RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at evaluating territorial inequalities in avoidable mortality in children under 5 years of age in Colombia between 2000 and 2019. STUDY DESIGN: This was an ecological study. METHODS: An ecological, longitudinal, multigroup study was conducted using secondary sources. Because of the hierarchical structure of the data, the effect of territorial characteristics on the count of avoidable under-five deaths was estimated using a three-level negative binomial regression model with random intercepts for municipality and fixed intercepts for time and departments. RESULTS: Between 2000 and 2019, there were 216,809 avoidable under-five deaths in Colombia (91.3% of all registered deaths of children under 5 years of age). A total of 1117 municipalities located in 33 departments were analyzed over five 4-year periods. Ecological relationships were found between avoidable under-five mortality and the percentage of adolescent births, female illiteracy, and multidimensional poverty at the municipal level (standardized mortality ratio: 1.43 95% confidence interval: 1.33-1.54 for the group with the highest level vs the group with the lowest level of poverty). Furthermore, multidimensional poverty was a confounding factor for the association between the percentage of the population living in rural areas and avoidable child mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Systematic and avoidable gaps were observed in mortality in children aged under 5 years in Colombia, where the territory constitutes an axis of inequality. Implementing strategies and programs that contribute to improving the conditions of women and socio-economic conditions in the territories should be a priority.
Assuntos
Pobreza , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Adolescente , Colômbia/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To analyse average lifespan and quantify the effect of avoidable/amenable mortality on the difference between state-specific mortality and a low-mortality benchmark in Mexico during 1990-2015. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional demographic analysis using aggregated data. SETTING: Vital statistics from the Mexican civil registration system. PARTICIPANTS: Aggregated national data (from 91.2 million people in 1995 to 119.9 in 2015) grouped in 64 populations (32 Mexican states (including Mexico City) by sex) with cause-of-death data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cause-specific contributions to the gap in life expectancy with a low-mortality benchmark in three age groups (0-14, 15-49 and 50-84 years). RESULTS: Infants and children under the age of 15 years show improvements towards maximal survival in all states. However, adult males aged 15 to 49 years show deterioration after 2006 in almost every state due to increasing homicides, and a slow recovery thereafter. Out of 35 potential years, females and males live on average 34.57 (34.48 to 34.67) and 33.80 (33.34 to 34.27), respectively. Adults aged 50 to 84 years show an unexpected decrease in the low mortality benchmark, indicating nationwide deterioration among older adults. Females and males in this age group show an average survival of 28.59 (27.43 to 29.75) and 26.52 (25.33 to 27.73) out of 35 potential years, respectively. State gaps from the benchmark were mainly caused by ischaemic heart diseases, diabetes, cirrhosis and homicides. We find large health disparities between states, particularly for the adult population after 2005. CONCLUSIONS: Mexico has succeeded in reducing mortality and between-state inequalities in children. However, adults are becoming vulnerable as they have not been able to reduce the burden of violence and conditions amenable to health services and behaviours, such as diabetes, ischaemic heart diseases and cirrhosis. These trends have led to large health disparities between Mexican states in the last 25 years.
