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OBJECTIVES: Muscle loss is one of the phenotypic criteria of malnutrition, is highly prevalent in patients with cirrhosis, and is associated with adverse outcomes. Mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) estimates the skeletal muscle mass and is especially helpful in cases of fluid overload. This study aimed to propose MAMC cutoff points for patients with cirrhosis and demonstrate its association with 1-year mortality. METHODS: This is an analysis of cohort databases from five reference centers in Brazil that included inpatients and outpatients with cirrhosis aged ≥18 y. The nutritional variables obtained were the MAMC (n = 1075) and the subjective global assessment (n = 629). We established the MAMC cutoff points stratified by sex based on the subjective global assessment as a reference standard for malnutrition diagnosis, considering the sensitivity, specificity, and Youden index. An adjusted Cox regression model was used to test the association of MAMC cutoff points and 1-year mortality. RESULTS: We included 1075 patients with cirrhosis, with a mean age of 54.8 ± 11.3 y; 70.4% (n = 757) male. Most patients had alcoholic cirrhosis (47.1%, n = 506) and were classified as Child-Pugh B (44.7%, n = 480). The MAMC cutoff points for moderate and severe depletion were ≤21.5 cm and ≤24.2 cm; ≤20.9 cm and ≤22.9 cm for women and men, respectively. According to these cutoff points, 13.8% (n = 148) and 35.1% (n = 377) of the patients had moderate or severe MAMC depletion, respectively. The 1-year mortality rate was 17.3% (n = 186). In the multivariate analysis adjusted for sex, age, MELD-Na, and Child-Pugh scores, a severe depletion in MAMC was an independent increased risk factor for 1-year mortality (HR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.24-2.35, P < 0.001). Each increase of 1 cm in MAMC values was associated with an 11% reduction in 1-year mortality risk (HR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.85-0.94, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Low MAMC classified according to the new cutoff points predicts mortality risk in patients with cirrhosis and could be used in clinical practice.

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Background: The foramen magnum, as an anatomical structure, holds clinical and functional significance due to its strategic location in the craniovertebral transition. A detailed understanding of its dimensions and shapes is crucial for better comprehension of related pathologies and for enhancing neurosurgical techniques within a specific population. The objective is to measure precise morphometric reference points of the foramen magnum in individuals of Peruvian ancestry, aiming to establish specific anatomical patterns and potential variations within this population. Methods: The study was conducted on 17 unidentified skulls donated to the NeuroZone3D Research Center, utilizing an inelastic and soft measuring tape as the tool. Our report considered direct anthropometric measurement techniques with data collection performed by a single researcher. Results: Distinct morphometric characteristics were observed in the foramen magnum of the Peruvian population compared to other studies. The average measurements of the skull base revealed a foramen magnum with a mean length of 33.80 mm and a width of 28.70 mm, along with right condyles measuring 25 mm in length and 14.10 mm in width, and left condyles measuring 23.80 mm in length and 13.90 mm in width. Conclusion: The morphometric analysis of the foramen magnum in the Peruvian population provides valuable insights into specific anatomical features within this ethnic group. These findings could have significant implications across various medical and surgical disciplines, from interpreting diagnostic images to designing more precise therapeutic interventions tailored to this population.

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Resumen: La evaluación de la fuerza en la mano es utilizada en ámbitos de salud y laborales, está compuesta por la fuerza de agarre y la fuerza de pellizco o fuerza pinch (Palmar Pinch - PP y Key Pinch - KP). La fuerza pinch ha sido poco estudiada y relacionada con variables antropométricas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la relación entre la fuerza PP y KP con el género, la dominancia, la edad y variables antropométricas. Haciendo uso de un dinamómetro Jamar y con la participación de 681 sujetos (48,9 % F y 51.1 % M) aparentemente sanos de la Ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia), quienes desempeñaban diferentes actividades ocupacionales, se encontró que las fuerzas PP y KP fueron significativamente más altas en los hombres que en las mujeres tanto en la mano no dominante (8.27 Kgf Vs 6.0 Kgf) como en la mano dominante (8.57 Kgf Vs 6.27 Kgf). Se propusieron modelos predictivos que definieron como variables principales la edad, espesor, circunferencia y circunferencia máxima de la mano. En el género femenino se estableció como variable primordial la edad, mientras que en el masculino en dos modelos se define la circunferencia de la mano y en otros dos la circunferencia máxima de la mano.

