RESUMO

Changes in the amounts and proportions of leukocytes, known as leucocyte profiles, have been documented for several bird species and have been used to measure stress levels in these animals. The present work ascertained the biological and ecological attributes that influence the leukocyte profile of Antilophia galeata (Lichtenstein, 1823), the helmeted manakin. This species has been deemed useful in ecological studies because it responds to environmental changes. Blood samples drawn from 89 individuals of A. galeata captured in a Cerrado forest fragment were subjected to analysis under optical microscopy to identify and quantify leukocytes and micronuclei. The number of lymphocytes was greater for males, non-reproductive individuals and individuals infected with ticks. None of the leukocyte components differed in relation to age, molting or body condition index. The amount of micronuclei was correlated with values for total leukocytes, H/L ratio, heterophils, basophils and monocytes. The results suggest that reproduction may be an immunosuppressive factor for the species, producing sexual differences in lymphocyte availability. In addition, biomarkers of genotoxic damage (micronuclei) were related to the amount of leukocytes, indicating that individuals may be sensitive to environmental disturbances. Leukocyte profiles can be considered a useful tool for addressing ecological questions that are relevant to the conservation of species in degraded environments.

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Changes in the amounts and proportions of leukocytes, known as leucocyte profiles, have been documented for several bird species and have been used to measure stress levels in these animals. The present work ascertained the biological and ecological attributes that influence the leukocyte profile of Antilophia galeata (Lichtenstein, 1823), the helmeted manakin. This species has been deemed useful in ecological studies because it responds to environmental changes. Blood samples drawn from 89 individuals of A. galeata captured in a Cerrado forest fragment were subjected to analysis under optical microscopy to identify and quantify leukocytes and micronuclei. The number of lymphocytes was greater for males, non-reproductive individuals and individuals infected with ticks. None of the leukocyte components differed in relation to age, molting or body condition index. The amount of micronuclei was correlated with values for total leukocytes, H/L ratio, heterophils, basophils and monocytes. The results suggest that reproduction may be an immunosuppressive factor for the species, producing sexual differences in lymphocyte availability. In addition, biomarkers of genotoxic damage (micronuclei) were related to the amount of leukocytes, indicating that individuals may be sensitive to environmental disturbances. Leukocyte profiles can be considered a useful tool for addressing ecological questions that are relevant to the conservation of species in degraded environments.(AU)

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The black-fronted piping-guan (Aburria jacutinga) is and an endangered cracid species and little is known about its health. Hematology allows researchers to assess the health and physiological status of a population, but, to our knowledge, reference intervals are not available in the literature for A. jacutinga. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the hematological reference intervals of 31 captive black-fronted pipingguan adults in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from brachial vein and stored in heparinized tubes to be processed. The red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts were performed in a hemocytometer, and hemoglobin (HGB) concentration was obtained by the spectrophotometric cyanmethemoglobin method; packed cell volume (PCV) was determined by microhematocrit technique, and the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were calculated according to a previously established formula. The heterophil : lymphocyte ratio was calculated by dividing the number of heterophils by the number of lymphocytes. Determination of the 95% reference intervals and 90% confidence intervals were performed in accordance with American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines using Reference Value Advisor (version 2.0). The results obtained were as follows: RBC, 1.4-2.8 × 106/µl; PCV, 34.3-51.2%; HGB, 8.0-12.6 g/dl; MCV, 157.3-261.4 fl; MCHC, 22.0-26.7 g/dl; WBC, 2.3-33.1 × 103/µl; heterophils, 12.1-16.3%, 0.5-14.4 × 103/µl; lymphocytes, 19.8-69.0%, 1.4-16.4 × 103/µl; monocytes, 0.7-17.3%, 0.1-2.8×103/µl; eosinophils, 0.4-12.8%, 0.0-3.9 × 103/µl; basophils, 0.8-12.0%, 0.0-1.9 × 103/µl; and the heterophil : lymphocyte ratio, 0.2-3.0. The present study fills gaps in the literature on hematological values for A. jacutinga, which can be used to assess the health of the species populations. In addition, it contributed to establishing the health status of captive black-fronted piping-guans, indicating the possible welfare of the birds.

