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BACKGROUND: In the collaborative efforts to control bacterial antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the challenge for many low- and middle-income countries currently lies in the adequate design and successful implementation and operation of different strategies aimed at improving antibiotic use during hospital care. This study aims to provide data on these different strategies in three hospitals with different levels of complexity and geographic locations in Colombia. METHODS: This before-and-after study describes and analyzes the development and implementation of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), continuing education courses, quick consultation tools, and antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) with the use of telemedicine. This includes measuring indicators in the ASP framework such as adherence to CPGs and antibiotic consumption. RESULTS: We used five CPGs developed in the Colombian context. We designed and developed a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) and a mobile application (app) as strategies for dissemination and implementation. The ASP was designed and implemented according to each institution's level of complexity. In the three hospitals, a progressive increase in adherence to the antibiotic recommendations proposed in the CPGs was observed, and there was a lower use of antibiotics with the ASPs, both in the general wards and ICUs. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that in medium-complexity hospitals located in small rural cities, successful development of ASPs is possible when they are well-planned, implemented, and supported by the organization. It is necessary that Colombia and other Latin American countries continue activities that reduce AMR by designing, implementing, and improving these interventions throughout the national territory.
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Abstract Objective: This study aims to describe bacterial and antimicrobial sensibilities in late-onset healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) with laboratory confirmation in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of a public hospital in Ceará. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from January 2013 to December 2017. The bacterial types involved in late-onset HAIs, their sensitivity to antimicrobials, and their multidrug resistance were evaluated. The latter was classified according to the criteria revised by the Pan-American Health Organization as multidrug resistance (MDR), extended drug resistance (XDR), or pandrug resistance (PDR). The description of the variables was performed through proportions and frequency distribution depicted in tables. Results: Of the 427 patients with late-onset HAIs, 47 (11.0%) had bacterial infections confirmed by blood cultures, and 7 (14.9%) had infections caused by MDR bacteria. Among the types of bacteria, 26 (55.3%) were Gram-negative bacteria, and 21 (44.7%) were Gram-positive bacteria. Among the Gram-negative bacteria, 92.3% (n=24) showed resistance to more than one antimicrobial, especially to ampicillin (81.2%), cefepime (33.1%), gentamicin (19.4%), and piperacillin/tazobactam (17.2%). Among the MDR ones, three cases had Klebsiella pneumoniae, and three had Pseudomonas aeruginosa, classified as two MDR and one XDR, and three XDR, respectively. Gram-positive resistance to penicillin was the most common one (80.0%), and approximately half of the strains being resistant to oxacillin. Susceptibility was high to vancomycin (97.5%), but one microorganism was resistant to oxacillin and vancomycin. Conclusions: The emergence of MDR strains is a reality in NICUs, carrying the risk of therapeutic failure and requiring continuous prevention protocols aimed at minimizing the risks of contamination by bacteria with high morbidity and mortality.
RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as bactérias e sensibilidades aos antimicrobianos nas infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde (IRAS) tardias com confirmação laboratorial em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN) de um hospital público do Ceará. Métodos: Estudo transversal, de janeiro de 2013 a dezembro de 2017. Foram avaliados os tipos de bactérias das IRAS tardias, a sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos e a multirresistência. Esta foi classificada segundo os critérios revisados pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde como MDR, ou multirresistência (multidrug resistance); XDR, ou resistência estendida (extensively drug-resistance); ou PDR, panresistência (pandrug-resistance). A descrição das variáveis foi realizada por meio de proporções e distribuição das frequências na forma de tabelas. Resultados: Dos 427 pacientes com IRAS tardias, 47 (11,0%) apresentaram infecções bacterianas confirmadas por hemoculturas, sete (14,9%) das quais foram causadas por bactérias multirresistentes. Entre os tipos de bactérias, 26 (55,3%) foram Gram-negativas e 21 (44,7%) Gram-positivas. Entre as primeiras, 92,3% (n=24) apresentaram resistências a mais de um antimicrobiano, destacando-se ampicilina (81,2%), cefepima (33,1%), gentamicina (19,4%) e piperacilina/tazobactam (17,2%). Entre as multirresistentes, três foram Klebsiella pneumoniae e três Pseudomonas aeruginosa, classificadas como duas MDR e uma XDR, e três XDR, respectivamente. A resistência das Gram-positivas à penicilina foi a mais comum (80,0%). A susceptibilidade foi alta à vancomicina (97,5%), porém uma bactéria foi resistente à oxacilina e à vancomicina. Conclusões: O aparecimento de cepas multirresistentes é uma realidade em UTIN com risco de falha terapêutica, sendo necessários protocolos contínuos de prevenção a fim de minimizar os riscos de contaminação interpessoal e ambiental por bactérias de alta morbimortalidade.
