasma Protein (TPP) values were determined. Reference intervals (RIs) and descriptive statistic values were established using an Excel program with Reference Value Advisor. The reference intervals were the following: A. clamator: RBC (×106/μL) 1.0-2.5; PCV (%) 30.2-50.1; Hb (g dL-¹) 6.7-15.3; MCV (fL) 123.8-355.2; MCHC (%) 17.1-38.6; WBC (× 10³/μL) 1.2-23.6; Heterophils (× 10³/μL) 0.6-16.6; Lymphocytes (× 10³/μL) 0.6-10.2; Eosinophils (× 10³/μL) 0.0-1.9; Basophils (× 10³/μL) 0.0-1.0; Thrombocytes (× 10³/μL) 10.8-56.6; H/L 0.0-10.8. Megascops spp.: RBC (× 106/μL) 0.8-2.3; PCV (%) 29.7-44.6; Hb (g dL-¹) 6.4-12.4; MCV (fL) 131.6-374.4; MCHC (%) 12.1-34; WBC (× 10³/μL) 0.7-23.1; Heterophils (× 10³/μL) 1.1-10.3; Lymphocytes (× 10³/μL) 0.0-11.5; Eosinophils (× 10³/μL) 0.0-2.2; Basophils (× 10³/μL) 0.0-0.7; Thrombocytes (× 10³/μL) 10.3-43.6; H/L 0.5-7.3; TPP (g dL-¹) 2.9-5.1. The parameters for Tyto furcata were presented with descriptive statistics values. Individual data were provided for the others Strigiformes species sampled. This study provides a wide database of hematological and TPP references for Megascops spp., A. clamator and T. furcata and hematological values for Athene cunicularia, Bubo virginianus, Pulsatrix perspicillata, Asio stygius, Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana, Strix virgata and Asio flammeus in Brazil.

O Brasil tem o maior número de aves de rapina do mundo, e estas aves são, como topo de cadeia alimentar, importantes indicadores de qualidade ambiental. No entanto, poucos estudos sobre a patologia clínica de rapinantes foram desenvolvidos no Brasil. Os objetivos deste estudo foram criar uma base de dados para hematologia de corujas no país e comparar os valores entre sexos em Asio clamator, Megascops spp. e Tyto furcata. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 81 corujas em cativeiro, de 10 espécies diferentes, localizadas nos estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná e São Paulo, Brasil. Foi determinado o hemograma e as proteínas plasmáticas totais (PPT). Os intervalos de referência (IR) e os valores de estatística descritiva foram estabelecidos através da utilização do Excel com o suplemento do Reference Value Advisor. Os IR foram os seguintes: A. clamator: Eritócitos (x106 76 /μL) 1.0-2.5;Ht (%) 30.2-50.1; Hb (g/dL) 6.7-15.3; VCM (fL) 123.8-355.2; CHCM (%) 17.1-38.6; Leucócitos (x10³/μL) 1.2-23.6; Heterófilos (x10³/μL) 0.6-16.6; Linfócitos (x10³/μL) 0.6-10.2; Eosinófilos (x10³/μL) 0.0-1.9; Basófilos (x10³/μL) 0.0-1.0; Trombócitos (x10³/μL) 0.0-81.65; H:L 0.0-10.8. Megascops spp.: Eritócitos (x106/μL) 0.8-2.3; Ht (%) 29.7-44.6; Hb (g/dL) 6.4-12.4; VCM (fL) 131.6-374.4; CHCM (%)12.1-34; Leucócitos (x10³/μL) 0.7-23.1; Heterófilos (x10³/μL) 1.1-10.3; Linfócitos (x10³/μL) 0.0-11.5; Eosinófilos (x10³/μL) 0.0-2.2; Basófilos (x10³/μL) 0.0-0.7; Trombócitos (x10³/μL) 10.3-43.6; H:L 0.5-7.3; PPT (g/dL) 2.9-5.1. Os parâmetros para Tyto furcata foram apresentados com valores de estatística descritiva. Para as outras espécies de Strigiformes amostradas, os valores individuais foram incluidos. Este estudo forneceu uma ampla base de dados de valores hematológicos e de proteínas plasmáticas totais para Megascops spp., A. clamator [...].