Assuntos
Expectativa de Vida , Mortalidade/tendências , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Causas de Morte , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus/mortalidade , Feminino , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Homicídio/tendências , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Cirrose Hepática/epidemiologia , Cirrose Hepática/mortalidade , Longevidade , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Isquemia Miocárdica/epidemiologia , Isquemia Miocárdica/mortalidade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores Sexuais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJETIVO: analizar la mortalidad evitable en los estados de la frontera del norte de México entre 1998 y 2007 para indirectamente evaluar la calidad de los servicios de salud en la región. METODOLOGIA: se analizó la información sobre mortalidad del Sistema Nacional de Información en Salud (SINAIS). La unidad de análisis fue la causa básica de la defunción codificada según la décima revisión de la CIE. La mortalidad evitable fue clasificada según el catálogo de causas de muerte propuesto por Gómez. Se hizo un análisis exploratorio de la relación entre la mortalidad evitable y la derechohabiencia y el nivel socioeconómico de los municipios correspondientes a las muertes. RESULTADOS: la tasa de mortalidad evitable global fue de 350.2 muertes por mil habitantes en la región. La mortalidad evitable por diagnóstico y tratamiento médico precoz, violencia y VIH/SIDA tuvo tasas de 223, 60 y 5 por mil habitantes, respectivamente, presentando variaciones de magnitud, sociodemográficas y por derochohabiencia entre estados. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES: las poblaciones de los estados de la frontera norte de México se caracterizan por tener una dinámica sociodemográfica y de los servicios de salud muy intensa. Los resultados sugieren que el sistema de salud está siendo rebasado en su respuesta a una alta frecuencia de enfermedades no transmisibles. En el aspecto social existen condiciones estructurales en México que favorecen la presencia de narcotráfico y su consecuente causa de violencia y consumo de drogas ilegales que podrían estar relacionadas con la frecuencia de muertes violentas y en forma subsidiaria con las causadas por el VIH/SIDA.
OBJECTIVE: to analyze avoidable mortality between 1998 and 2007 in the border states of Northern Mexico to evaluate, indirectly, the quality of the region's health care services. METHODOLOGY: the information on mortality provided by the National Health Information System (SINAIS) was analyzed. The unit of analysis was the basic cause of death. The cause was coded in accordance with the ICD-10.Avoidable mortality was classified according to Gomez's death causes catalog. Likewise, an exploratory analysis was conducted which focused on the relationship between avoidable mortality and eligibility and the socioeconomic level of the municipalities in which the deaths took place. RESULTS :The global rate of avoidable mortality was of 350.2 deaths per 1000 inhabitants in the region. the rates of avoidable mortality by early diagnosis and medical treatment, violence, and HIV/AIDS were 223, 60 and 5 per 1000 inhabitants respectively. These causes of avoidable mortality showed variations between states in terms of magnitude, eligibility and socio-demographic characteristics. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS:The population living in the states located in the northern border of Mexico have a very intense epidemiological and sociodemographical dynamics. The results of this study suggest that the Mexican health system is being overcome by the high frequency of non-communicable diseases in this region. In social terms, Mexico has structural conditions that facilitate the development of illegal drugs traffic through the Northern states of Mexico. This could be related to the frequency of violent avoidable deaths and, in a subsidiary manner, in HIV/AIDS deaths.
OBJETIVO: analisar a mortalidade evitável nos estados da fronteira do norte do México entre 1998 e 2007 a fim de avaliar indiretamente a qualidade dos serviços de saúde na região. METODOLOGIA: foi analisada a informação sobre mortalidade do Sistema Nacional de Informação em Saúde. A unidade de análise foi a causa básica da defunção codificada segundo a décima revisão da CIE.A mortalidade evitável foi classificada de acordo com o catálogo de causas de morte proposto por Gómez. Fez-se uma análise exploratória da relação entre a mortalidade evitável e a herança dos direitos e o nível socioeconômico dos municípios correspondentes às mortes. RESULTADOS: a taxa de mortalidade evitável global foi de 350.2 mortes por mil habitantes na região. A mortalidade evitável por diagnóstico e tratamento médico precoce, violência e HIV/AIDS teve taxas de 223, 60 e 5 por mil habitantes, respectivamente, apresentando variações de magnitude, sociodemográficas e por herança de direitos entre estados. DISCUSSÕES E CONCLUSÕES: as populações dos estados da fronteira norte do México caracterizam-se por terem uma dinâmica sociodemográfica e dos serviços de saúde muito forte.Os resultados sugerem que o sistema de saúde está sendo excedido na sua resposta a uma alta frequência de doenças não transmissíveis.No aspecto social existem condições estruturais no México que favorecem a presença de tráfico de drogas, causante de violência e consumo de drogas ilegais que poderiam estar ligadas à frequência de mortes violentas e em forma subsidiária com as causadas pelo HIV/AIDS.