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ABSTRACT Aim: This study investigated how Colombian dentists with different academic levels indicate antibiotics with therapeutic purposes in endodontics. Materials and method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 559 dentists in the form of an online questionnaire. Results: Three hundred and twenty questionnaires were answered (57.2%). There were significant differences among respondents. For irreversible pulpitis, 140 dentists (43.7%) said they prescribe antibiotics (57.5% of general practitioners, 20.1% of specialists and 38.9% of those with Master's and/or PhD degrees), while for symptomatic apical periodontitis, 183 (57.2%) did so (74.1% of general practitioners, 28.4% of specialists and 50.0% of those with Master's and/or PhD degrees) (p < 0.05). Amoxicillin was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic, and its association with clavulanic acid was the most often cited for acute periradicular abscess with systemic involvement. Conclusions: The greatest misunderstandings in prescribing antibiotics occurred among general practitioners. Considering all clinical conditions that do not require antibiotics, 60% of general practitioners and 34% of specialists, on average, indicated antibiotics.
RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo investigou como dentistas colombianos com diferentes níveis acadêmicos indicaram antibióticos com fins terapêuticos em Endodontia. Materiais e método: Realizou-se um levantamento transversal com 559 dentistas. Foi enviado um questionário online. Resultados: Foram respondidos 320 questionários (57,2%). Houve diferenças significativas entre os profissionais com diferentes níveis de formação. Para pulpite irreversível, 140 (43,7%) dentistas afirmaram indicar antibióticos (57,5% clínicos gerais, 20,1% especialistas e 38,9% com mestrado e/ou doutorado), enquanto para periodontite apical sintomática, 183 (57,2%) prescrevem estes medicamentos (74,1% clínicos, 28,4% especialistas e 50,0% com mestrado e doutorado) (p < 0,05). A amoxicilina foi a mais indicada entre os profissionais, e sua associação com ácido clavulânico foi a mais referida para abscesso perirradicular agudo com acometimento sistêmico. Conclusões: Os maiores equívocos na prescrição de antibióticos ocorreram com os clínicos gerais. Considerando todas as condições clínicas que não requerem antibióticos, 60% dos clínicos gerais e 34% dos especialistas, em média, indicaram estes medicamentos.
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Abstract Introduction Neck space infection in the pediatric age group is common but can be life-threatening if not diagnosed properly. Since it is a polymicrobial disease, antibiotic usage should be guided by culture sensitivity pattern. Objectives To assess the microbiology, antibiotic resistance pattern and the outcome of the medical and surgical management of deep neck space infection in children. Methods This was a prospective study of children admitted for management of neck space infection from August 2017 to August 2018. The age, gender, organisms isolated, sensitivity and resistance to antibiotics, length of hospital stay, complications, and recurrence were noted. The descriptive data were analyzed. Results Out of 108 cases, there were 51 males (47.2%) and 57 females (52.8%) ranging from 1 month to 15 years, with a mean age of 5.32 +/- 4.35 years. The mean period of hospitalization was 6.98 days. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism isolated with less coagulase-negative staphylococci and streptococci. Clindamycin was the most sensitive drug (82.35%) followed by vancomycin and cloxcillin, while amoxicillin/ampicillin, a commonly used drug, was the least sensitive (20.58%). The abscess recurrence rate was 9.28%. The outcomes of either medical treatment or a combined medical or surgical treatment in properly selected cases were comparable. Conclusion Clindamycin or cloxacillin can be used as a first-line option for neck infection in children. Ampicillin/amoxicillin alone has a small role in neck abscess because of high resistance to this type of antibiotic.
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Introduction Neck space infection in the pediatric age group is common but can be life-threatening if not diagnosed properly. Since it is a polymicrobial disease, antibiotic usage should be guided by culture sensitivity pattern. Objectives To assess the microbiology, antibiotic resistance pattern and the outcome of the medical and surgical management of deep neck space infection in children. Methods This was a prospective study of children admitted for management of neck space infection from August 2017 to August 2018. The age, gender, organisms isolated, sensitivity and resistance to antibiotics, length of hospital stay, complications, and recurrence were noted. The descriptive data were analyzed. Results Out of 108 cases, there were 51 males (47.2%) and 57 females (52.8%) ranging from 1 month to 15 years, with a mean age of 5.32 +/- 4.35 years. The mean period of hospitalization was 6.98 days. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism isolated with less coagulase-negative staphylococci and streptococci. Clindamycin was the most sensitive drug (82.35%) followed by vancomycin and cloxcillin, while amoxicillin/ampicillin, a commonly used drug, was the least sensitive (20.58%). The abscess recurrence rate was 9.28%. The outcomes of either medical treatment or a combined medical or surgical treatment in properly selected cases were comparable. Conclusion Clindamycin or cloxacillin can be used as a first-line option for neck infection in children. Ampicillin/amoxicillin alone has a small role in neck abscess because of high resistance to this type of antibiotic.
