RESUMO

Since conventional drinking water treatments applied in different countries are inefficient at eliminating potentially toxic cyanobacterial peptides, a number of bacteria have been studied as an alternative to biological filters for the removal of microcystins (MCs). Here, we evaluated the degradation of not only MCs variants (-LR/DM-LR/-RR/-LF/-YR), but also non-MCs peptides (anabaenopeptins A/B, aerucyclamides A/D) by Paucibactertoxinivorans over 7 days. We also evaluated the degradation rate of MC-LR in a peptide mix, with all peptides tested, and in the presence of M. aeruginosa crude extract. Furthermore, biodegradation was assessed for non-cyanobacterial peptides with different chemical structures, such as cyclosporin A, (Glu1)-fibrinopeptide-B, leucine-enkephalin, and oxytocin. When cyanopeptides were individually added, P. toxinivorans degraded them (99%) over 7 days, except for MC-LR and -RR, which decreased by about 85 and 90%, respectively. The degradation rate of MC-LR decreased in the peptide mix compared to an individual compound, however, in the presence of the Microcystis extract, it was degraded considerably faster (3 days). It was noted that biodegradation rates decreased in the mix for all MCs while non-MCs peptides were immediately degraded. UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS allowed us to identify two linear biodegradation products for MC-LR and MC-YR, and one for MC-LF. Furthermore, P. toxinivorans demonstrated complete degradation of non-cyanobacterial peptides, with the exception of oxytocin, where around 50% remained after 7 days. Thus, although P. toxinivorans was previously identified as a MC-degrader, it also degrades a wide range of peptides under a range of conditions, which could be optimized as a potential biological tool for water treatment.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study concerns the kinetics of bacterial degradation of two fractions (molecular mass) of dissolved organic matter (DOM) released by Microcystis aeruginosa. Barra Bonita Reservoir (SP, Brazil) conditions were simulated in the laboratory using the associated local bacterial community. The extent of degradation was quantified as the amount of organic carbon transferred from each DOM fraction (< 3 kDa and 3-30 kDa) to bacteria. The variation of bacteria morphotypes associated with the decomposition of each fraction was observed. To find the degradation rate constants (kT), the time profiles of the total, dissolved and particulate organic carbon concentrations were fitted to a first-order kinetic model. These rate constants were higher for the 3-30 kDa fraction than for the lighter fraction. Only in the latter fraction the formation of refractory dissolved organic carbon (DOC R) compounds could be detected and its rate of mass loss was low. The higher bacterial density was reached at 24 and 48 hours for small and higher fractions, respectively. In the first 48 hours of decomposition of both fractions, there was an early predominance of bacillus, succeeded by coccobacillus, vibrios and coccus, and from day 5 to 27, the bacterial density declined and there was greater evenness among the morphotypes. Both fractions of DOM were consumed rapidly, corroborating the hypothesis that DOM is readily available in the environment. This also suggests that the bacterial community in the inocula readily uses the labile part of the DOM, until this community is able to metabolise efficiently the remaining of DOM not degraded in the first moment. Given that M. aeruginosa blooms recur throughout the year in some eutrophic reservoirs, there is a constant supply of the same DOM which could maintain a consortium of bacterial morphotypes adapted to consuming this substrate.

Este estudo trata da cinética de degradação bacteriana de diferentes frações de matéria orgânica dissolvida liberada por Microcystis aeruginosa. As condições do reservatório de Barra Bonita (SP, Brasil) foram simuladas em laboratório empregando a comunidade bacteriana local associada. A dinâmica da degradação foi quantificada pela quantidade de carbono orgânico transferido de cada fração de MOD (< 3 kDa e 3-30 kDa) às bactérias. A variação de morfotipos bacterianos associados à decomposição de cada fração foi observada. Para encontrar as constantes de degradação (kT), os perfis temporais das concentrações de carbono orgânico total, dissolvido e particulado foram ajustados a um modelo cinético de primeira ordem. Estas constantes de velocidade foram superiores para a fração 3-30 kDa do que para a fração de menor massa molecular. Apenas na segunda fração pôde ser detectada a formação de compostos de carbono orgânico dissolvido refratário (COD R) e sua taxa de perda de massa foi baixa. A maior densidade bacteriana foi alcançada em 24 e 48 horas para as frações de alta e baixa massa, respectivamente. Nas primeiras 48 horas de decomposição de ambas as frações, houve um predomínio de bacilos, seguido por cocobacilos, víbrios e cocos, e, do dia 5 ao 27, a densidade bacteriana diminuiu e houve uma uniformidade entre os morfotipos. Ambas as frações foram consumidas rapidamente, confirmando a hipótese de a MOD estar prontamente disponível no ambiente. Isto sugere ainda que a comunidade bacteriana do inóculo utiliza a parte lábil da MOD, até que esta se torne capaz de metabolizar o restante da MOD não degradada no primeiro momento. Já que blooms de M. aeruginosa se repetem ao longo do ano em alguns reservatórios eutróficos, existe um constante suprimento da mesma MOD que pode manter um consórcio de bactérias adaptadas ao consumo deste substrato.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study concerns the kinetics of bacterial degradation of two fractions (molecular mass) of dissolved organic matter (DOM) released by Microcystis aeruginosa. Barra Bonita Reservoir (SP, Brazil) conditions were simulated in the laboratory using the associated local bacterial community. The extent of degradation was quantified as the amount of organic carbon transferred from each DOM fraction ( 3 kDa and 3-30 kDa) to bacteria. The variation of bacteria morphotypes associated with the decomposition of each fraction was observed. To find the degradation rate constants (kT), the time profiles of the total, dissolved and particulate organic carbon concentrations were fitted to a first-order kinetic model. These rate constants were higher for the 3-30 kDa fraction than for the lighter fraction. Only in the latter fraction the formation of refractory dissolved organic carbon (DOC R) compounds could be detected and its rate of mass loss was low. The higher bacterial density was reached at 24 and 48 hours for small and higher fractions, respectively. In the first 48 hours of decomposition of both fractions, there was an early predominance of bacillus, succeeded by coccobacillus, vibrios and coccus, and from day 5 to 27, the bacterial density declined and there was greater evenness among the morphotypes. Both fractions of DOM were consumed rapidly, corroborating the hypothesis that DOM is readily available in the environment. This also suggests that the bacterial community in the inocula readily uses the labile part of the DOM, until this community is able to metabolise efficiently the remaining of DOM not degraded in the first moment. Given that M. aeruginosa blooms recur throughout the year in some eutrophic reservoirs, there is a constant supply of the same DOM which could maintain a consortium of bacterial morphotypes adapted to consuming this substrate.