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BACKGROUND: The Red-Tailed Amazon parrot (Amazona brasiliensis) is an endangered species of the Psittaciformes. There is little information about hematologic and biochemical variables of this species. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine hematologic and biochemical RIs for free-living A brasiliensis nestlings on Rasa Island, Paraná, Brazil, and to compare the results between sexes. METHODS: Thirty-seven parrots were taken from their nests and physically restrained for clinical examination and blood collection. The sex was diagnosed by PCR using the blood samples collected. Reference intervals were determined as recommended by the ASVCP guidelines in healthy nestlings. The difference between groups was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test or Student's t-test. RESULTS: Sexing revealed 12 females and 25 males. The RIs for the measured variables were as follows: RBC 1.1-2.6 × 106 /µL, PCV 29.1-50.3%, HGB 7.2-12.9 g/dL, MCV 152-293 fL, MCHC 22.2-28.4 g/dL, WBC 4.9-28.5 × 103 /µL, 1.2-16 × 103 /µL, lymphocytes 2.4-18.7 × 103 /µL, monocytes 0.0-1.0 × 103 /µL, eosinophils 0.0-0.9 × 103 /µL, 0.0-1.3 × 103 /µL, heterophil:lymphocyte ratio 0.0-2.2, plasma total solids 2.1-3.7 g/dL, uric acid 0.5-2.0 mg/dL, glucose 184.9-284.3 mg/dL, AST 100.3-226.6 U/L, LDH 178.1-927.7 U/L, CK 149.8-1144.0 U/L, cholesterol 137.5-256.9 mg/dL, total protein 1.8-3.0 g/dL, calcium 7.0-8.6 mg/dL, and phosphorus 2.9-6.1 mg/dL. Increased concentrations of cholesterol (P < .05) were observed in females. DISCUSSION: This is the first study to establish hematologic and biochemical RIs for free-living A brasiliensis nestlings on Rasa Island. Hematologic and biochemical variables are important tools for evaluating the health status of free-living birds, and also support conservation planning for endangered species.

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Borreliose aviária é uma doença septicêmica aguda, cosmopolita, que acomete diferentes espécies aviárias, sendo causada por Borrelia anserina Sakharoff, 1891. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar as alterações hematológicas em Gallus gallus domesticus experimentalmente infectados por B. anserina via vetor Argas (Persicargas) miniatus. Um total de 27 aves da espécie G. g. domesticus com 67 dias de vida, foram divididas em três grupos inteiramente casualizados contendo nove animais cada. Um grupo foi exposto a carrapatos infectados por B. anserina (Grupo 1); outro a carrapatos livres deste agente (Grupo 2); além de um grupo não exposto aos carrapatos (Grupo 3). Realizaram-se esfregaços sangüíneos diariamente, a partir do primeiro dia de exposição ao vetor, até o 25º dia pós-exposição (DPE). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas 3 dias antes da exposição aos carrapatos, e 3, 8 e 18 dias pós-exposição (DPE), para a realização dos hemogramas. O exame dos esfregaços das aves do Grupo 1 revelou grande número de espiroquetas. Os esfregaços sangüíneos dos Grupos 2 e 3 mantiveram-se negativos durante todo o período experimental. De acordo com os resultados das avaliações hematológicas, as aves do Grupo 1 apresentaram um quadro de anemia normocítica normocrômica em oito DPE, além de leucocitose com heterofilia e monocitose que cursaram paralelamente ao período de espiroquetemia. Concluiu-se que a infecção por B. anserina determinou nas aves do Grupo 1 alterações hematológicas compatíveis com uma infecção bacteriana de moderada gravidade, evoluindo para auto-cura, nas condições experimentais estabelecidas neste trabalho.(AU)

Avian spirochaetosis is a cosmopolite acute septicemic disease of many avian species, caused by Borrelia anserina Sakharoff, 1891. The present study assesses the estimate of the hematological alterations of Gallus gallus domesticus experimentally infected with B. anserina by vector Argas (Persicargas) miniatus. Twenty-seven fowls of the species G. g. domesticus, 67 days old, were randomly allocated into three groups composed by nine animals each. One group was exposed to B. anserina infected ticks (Group 1), other one to ticks free of this agent (Group 2), and another group not exposed to ticks (Group 3). Blood smears of the fowls were taken daily, since the first day the fowls were exposed to the ticks, up to the 25th day after exposure (DAE). Blood samples were collected three days before exposure, and three, eight and 18 DAE, for hematologic tests. The examination of Group 1 smears revealed large number of spirochaetes. Group 2 and 3 blood smears were negative during the whole period under exam. In agreement with the hematological evaluation results, the fowls exposed to infected ticks showed a normocytic normochromic anemia in eight DAE, leucocytosis with heterophilia and monocytosis concomitant with the spirochaetemia. We concluded that B. anserina infection determined on fowls of Group 1 hematological alterations compatible with bacterial infection of moderate gravity, developing to self-cure, in the experimental conditions established in this study.(AU)