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RESUMEN Los estreptococos del grupo viridans (EGV) son un grupo heterogéneo de bacterias saprófitas anaerobias facultativas que forman parte de la flora normal de cavidad oral. El incremento de la resistencia antibiótica de este grupo de bacterias cobra importancia en pacientes hospitalizados con terapia antibiótica prolongada, en los cuales estos microorganismos pueden ser sustituidos por bacterias multirresistentes. Objetivos: Determinar el porcentaje de cepas de EGV aisladas de cavidad oral resistentes a los antibióticos utilizados en el tratamiento de diversas patologías infecciosas hospitalarias. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo en el que se incluyeron 60 pacientes hospitalizados con historia de terapia antibiótica por más de 3 semanas. Las muestras se procesaron siguiendo protocolos estandarizados de recolección, aislamiento e identificación para EGV de cavidad oral y un protocolo de pruebas de sensibilidad antibiótica. Los resultados se muestran en tablas y gráficas de frecuencia. Resultados: La principal indicación para terapia antibiótica intrahospitalaria fue infección orofacial: 28,33%. La penicilina fue el antibiótico más utilizado ya sea en terapia única, combinada o múltiple en todos los pacientes. Se aislaron en total 108 cepas de EGV, con un promedio de 1,8 cepas por paciente. La especie predominantemente identificada fue S. mutans. El 96,3% de las cepas de EGV fue sensible a todos los antibióticos incluidos en el panel. Conclusiones: El uso de distintas combinaciones y modalidades de terapia antibiótica no tiene efecto en la susceptibilidad de EGV aislados de cavidad oral en pacientes hospitalizados, independiente de la duración del tratamiento.
ABSTRACT Viridans group streptococci (VGS) are a heterogeneous group of saprophytic facultative anaerobic bacteria that are part of the normal flora of the oral cavity. The increased resistance to multiple antibiotics in this group of bacteria becomes important in prolonged antibiotic therapies inpatient where these common microorganisms are replaced by multi-resistant bacteria. Objectives: To determine the percentage of VGS strains isolated from oral cavity resistant to antibiotics used in hospital infectious diseases. Material and methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that included 60 hospitalized patients with a history of antibiotic therapy for more than 3 weeks. The samples were processed following standardized protocols for collection, isolation and identification of oral cavity VGS and a protocol of antibiotic susceptibility testing. The results are shown in tables and graphics of absolute and relative frequencies. Results: The main indication for antibiotic therapy was orofacial infection with a 28.33%. Penicillin was the antibiotic further used either in single, combined or multiple therapies in all patients. A total of 108 samples (1.8 per patient swabs) were collected. The predominantly identified specie was Streptococcus mutans. The 96.3% of all VGS strains were sensitive to all antibiotics included in the panel. Conclusion: Using different combinations and types of antibiotic therapy inpatient has no effect on the susceptibility of VGS isolated from oral cavity separate from treatment.
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AIM: This study investigated how Colombian dentists with different academic levels indicate antibiotics with therapeutic purposes in endodontics. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 559 dentists in the form of an online questionnaire. RESULTS: Three hundred and twenty questionnaires were answered (57.2%). There were significant differences among respondents. For irreversible pulpitis, 140 dentists (43.7%) said they prescribe antibiotics (57.5% of general practitioners, 20.1% of specialists and 38.9% of those with Master's and/or PhD degrees), while for symptomatic apical periodontitis, 183 (57.2%) did so (74.1% of general practitioners, 28.4% of specialists and 50.0% of those with Master's and/or PhD degrees) (p<0.05). Amoxicillin was the most frequently prescribed antibiotic, and its association with clavulanic acid was the most often cited for acute periradicular abscess with systemic involvement. CONCLUSIONS: The greatest misunderstandings in prescribing antibiotics occurred among general practitioners. Considering all clinical conditions that do not require antibiotics, 60% of general practitioners and 34% of specialists, on average, indicated antibiotics.
OBJETIVO: Este estudo investigou como dentistas colombianos com diferentes níveis acadêmicos indicaram antibióticos com fins terapêuticos em Endodontia. Materiais e método: Realizou-se um levantamento transversal com 559 dentistas. Foi enviado um questionário online. RESULTADOS: Foram respondidos 320 questionários (57,2%). Houve diferenças significativas entre os profissionais com diferentes níveis de formação. Para pulpite irreversível, 140 (43,7%) dentistas afirmaram indicar antibióticos (57,5% clínicos gerais, 20,1% especialistas e 38,9% com mestrado e/ou doutorado), enquanto para periodontite apical sintomática, 183 (57,2%) prescrevem estes medicamentos (74,1% clínicos, 28,4% especialistas e 50,0% com mestrado e doutorado) (p < 0,05). A amoxicilina foi a mais indicada entre os profissionais, e sua associação com ácido clavulânico foi a mais referida para abscesso perirradicular agudo com acometimento sistêmico. Conclusões: Os maiores equívocos na prescrição de antibióticos ocorreram com os clínicos gerais. Considerando todas as condições clínicas que não requerem antibióticos, 60% dos clínicos gerais e 34% dos especialistas, em média, indicaram estes medicamentos.