Assuntos

RESUMO

Brazil has the highest number of birds of prey in the world, which are important environmental quality indicators. Nevertheless, few studies of the clinical pathology of raptors have been developed in this country. The objectives of this study were to create a database of owl hematology in Brazil and to compare the values between sex in Asio clamator, Megascops spp. and Tyto furcata. Blood samples were collected from 81 captive owls of 10 species located in Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná and São Paulo states, Brazil. Hemogram and Total Plasma Protein (TPP) values were determined. Reference intervals (RIs) and descriptive statistic values were established using an Excel program with Reference Value Advisor. The reference intervals were the following: A. clamator: RBC (×106/μL) 1.0-2.5; PCV (%) 30.2-50.1; Hb (g dL-¹) 6.7-15.3; MCV (fL) 123.8-355.2; MCHC (%) 17.1-38.6; WBC (× 10³/μL) 1.2-23.6; Heterophils (× 10³/μL) 0.6-16.6; Lymphocytes (× 10³/μL) 0.6-10.2; Eosinophils (× 10³/μL) 0.0-1.9; Basophils (× 10³/μL) 0.0-1.0; Thrombocytes (× 10³/μL) 10.8-56.6; H/L 0.0-10.8. Megascops spp.: RBC (× 106/μL) 0.8-2.3; PCV (%) 29.7-44.6; Hb (g dL-¹) 6.4-12.4; MCV (fL) 131.6-374.4; MCHC (%) 12.1-34; WBC (× 10³/μL) 0.7-23.1; Heterophils (× 10³/μL) 1.1-10.3; Lymphocytes (× 10³/μL) 0.0-11.5; Eosinophils (× 10³/μL) 0.0-2.2; Basophils (× 10³/μL) 0.0-0.7; Thrombocytes (× 10³/μL) 10.3-43.6; H/L 0.5-7.3; TPP (g dL-¹) 2.9-5.1. The parameters for Tyto furcata were presented with descriptive statistics values. Individual data were provided for the others Strigiformes species sampled. This study provides a wide database of hematological and TPP references for Megascops spp., A. clamator and T. furcata and hematological values for Athene cunicularia, Bubo virginianus, Pulsatrix perspicillata, Asio stygius, Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana, Strix virgata and Asio flammeus in Brazil.(AU)

O Brasil tem o maior número de aves de rapina do mundo, e estas aves são, como topo de cadeia alimentar, importantes indicadores de qualidade ambiental. No entanto, poucos estudos sobre a patologia clínica de rapinantes foram desenvolvidos no Brasil. Os objetivos deste estudo foram criar uma base de dados para hematologia de corujas no país e comparar os valores entre sexos em Asio clamator, Megascops spp. e Tyto furcata. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 81 corujas em cativeiro, de 10 espécies diferentes, localizadas nos estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná e São Paulo, Brasil. Foi determinado o hemograma e as proteínas plasmáticas totais (PPT). Os intervalos de referência (IR) e os valores de estatística descritiva foram estabelecidos através da utilização do Excel com o suplemento do Reference Value Advisor. Os IR foram os seguintes: A. clamator: Eritócitos (x106 76 /μL) 1.0-2.5;Ht (%) 30.2-50.1; Hb (g/dL) 6.7-15.3; VCM (fL) 123.8-355.2; CHCM (%) 17.1-38.6; Leucócitos (x10³/μL) 1.2-23.6; Heterófilos (x10³/μL) 0.6-16.6; Linfócitos (x10³/μL) 0.6-10.2; Eosinófilos (x10³/μL) 0.0-1.9; Basófilos (x10³/μL) 0.0-1.0; Trombócitos (x10³/μL) 0.0-81.65; H:L 0.0-10.8. Megascops spp.: Eritócitos (x106/μL) 0.8-2.3; Ht (%) 29.7-44.6; Hb (g/dL) 6.4-12.4; VCM (fL) 131.6-374.4; CHCM (%)12.1-34; Leucócitos (x10³/μL) 0.7-23.1; Heterófilos (x10³/μL) 1.1-10.3; Linfócitos (x10³/μL) 0.0-11.5; Eosinófilos (x10³/μL) 0.0-2.2; Basófilos (x10³/μL) 0.0-0.7; Trombócitos (x10³/μL) 10.3-43.6; H:L 0.5-7.3; PPT (g/dL) 2.9-5.1. Os parâmetros para Tyto furcata foram apresentados com valores de estatística descritiva. Para as outras espécies de Strigiformes amostradas, os valores individuais foram incluidos. Este estudo forneceu uma ampla base de dados de valores hematológicos e de proteínas plasmáticas totais para Megascops spp., A. clamator [...].(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract The hippoboscids are cosmopolitan permanent obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of birds, domestic and wild mammals and, occasionally, humans. Some species may act as vectors or hosts of etiological pathogenic agents. The aims of this study were to report on the first cases of Hippoboscidae in Crax blumenbachii and Parabuteo unicinctus; to provide new reports from Brazil on Tyto furcata and Asio stygius parasitized by Icosta americana; to report on individuals of Bubo virginianus, Falco sparverius and Accipiter striatus parasitized by genera Ornithoctona; and to provide new reports on parasitism of O. erythrocephala in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The birds of prey and C. blumenbachii were attended at a rehabilitation center in Porto Alegre and at a veterinary hospital in Cruz Alta. These new records demonstrate the huge gap that exists regarding studies on avian ectoparasites and highlight potential vectors of hemoparasites for the bird species studied.