Assuntos
MortalidadeRESUMO
Objetivo: determinar la estructura de la mortalidad evitable en Medellín entre 2004 y 2009 y de los Años Potenciales de Vida Perdidos (apvp). Metodología: en un estudio descriptivo con información del dane, se utilizó el Inventario de Causas de Mortalidad Evitable (icme) propuesto por Gómez 2006. Se calcularon las tasas medianas ajustadas de mortalidad evitable por edad, sexo y año, cuyo denominador utilizado fue el de la población de Medellín correspondiente al periodo indicado. Se calcularon los apvp para cada causa evitable sumando para todas muertes el resultado obtenido de diferenciar la esperanza de vida, la de Colombia en el 2009 y la edad de la muerte. Estos apvp se ajustaron por el método directo, con población estándar la de Colombia. Resultados: en el sexenio, el 48,9% de las defunciones (35.046) se consideraron evitables, con predominio de las relacionadas con las medidas mixtas, 875,1 por cada cien mil habitantes, preferiblemente en los hombres y a los 36 años o menos en el 50% de los casos. En este grupo, las causas violentas constituyeron el 58% de las defunciones en una relación de 7 a 1 a favor de los hombres. Los apvp para 2009 se incrementaron con respecto a los años anteriores en un 22,9%. Conclusión: se observó un gradiente positivo de la mortalidad evitable, esto es, a años más recientes mayor es el indicador de la misma. En el período de estudio las tasas de mortalidad evitable para los hombres, en general y en cada año fueron mayores que las de las mujeres...
Objective: to determine the structure of avoidable mortality and Years of Potential Life Lost (ypll) in Medellín in the period 2004-2009). Methodology: in a descriptive study using data from the dane, the inventory of Causes of Avoidable Mortality (icme) proposed by Gómez in 2006 was used. The median rates of avoidable mortality adjusted for age, sex and year were calculated, and the population of Medellin between 2004 and 2009 was used as denominator. The ypll were calculated for each cause of Avoidable death by summing the difference between the life expectancy of Colombia in 2009 and the age of death. These ypll were adjusted using the direct method and the standard population of Colombia. Results: in the six years of the study, 48.9% of the deaths (35,046) were considered avoidable. Deaths related to mixed measures were predominant (875.1 per hundred thousand inhabitants); these deaths were higher for men, and the median age was 36 years old or younger in 50% of the cases. In this group, violent causes accounted for 58% of the deaths, showing a ratio of 7:1 in favor of men. In 2009, the amount of ypll increased in 22.9% compared to the previous year. Conclusion: in this study, a positive gradient of avoidable mortality was observed, that is to say, the value of the avoidable mortality indicator is higher for more recent years. Similarly, the rates of avoidable mortality were higher for men than for women during the studied period, both for each year and in general...
Assuntos
Humanos , Mortalidade , Expectativa de VidaRESUMO
Se analiza el comportamiento de la mortalidad en una región colombiana, destacando hallazgos relacionados con las causas de muerte evitable y su contribución a la esperanza de vida.Entre 1980 y 2000 predominan las muertes violentas, principalmente homicidios de hombres jóvenes. Esto hace pensar que existe una problemática social poco combatida o controlada. La eficacia de políticas públicas para garantizar la salud y contribuir a evitar la mortalidad queda en entredicho, porque más del 55 porciento de las muertes fueron evitables. Reivindicar la vida es considerar el proceso social en términos de dotaciones y capacidades, es reconocer procesos históricos que caracterizan la región con una marcada exclusión social, económica y política,que ha facilitado la presencia de diversas formas de violencia.
The behavior of the mortality is analyzed in a Colombian region, highlighting discoveries related with the causes of avoidable death and its contribution to the hope of life. Among 1980-2000 the violent deaths prevail, mainly homicides of young men, this makes to think that there is a socialproblem that is low fighted or controlled. The effectiveness of a public policy to guarantee the health and to contribute to avoid a bigger mortality it is in interdict when more than 55% of the deaths could be avoided. To claim the life is to consider the social process in terms of endowments, capacities, it is to recognize the historical processes of the region which characterize it as area of high exclusion that has facilitated the presence of diverse forms of violence.