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Antibacterianos , Endodontia , Humanos , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Estudos Transversais , Colômbia , Padrões de Prática Odontológica , Inquéritos e Questionários , OdontólogosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of the molecular diagnostic method (MM) associated with conventional diagnostic method (CM) compared with the CM alone, for the detection of resistant profile in bacteremia, from the perspective of the Brazilian Public Health System, in intensive care units setting. METHODS: The clinical parameters regarding methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CRGNB), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE) infections were collected from searches on PubMed, Scopus, and SciELO, using specific keywords. Data on direct medical costs to treat these infections were collected according to Brazilian Public Health System perspective from Brazilian databases, in tables of 2018 to 2019. CEA was performed after building a dynamic model, which was calibrated and validated according to international recommendations. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of the MM + CM compared with the CM was calculated using the outcomes "avoided death" and "avoided resistant infections." One-way sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: This CEA demonstrated that the MM + CM was dominant in all scenarios. Estimates showed that for MRSA, CRGNB, and VRE infections, every avoided death would lead to savings of Brazilian real (R$) 4.9 million ($937 301), R$2.2 million ($419 899), and R$1.3 million ($248 919), respectively. The same infections assessed by avoided resistant infections savings were projected to be R$24 964 ($4686), R$40 260 ($7558), and R$23 867 ($4480). CONCLUSIONS: MM leads to cost reduction and increased benefits, optimizing the use of financial resources on the health system in the intensive care unit setting, in bacteremia caused by MRSA, CRGNB, and VRE.
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Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Infecções Estafilocócicas , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Análise Custo-Benefício , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Positivas/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/diagnóstico , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
La resistencia a los antimicrobianos (RAM), representa un grave problema por el uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos de amplio espectro. En nuestro país, durante el primer cuatrimestre del año, se observó un aumento inusual en el número de aislamiento de gérmenes multirresistentes, sobre todo de bacilos gramnegativos, los cuales fueron remitidos al laboratorio de referencia con el objetivo de caracterizar los genes de resistencia a los carbapenemes. Estudio observacional y prospectivo de corte transversal en 456 aislamientos de bacilos gramnegativos provenientes de 11 centros colaboradores de la Red Nacional de Vigilancia de la RAM, remitidos al Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública entre enero y abril de 2021, para la detección molecular (reacción en cadena de la polimerasa múltiple) de los genes de resistencia enzimática bla OXA-51, bla OXA-23, bla OXA-24, bla OXA-48, bla OXA-58, bla NDM, bla KPC, bla IMP, bla VIM. Trescientos sesenta correspondieron a bacilos gramnegativos no fermentadores: 346 Acinetobacter baumannii y 14 Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 96 fueron miembros de Enterobacterales, siendo prevalente Klebsiella pneumoniae (81). Todos los aislamientos de Acinetobacter baumannii resultaron ser productores de carbapenemasas: OXA-23 (94%), NDM (4%), NMD+OXA-58 (2%); en Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 7 de los 14 aislamientos (50%) fueron portadores de metalobetalactamasa del genotipo NDM (100%). Los genotipos NDM (92%) y KPC (8%) fueron confirmados en Enterobacterales. La resistencia plasmídica a carbapenemes es endémica en nuestro país, siendo prevalentes los genotipos OXA-23 en Acinetobacter baumannii y NDM en Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Enterobacterales
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a serious problem due to the indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials. During the first quarter of the year, an unusual increase in the number of isolation multi-resistant germs, especially gram-negative bacilli was observed, specially of Gram-negative bacilli which were referred to the reference laboratory in order to characterize the carbapenems resistance genes. Observational and prospective cross-sectional study in 456 isolates of Gram-negative bacilli from 11 collaborating centers of the National AMR Surveillance Network, referred to the Central Public Health Laboratory (LCSP) between January and April 2021, for molecular detection (multiple polymerase chain reaction) targeting the enzymatic resistance genes: bla OXA-51, bla OXA-23, bla OXA-24, bla OXA-48, bla OXA-58, bla NDM, bla KPC, bla IMP, bla VIM. Of the 456 isolates studied, 360 corresponded to non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli, of which 346 were confirmed as Acinetobacter baumannii and 14 Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 96 were Enterobacterales, being Klebsiella pneumoniae (81) the most prevalent. All isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii carried genes encoding carbapenemases, being the OXA-23 (94%) followed by NDM (4%) and NDM +OXA-58 (2%). In Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, 7 of the 14 isolates (50%) were carriers of NDM metallobetalactamase (100%). No carbapenemase gene was detected in the remaining 7. In all Enterobacterales strains, the presence of carbapenemases of the NDM (92%) and KPC (8%) genotypes were confirmed. Plasmid resistance to carbapenems is endemic in our country, being the OXA-23 genotypes prevalent in Acinetobacter baumannii and NDM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacterales
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Infecções por Pseudomonas , Acinetobacter baumannii , Enterobacteriáceas Resistentes a Carbapenêmicos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Bactérias , Resistência a Medicamentos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , GenótipoRESUMO
Resumen Objetivo: Estimar la resistencia del Staphylococcus aureus frente a diferentes antibióticos usados para el manejo ambulatorio de piodermias. Métodos: Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y de tendencias mediante modelos de regresión segmentada. Resultados: La mayor resistencia se presentó a la oxacilina, con mediana de 54,3% (RIQ: 43 - 58,8), seguido de eritromicina con el 20%, (RIQ: 15,4 - 26,5), clindami cina con el 14% (RIQ: 7,9 - 20), gentamicina con el 7,5% (RIQ: 0 -10), trimetoprima/sulfametoxazol (SXT) con el 5,5% (RIQ: 4 - 11), y ciprofloxacina con 2,1% (RIQ: 2 - 8.4). La tendencia de la resistencia del S. aureus a la oxacilina fue creciente con un cambio anual porcentual no significativo de (0,07) (IC 95%: -3,7; 3,9). Para eritromicina, clindamicina, ciprofloxacina, trimetoprima/sulfametoxazol, y gentamicina hubo decrecimiento. Conclusiones: La resistencia del S. aureus a oxacilina fue ligeramente creciente para el periodo 2010 al 2019 y francamente creciente en los últimos 3 años, superando en promedio a lo reportado a nivel país y Latinoamérica. Los antibióticos con menor resistencia fueron ciprofloxacina, SXT, clindamicina para uso sistémico, y ácido fusídico, mupirocina para manejo tópico y descolonización. Es pertinente articular la vigilancia del S. aureus en la atención ambulatoria a la red de vigilancia nacional.