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) on the hemogram and leucogram of broilers. The mycotoxins were added to rations, singly and in combination, at levels of 0, 50 and 200mug AFB1/kg, and/or 0, 50 and 200mg FB1/kg. A completely randomized 3 x 3 factorial design was used, with 9 treatments and 12 replications per treatment (total: 108 birds). Broilers were fed the contaminated rations from day-old 8 to 41. All the mycotoxin-treated groups had decreased (P 0.05) values of hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte counts, which are common characteristics of anemia. The most affected birds were from groups receiving the highest levels of the combined mycotoxins. Lower (P 0.05) white blood cells counts were also noted in all groups fed mycotoxin-contaminated feeds, however, this reduction was more severe in broilers fed 200mug AFB1/kg, alone or in association with FB1. The conclusion is that both AFB1 and FB1, singly or in combination at the levels studied, can negatively affect the hematological parameters of broiler chicks.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) e da fumonisina B1 (FB1) sobre o hemograma e o leucograma de frangos alimentados com ração contendo as toxinas isoladamente e em associação, nos níveis de 0, 50 e 200mig de AFB1/kg, e/ou 0, 50 e 200mg de FB1/kg. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x3, com 9 tratamentos e 12 repetições, totalizando 108 aves. Os frangos foram alimentados com as rações contaminadas do 8° até o 41° dia de vida. As aves de todos os grupos alimentados com micotoxinas apresentaram redução (P 0,05) nos valores de hematócrito, hemoglobina e número de hemácias, caracterizando um quadro de anemia, sendo que os grupos mais afetados foram os que receberam as maiores concentrações das toxinas em associação. Observou-se um menor (P 0,05) número de leucócitos em todos os tratamentos, porém esta redução foi mais intensa nos grupos tratados com 200mig/kg de AFB1, com ou sem FB1. Conclui-se que a AFB1 e a FB1, isoladas ou em associação, nos níveis utilizados no estudo, podem afetar negativamente os parâmetros hematológicos de frangos de corte.

RESUMO

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) on the hemogram and leucogram of broilers. The mycotoxins were added to rations, singly and in combination, at levels of 0, 50 and 200mug AFB1/kg, and/or 0, 50 and 200mg FB1/kg. A completely randomized 3 x 3 factorial design was used, with 9 treatments and 12 replications per treatment (total: 108 birds). Broilers were fed the contaminated rations from day-old 8 to 41. All the mycotoxin-treated groups had decreased (P 0.05) values of hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte counts, which are common characteristics of anemia. The most affected birds were from groups receiving the highest levels of the combined mycotoxins. Lower (P 0.05) white blood cells counts were also noted in all groups fed mycotoxin-contaminated feeds, however, this reduction was more severe in broilers fed 200mug AFB1/kg, alone or in association with FB1. The conclusion is that both AFB1 and FB1, singly or in combination at the levels studied, can negatively affect the hematological parameters of broiler chicks.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) e da fumonisina B1 (FB1) sobre o hemograma e o leucograma de frangos alimentados com ração contendo as toxinas isoladamente e em associação, nos níveis de 0, 50 e 200mig de AFB1/kg, e/ou 0, 50 e 200mg de FB1/kg. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x3, com 9 tratamentos e 12 repetições, totalizando 108 aves. Os frangos foram alimentados com as rações contaminadas do 8° até o 41° dia de vida. As aves de todos os grupos alimentados com micotoxinas apresentaram redução (P 0,05) nos valores de hematócrito, hemoglobina e número de hemácias, caracterizando um quadro de anemia, sendo que os grupos mais afetados foram os que receberam as maiores concentrações das toxinas em associação. Observou-se um menor (P 0,05) número de leucócitos em todos os tratamentos, porém esta redução foi mais intensa nos grupos tratados com 200mig/kg de AFB1, com ou sem FB1. Conclui-se que a AFB1 e a FB1, isoladas ou em associação, nos níveis utilizados no estudo, podem afetar negativamente os parâmetros hematológicos de frangos de corte.