Este estudo trata da cinética de degradação bacteriana de diferentes frações de matéria orgânica dissolvida liberada por Microcystis aeruginosa. As condições do reservatório de Barra Bonita (SP, Brasil) foram simuladas em laboratório empregando a comunidade bacteriana local associada. A dinâmica da degradação foi quantificada pela quantidade de carbono orgânico transferido de cada fração de MOD ( 3 kDa e 3-30 kDa) às bactérias. A variação de morfotipos bacterianos associados à decomposição de cada fração foi observada. Para encontrar as constantes de degradação (kT), os perfis temporais das concentrações de carbono orgânico total, dissolvido e particulado foram ajustados a um modelo cinético de primeira ordem. Estas constantes de velocidade foram superiores para a fração 3-30 kDa do que para a fração de menor massa molecular. Apenas na segunda fração pôde ser detectada a formação de compostos de carbono orgânico dissolvido refratário (COD R) e sua taxa de perda de massa foi baixa. A maior densidade bacteriana foi alcançada em 24 e 48 horas para as frações de alta e baixa massa, respectivamente. Nas primeiras 48 horas de decomposição de ambas as frações, houve um predomínio de bacilos, seguido por cocobacilos, víbrios e cocos, e, do dia 5 ao 27, a densidade bacteriana diminuiu e houve uma uniformidade entre os morfotipos. Ambas as frações foram consumidas rapidamente, confirmando a hipótese de a MOD estar prontamente disponível no ambiente. Isto sugere ainda que a comunidade bacteriana do inóculo utiliza a parte lábil da MOD, até que esta se torne capaz de metabolizar o restante da MOD não degradada no primeiro momento. Já que blooms de M. aeruginosa se repetem ao longo do ano em alguns reservatórios eutróficos, existe um constante suprimento da mesma MOD que pode manter um consórcio de bactérias adaptadas ao consumo deste substrato.

RESUMO

The kinetics of biodegradation of palm-derived fatty methyl and ethyl esters (Elaeis guineensis biodiesel) by a wild-type aerobic bacterial population was measured at 20 °C, as the rate of oxygen uptake by a manometric technique. The methyl and ethyl biodiesels were obtained by potassium-hydroxide catalysed transesterification of palm oil, respectively. The bacterial flora included the genera Bacillus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Citrobacter and Enterobacter. The rate of oxygen uptake for palm biodiesel is similar to the quantity observed in the biodegradation of 1.0 mM solutions of simple substrates such as carbohydrates or amino acids.Palm methyl or ethyl biodiesel is subjected to facile aerobic biodegradation by wild-type bacteria commonly present in natural open environments. This result should lessen any environmental concern for its use as alternative fuel, solvent or lubricant.

La cinética de la biodegradación de los ésteres metílicos y etílicos derivados de palma (biodiesel) por una población silvestre de bacterias aeróbicas fue medida a 20 °C, como medición manométrica del consumo de oxígeno. Los ésteres metílicos y etílicos se obtuvieron por transesterificación del aceite de palma con metanol y etanol,respectivamente. La flora bacteriana incluyó a los géneros Bacillus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Citrobacter y Enterobacter. Las velocidades de consumo de oxígeno para las muestras de biodiesel fueron similares a lo observado en la biodegradación de disoluciones 1.0 mM de sustratos sencillos solubles en agua, tales como carbohidratos, aminoácidos y albúmina de huevo.

Assuntos