Abstract Objective: To estimate the resistance trend of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) against different antibiotics in a reference dermatology outpatient center in Colombia. Methods: Descriptive and trend analyzes were performed using segmented regression models for the period 2010 to 2019. Results: The greatest resistance was presented to oxacillin, with a median of 54.3% (RIQ: 43 - 58.8), followed by erythromycin with 20%, (RIQ: 15.4 - 26.5), then clindamycin with 14% (RIQ: 7.9 - 20), gentamicin with 7.5% (RIQ: 0 -10), trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole (SXT) with 5.5% (RIQ: 4 - 11), and ciprofloxacin with 2.1% (RIQ: 2 - 8.4). The trend of S. aureus resistance to oxacillin from 2010 to 2019 was increasing with a non-significant Annual Percent Change (APC) of (0.07) (95% CI -3.7, 3.9). APC for erythromycin (-1.2) (95% CI: -11.3; 10), clindamycin (-1.7) (95% CI: 11; -12.9), ciprofloxacin (-25.4) (95% CI: -44.6; 0.5) and trimethoprim / sul famethoxazole (-20.7) (95% CI: -43.5; 11.2), were decreasing not significant. For gentamicin the trend was decreasing and significant (-44.2) (95% CI: -19.9; -61.1). Conclusions: The resistance of S. aureus to oxacillin exhibited a slightly increasing trend for the period 2010 to 2019 and increasing in the last 3 years, exceeding on average that reported at the country level and the world average. Antibiotics for outpatient management of skin and soft tissue pyoderma with less resistance were ciprofloxacin, SXT, clindamycin for systemic use, and fusidic acid, mupirocin for topical management and decolonization. It is important to articulate surveillance of S. aureus in outpatient care to the national surveillance network.
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Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dermatologia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina , Staphylococcus aureus , Sulfametoxazol , Gentamicinas , Ciprofloxacina , Ácido Fusídico , AntibacterianosRESUMO
RESUMEN El presente reporte es la descripción original de bla TEM-176. Se caracterizaron los mecanismos de resistencia a antimicrobianos de un aislamiento de Escherichia coli enterotoxigénica, determinándose la resistencia a 22 antimicrobianos categorizados en 15 grupos diferentes mediante difusión en agar, estableciéndose grupo filogenético, mecanismos de resistencia y presencia de integrones de Clase 1 y 2 mediante PCR. Integrones y genes de resistencia a β-lactámicos fueron secuenciados. El aislamiento del grupo filogenético A, mostró resistencia o sensibilidad disminuida a ampicilina, amoxicilina más ácido clavulánico, ácido nalidíxico, ciprofloxacino, estreptomicina, kanamicina, tetraciclina, trimetoprim, sulfisoxazol, cotrimoxazol, azitromicina y nitrofurantoina, detectándose la presencia de bla TEM, aadA1/2, aphA1, sul3, tet(A) y un integron de Clase 2 conteniendo un gen dfrA1. La resistencia a quinolonas se relacionó con la substitución Ser83Ala. La secuencia de TEM mostró la substitución Ala222Val, la cual a la fecha no había sido descrita, reportándose como una nueva β-lactamasa, con el nombre de bla TEM-176.
ABSTRACT The present report is the original description of bla TEM-176. The mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobial agents were determined in an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, determining the susceptibility to 22 antimicrobials classified in 15 different groups by agar diffusion and establishing the phylogenetic group, mechanisms of resistance and presence of Class 1 and 2 integrons. Integrons and β-lactam resistance genes were sequenced. The isolate, belonging to phylogenetic group A, showed the presence of resistance or diminished susceptibility to a ampicillin, amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, nalidíxic acid, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, sulfisoxazole, cotrimoxazole, azithromycin and nitrofurantoin, carrying bla TEM, aadA1/2, aphA1, sul3, tet(A) and a Class 2 integron containing a dfrA1 gene. Quinolone resistance was related to the substitution Ser83Ala. The TEM sequencing showed the presence of the new substitution Ala222Val, which led to the description of the new β-lactamase bla TEM-176.