Resumo Os hipoboboscídeos são ectoparasitos hematófagos obrigatórios, permanentes e cosmopolitas de aves, mamíferos domésticos e silvestres e, ocasionalmente, humanos. Algumas espécies podem atuar como vetores ou hospedeiros de agentes patogênicos etiológicos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram relatar os primeiros casos de Hippoboscidae em Crax blumenbachii e Parabuteo unicinctus; fornecer novo relato do Brasil sobre Tyto furcata e Asio stygius parasitados por Icosta americana; relatar indivíduos de Bubo virginianus, Falco sparverius e Accipiter striatus parasitados pelo gênero Ornithoctona; e fornecer novos relatos sobre parasitismo de O. erythrocephala no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As aves de rapina e C. blumenbachii foram atendidas em um centro de reabilitação em Porto Alegre e em um hospital veterinário em Cruz Alta. Esses novos registros demonstram a enorme lacuna que existe em relação aos estudos sobre ectoparasitas aviários e destacam potenciais vetores de hemoparasitos para as espécies de aves estudadas.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The hippoboscids are cosmopolitan permanent obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of birds, domestic and wild mammals and, occasionally, humans. Some species may act as vectors or hosts of etiological pathogenic agents. The aims of this study were to report on the first cases of Hippoboscidae in Crax blumenbachii and Parabuteo unicinctus; to provide new reports from Brazil on Tyto furcata and Asio stygius parasitized by Icosta americana; to report on individuals of Bubo virginianus, Falco sparverius and Accipiter striatus parasitized by genera Ornithoctona; and to provide new reports on parasitism of O. erythrocephala in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The birds of prey and C. blumenbachii were attended at a rehabilitation center in Porto Alegre and at a veterinary hospital in Cruz Alta. These new records demonstrate the huge gap that exists regarding studies on avian ectoparasites and highlight potential vectors of hemoparasites for the bird species studied.(AU)

Os hipoboboscídeos são ectoparasitos hematófagos obrigatórios, permanentes e cosmopolitas de aves, mamíferos domésticos e silvestres e, ocasionalmente, humanos. Algumas espécies podem atuar como vetores ou hospedeiros de agentes patogênicos etiológicos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram relatar os primeiros casos de Hippoboscidae em Crax blumenbachii e Parabuteo unicinctus; fornecer novo relato do Brasil sobre Tyto furcata e Asio stygius parasitados por Icosta americana; relatar indivíduos de Bubo virginianus, Falco sparverius e Accipiter striatus parasitados pelo gênero Ornithoctona; e fornecer novos relatos sobre parasitismo de O. erythrocephala no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As aves de rapina e C. blumenbachii foram atendidas em um centro de reabilitação em Porto Alegre e em um hospital veterinário em Cruz Alta. Esses novos registros demonstram a enorme lacuna que existe em relação aos estudos sobre ectoparasitas aviários e destacam potenciais vetores de hemoparasitos para as espécies de aves estudadas.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The amount of research on metabolic bone diseases in commercial birds is considerable, however, there is a large gap in the knowledge of these diseases in wild birds. Aspects related to diet are the main factors that cause these diseases, such as: vitamin D deficiency, insufficient calcium intake, or imbalance of calcium and phosphorus in the diet, and problems in the absorption and metabolism of these compounds. This study reports two cases of bone diseases in birds of the order Accipitriformes, which are wild in the state of Paraíba, a crab-eating hawk with rickets, and a caboclo hawk with fibrous osteodystrophy. The diagnosis in both cases was based on macroscopic and microscopic findings. These reports are subsidies for the bird clinic of the order Accipitriformes and for the maintenance of these birds in nurseries and zoos. This study demonstrates the need for further studies to assess whether such cases can be used as indicators of environmental imbalance.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The amount of research on metabolic bone diseases in commercial birds is considerable, however, there is a large gap in the knowledge of these diseases in wild birds. Aspects related to diet are the main factors that cause these diseases, such as: vitamin D deficiency, insufficient calcium intake, or imbalance of calcium and phosphorus in the diet, and problems in the absorption and metabolism of these compounds. This study reports two cases of bone diseases in birds of the order Accipitriformes, which are wild in the state of Paraíba, a crab-eating hawk with rickets, and a caboclo hawk with fibrous osteodystrophy. The diagnosis in both cases was based on macroscopic and microscopic findings. These reports are subsidies for the bird clinic of the order Accipitriformes and for the maintenance of these birds in nurseries and zoos. This study demonstrates the need for further studies to assess whether such cases can be used as indicators of environmental imbalance.(AU)

Assuntos