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beta-Lactamases , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Escherichia coli , Epidemiologia Molecular , Combinação Amoxicilina e Clavulanato de Potássio , Integrons , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigênica , AmpicilinaRESUMO
RESUMEN El presente reporte es la descripción original de bla TEM-176. Se caracterizaron los mecanismos de resistencia a antimicrobianos de un aislamiento de Escherichia coli enterotoxigénica, determinándose la resistencia a 22 antimicrobianos categorizados en 15 grupos diferentes mediante difusión en agar, estableciéndose grupo filogenético, mecanismos de resistencia y presencia de integrones de Clase 1 y 2 mediante PCR. Integrones y genes de resistencia a β-lactámicos fueron secuenciados. El aislamiento del grupo filogenético A, mostró resistencia o sensibilidad disminuida a ampicilina, amoxicilina más ácido clavulánico, ácido nalidíxico, ciprofloxacino, estreptomicina, kanamicina, tetraciclina, trimetoprim, sulfisoxazol, cotrimoxazol, azitromicina y nitrofurantoina, detectándose la presencia de bla TEM, aadA1/2, aphA1, sul3, tet(A) y un integron de Clase 2 conteniendo un gen dfrA1. La resistencia a quinolonas se relacionó con la substitución Ser83Ala. La secuencia de TEM mostró la substitución Ala222Val, la cual a la fecha no había sido descrita, reportándose como una nueva β-lactamasa, con el nombre de bla TEM-176.
ABSTRACT The present report is the original description of bla TEM-176. The mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobial agents were determined in an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, determining the susceptibility to 22 antimicrobials classified in 15 different groups by agar diffusion and establishing the phylogenetic group, mechanisms of resistance and presence of Class 1 and 2 integrons. Integrons and β-lactam resistance genes were sequenced. The isolate, belonging to phylogenetic group A, showed the presence of resistance or diminished susceptibility to a ampicillin, amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, nalidíxic acid, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, sulfisoxazole, cotrimoxazole, azithromycin and nitrofurantoin, carrying bla TEM, aadA1/2, aphA1, sul3, tet(A) and a Class 2 integron containing a dfrA1 gene. Quinolone resistance was related to the substitution Ser83Ala. The TEM sequencing showed the presence of the new substitution Ala222Val, which led to the description of the new β-lactamase bla TEM-176.
Assuntos
beta-Lactamases , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Escherichia coli , Ampicilina , Epidemiologia Molecular , Combinação Amoxicilina e Clavulanato de Potássio , Integrons , Escherichia coli EnterotoxigênicaRESUMO
Con el objetivo de determinar la presencia de enterobacterias productoras de betalactamasas (bla) en muestras de efluentes hospitalarios, se realizó un estudio en dos hospitales de nivel II y III de Lima, Perú. Se identificó y caracterizó el perfil de resistencia de las bacterias aisladas mediante el sistema MicroScan para 18 antimicrobianos, y mediante PCR convencional se determinó la presencia de los genes de resistencia a betalactamasas de espectro de extendido (BLEE) (bla CTX-M, bla SHV, bla TEM, bla PER) y carbapenemasas (bla KPC , bla NDM , bla VIM , bla IMP). Se identificaron 32 aislados (20 enterobacterias y 12 bacterias gramnegativas). Todas las bacterias aisladas presentaron multirresistencia. Se halló la presencia de genes BLEE (bla TEM) y carbapenemasas (bla KPC y bla IMP) en los hospitales evaluados. La liberación de estos microorganismos a la vía pública y la falta de tratamiento de los efluentes hospitalarios podría ser un importante problema de salud pública.
The aim of this study was to determine the presence of beta-lactamase- (bla) producing Enterobacteriaceae in hospital effluent samples from two level II and III hospitals in Lima, Peru. The resistance profile of the isolated bacteria was identified and characterized using the MicroScan system for 18 antimicrobials, and the presence of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) (blaCTX-M ,bla SHV bla TEM ,bla PER) and carbapenemases (bla KPC ,bla NDM ,bla VIM ,bla IMP) resistance genes was determined by conventional PCR. Thirty-two isolates were identified (20 Enterobacteriaceae and 12 gram-negative bacteria). All the isolated bacteria showed multidrug resistance. ESBL (bla TEM) and carbapenemase (blaKPC, blaIMP) genes were found in samples from the hospitals that we evaluated. The release of these microorganisms to public areas and the lack of treatment of the hospital effluents could be an important public health problem.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Redes de Esgoto , Águas Residuárias , Hospitais Públicos , Anti-InfecciososRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The mother plays a fundamental role in the constitution and regulation of her child's healthy microbiota, however, preterm newborns are separated from their mothers soon after birth and transferred to Neonatal Intensive Care Units, being exposed the constant risk for the development of multidrug-resistant microorganisms' infections. The aim of this study was to explore the multidrug-resistant microorganism colonization of hospitalized babies and their mothers in the neonatal unit context. METHODOLOGY: A prospective case study conducted with hospitalized babies and their mothers in the Neonatal Unit at a university hospital. The sample was composed of 433 binomials (mother-child). Colonization culture samples were taken at the moment of the baby's discharge, via two swabs in the oral, nasal, axillary, inguinal, and rectal regions. RESULTS: The colonization incidence among the binomials, 30 (6.9%) were both colonized by multi-resistant microorganisms. Mothers of colonized babies (24.4%) demonstrated a higher chance of colonization in comparison to mothers of non-colonized babies (11.9%) (p = 0.002). Relationships were drawn between baby colonization and prematurity, extremely low birth weight, and non-exclusive maternal breastfeeding (p<0.05). ESBL-producing Gram-negative microorganisms were more frequent in the cultures of the binomials, with 35.9% of the babies colonized with Klebsiella spp. ESBL and 42.0% of the mothers with Escherichia coli ESBL. Furthermore, 50% of the binomials were colonized with E. coli ESBL. CONCLUSION: The prematurity, extremely low birth weight, and non-exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge were associated with baby colonization by multidrug-resistant microorganism. Furthermore, mothers of colonized children presented higher chances of colonization.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Nascimento Prematuro/microbiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Feminino , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/classificação , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/classificação , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/isolamento & purificação , Hospitalização , Hospitais Universitários , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Klebsiella/efeitos dos fármacos , Klebsiella/metabolismo , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Relações Mãe-Filho , Mães , Alta do Paciente , Estudos Prospectivos , Adulto Jovem , beta-Lactamases/metabolismoRESUMO
RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar el impacto sobre la resistencia bacteriana de la revisión previa de la prescripción de antibióticos por parte del servicio farmacéutico en hospitales de mediana y alta complejidad del departamento del Atlántico (Colombia). Metodología: Se analizaron los valores de resistencia de bacterias Gram positivas, Enterobacterias y Gram negativos no fermentadores reportados en cinco institutos prestadores de salud (IPS) del departamento del Atlántico, en dos periodos (preintervención e intervención), de 12 meses cada uno, entre junio de 2015 y mayo de 2017. Resultados: Durante los dos periodos de estudio se identificaron 68 microorganismos en 8590 aislamientos microbiológicos provenientes de muestras de orina (40,3 %), sangre (21,7 %), tejidos (8,5 %) y otras (29,5 %). Los microorganismos aislados más frecuentemente fueron Escherichia coli (28,9 %), Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo (12,1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (12,0 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11,1 %) y Staphylococcus aureus (7,2 %). Durante los dos periodos la resistencia global osciló entre 27 y 40 %. Durante la Preintervención la resistencia osciló entre el 33 y el 39 %, mientras que durante la Intervención estuvo entre el 27 y 40 %. Al comparar los periodos de estudio solo hubo disminución significativa de la resistencia en los primeros nueve meses del periodo de intervención (p < 0.05). Conclusiones: Los valores de resistencia bacteriana reportados en el periodo de intervención fueron menores que en el periodo de preintervención. Se evidenció que la revisión previa de la prescripción por parte del servicio farmacéutico en las instituciones participantes influye en una disminución significativa de la resistencia bacteriana, pero que esta debe ser tanto continua como incremental.
ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the impact on bacterial resistance of the previous review of the prescription of antibiotics by the pharmaceutical service in medium and high complexity hospitals of the Department of Atlántico (Colombia). Methodology: Resistance values were analyzed for Gram-positive bacteria, Enterobacte-rial and non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria reported in five health care institutions (IPS) of the Atlántico Department, in two periods (pre-intervention and intervention), of 12 months each between the months of June 2015 and May 2017. Results: During the two study periods, 68 microorganisms were identified in 8,590 microbiological isolates from urine samples (40.3 %), blood samples (21.7 %), tissues (8.5%) and others (29.5 %). The most frequently isolated microorganisms were Escherichia coli (28.9 %), Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (12.1 %), Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.0 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.1 %) and S. aureus (7.2 %). During both periods the global resistance ranged between 27 and 40 %. During the Pre-intervention the resistance ranged between 33 and 39 %, while during the Intervention it was between 27 and 40 %. When comparing study periods, there was only significant decrease in resistance in the first nine months of the intervention period (p <0.05). Conclusions: the bacterial resistance values reported during the intervention period were lower than in the pre-intervention period. It was evidenced that the previous revision of the prescription by the pharmaceutical service in the participating institutions influences a significant decrease of the bacterial resistance; but that this must be both continuous and incremental.
RESUMO
Urinary tract infection is a common problem worldwide. Its clinical characteristics and susceptibility rates of bacteria are important in determining the treatment of choice and its duration. This study assessed the frequency and susceptibility to antimicrobials of uropathogens isolated from community-acquired urinary tract infections in the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte State capital, northeastern Brazil, from 2007 to 2010. A total of 1,082 positive samples were evaluated; E. coli was the most prevalent pathogen (60.4%). With respect to the uropathogens susceptibility rates, the resistance of enterobacteria to ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim was 24.4% and 50.6%, respectively. Susceptibility was over 90% for nitrofurantoin, aminoglycosides and third-generation cephalosporins. High resistance rates of uropathogens to quinolones and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim draws attention to the choice of these drugs on empirical treatments, especially in patients with pyelonephritis. Given the increased resistance of community bacteria to antimicrobials, local knowledge of susceptibility rates of uropathogens is essential for therapeutic decision making regarding patients with urinary tract infections.
Assuntos
Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções Urinárias/microbiologia , Brasil , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/classificação , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/classificação , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Salmón aquaculture was one ofthe major growing and exporting industries in Chile. Its development was accompanied by an increasing and excessive use oflarge amounts of antimicrobials, such as quinolones, tetracyclines and florfenicol. The examination of the sanitary conditions in the industry as part of a more general investigation into the uncontrolled and extensive dissemination of the ISA virus epizootic in 2008, found numerous and wide-ranging shortcomings and limitations in management of preventive fish health. There was a growing industrial use of large amounts of antimicrobials as an attempt at prophylaxis of bacterial infections resulting from widespread unsanitary and unhealthy fish rearing conditions. As might be expected, these attempts were unsuccessful and this heavy antimicrobial use failed to prevent viral and parasitic epizootics. Comparative analysis of the amounts of antimicrobials, especially quinolones, consumed in salmón aquaculture and in human medicine in Chile robustly suggests that the most important selective pressurefor antibiotic resistant bacteria in the country will be excessive antibiotic use in this industry. This excessive use will facilitate selection of resistant bacteria and resistance genes in water environments. The commonality of antibiotic resistance genes and the mobilome between environmental aquatic bacteria, fishpathogens and pathogens of terrestrial animáis and humans suggests that horizontal gene transfer occurs between the resistome of these apparently independent and isolated bacterial populations. Thus, excessive antibiotic use in the marine environment in aquaculture is not innocuous and can potentially negatively affect therapy of bacterial infections of humans and terrestrial animáis.
Assuntos
Animais , Humanos , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Pesqueiros/normas , Saúde Pública , Salmão , Antibioticoprofilaxia/efeitos adversos , ChileRESUMO
A resistência bacteriana é considerada um problema de saúde pública mundial, realidade para a qual têm sido propostas diversas iniciativas de controle. Assim, a contínua emergência de microrganismos resistentes nas instituições de saúde constitui-se um grande desafio mobilizando órgãos nacionais e internacionais de vigilância e controle epidemiológicos. Para tanto, objetivou-se descrever a resistência bacteriana, seus mecanismos de ocorrência e estratégias de prevenção e controle. Tratou-se de uma revisão crítica da literatura junto às bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE e SciELO, entre 1997 e 2006. Identificaram-se 138 artigos, sendo 20 utilizados na elaboração do trabalho, em função dos critérios de inclusão. Discutiu-se riscos inerentes aos pacientes, mecanismos de transmissão e disseminação da resistência, além dos desafios e estratégias relacionadas ao cuidar. Ainda, mereceram atenção a educação dos profissionais, dimensionamento de recursos humanos, cultura microbiológica de vigilância e implementação de medidas de isolamento por contato para pacientes infectados/colonizados por microrganismos resistentes e higienização das mãos. Acredita-se que a compreensão desta realidade ratifica a necessidade de participação e co-responsabilização dos profissionais da saúde no processo de controle desta situação, contemplando práticas individuais e coletivas, institucionais e nacionais, a comunidade e a sociedade visando a reformulação das políticas públicas.
Bacterial resistance is a worldwide health concern to whitch several control initiatives have been proposed to. Therefore, the continuous emergence of resistant microorganisms in health care centers constitutes a challenge attracting attention from different national and international institutions related to epidemiologic control and surveillance. This research aimed to describe bacterial resistance, its occurence mechanisms, control and prevention strategies. It consisted of a critical literature review throughout LILACS, MEDLINE and SciELO databases from 1997 to 2006. From 138 identified articles and according to the inclusion criteria 20 were used to organize this manuscript, in which were pointed the patients inherent risks, transmission and dissemination mechanisms of resistance, besides challenges and strategies to health care service. Amongst other subjects, professionals education, human resources dimensioning, microbiological cultures for surveillance and the implementation of contact isolation strategies for colonized/infected patients by resistant microorganisms and hand hygiene were highlighted along this article. Understanding this reality asserts the necessity of professional participation/ recognition of their responsibility in health care service along with the process of bacterial resistance control, with regard to the individual and collective, institutional and national practices, including the community and society, looking for the public policy reforms.
La resistencia bacteriana es considerada un problema de salud pública mundial. El continuo aparecimiento de microorganismos resistentes en las instituciones de salud se constituye un gran desafío movilizando estamentos nacionales e internacionales de vigilancia e control epidemiológicos. Por lo tanto, se describió la resistencia bacteriana, sus mecanismos de ocurrencia y estrategias de prevención y control. Se trata de una revisión crítica de literatura junto a las bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE y SciELO, entre 1997 y 2006. Se identificaron 138 artículos, siendo 20 utilizados en la elaboración del trabajo, en función de los criterios de inclusión. Se discutieron riesgos inherentes a los pacientes, mecanismos de transmisión y diseminación de la resistencia, como también los desafíos y estrategias relacionadas al cuidado. Se consideró también la educación de los profesionales, aprovechamiento del talento humano, cultura microbiológica de vigilancia, implementación de medidas de aislamiento por contacto para pacientes infectados/colonizados por microorganismos resistentes e higienización de las manos. Se considera que la comprensión de ésta realidad ratifica la necesidad de participación y co-responsabilidad de los profesionales de la salud en el proceso de control de ésta situación. Contemplando prácticas individuales y colectivas, institucionales y nacionales, comunitarias y sociales para la reformulación de políticas públicas.