Abstract: The evaluation of the force in the hand is used in health and labor fields; it is composed of the grip force and the pinch force (Palmar Pinch - PP and Key Pinch - KP). The pinch force has not had significant amount of studies and connections with anthropometric variables. This work aimed to determine the relationship between the PP and KP strength with gender, dominance, age, and anthropometric variables. Using a Jamar dynamometer and with the participation of 681 subjects apparently healthy (48.9 % F and 51.1 % M) from the City of Bogotá (Colombia), who performed different occupational activities, it was found that the PP and KP forces were significantly higher in men than in women both in the non-dominant hand (8.27 Kgf Vs. 6.0 Kgf) and in the dominant hand (8.57 Kgf Vs 6.27 Kgf). The predictive models proposed in this study defined age, thickness, circumference, and maximum circumference of the hand as the main variables. In the female gender, age was established as the primary variable. At the same time, in the male, the circumference of the hand was defined in two models, and the maximum circumference of the hand in another two.

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The accumulation of body fat is an important cardiometabolic risk factor; however, there is no consensus about which measure is more reliable for the assessment of cardiometabolic risk in people with intellectual disabilities. The aim of the present study was to primarily validate the submandibular skinfold as an anthropometric measurement of cardiometabolic risk in children, adolescents, and adults with intellectual disabilities, using a cross-sectional study made up of 131 people (67.2% men) with mild and moderate intellectual disability. The cardiometabolic risk indicators used were: body mass index (kg/m2), neck circumference (cm), waist circumference (cm), calf circumference (cm) and waist-to-height ratio. Moderate correlations were demonstrated between the submandibular skinfold measure and the anthropometric measurements analyzed in the three age categories, showing the highest correlation (r = 0.70) between the submandibular skinfold and BMI in the adolescent group and waist-to-height ratio in adults. The implementation of the submandibular skinfold measurement is suggested as an easy, fast, and minimally invasive anthropometric measurement as part of the physical and nutritional evaluation for the assessment of cardiometabolic risk in people with intellectual disabilities.

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BACKGROUND: The mid-arm circumference (MAC) is an accessible, quick, and inexpensive measurement, which can be performed at the bedside only with a measuring tape. In this sense, the present study aims to suggest MAC cut-off values to assess the nutritional status and its association with mortality of hospitalised patients with decompensated cirrhosis. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was performed with decompensated cirrhotic patients. Nutritional status was assessed by MAC and Subjective Global Assessment (SGA). Considering the SGA as the reference standard and based on receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the MAC cut-off values with the best sensitivity and specificity were selected. Predictors of mortality were identified using multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The study included 100 patients with a mean ± SD age of 60.1 ± 10.3 years. The median follow-up time was 11.2 months and overall mortality was 60%. Considering malnutrition assessed by SGA as the reference standard, the area under the curve of MAC for women and men was 0.947 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.878-1.000) and 0.813 (95% CI = 0.694-0.932). The MAC cut-off values of ≤ 28 cm for women and ≤ 30 cm for men reached a sensitivity and specificity of 85.5% and 71%, respectively. According to multivariate analysis, a low MAC was significantly associated with mortality (hazard ratio = 2.41; 95% CI = 1.20-4.84). CONCLUSIONS: The MAC cut-off values had satisfactory accuracy for men and women in predicting malnutrition. Additionally, a low MAC was an independent predictor of mortality. Thus, these MAC cut-off values can be used as the first step of nutritional assessment to prioritise patients who require more detailed assessment.

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Las enteroparasitosis son un problema de salud pública a nivel global con mayor impacto en los países subdesarrollados asociadas a condiciones de vida inadecuadas. La población infantil es más suceptible para desarrollar sintomatología provocando cuadros disentéricos, vomitos, síndrome de mal absorción, lo que influye en deficiencia de nutrientes y vitaminas, como consecuencia retraso en el crecimiento, malnutrición, trastornos del desarrollo físico y cognitivo. Se realizó una investigación epidemiológica, de corte transversal para estimar la prevalencia de parásitos instestinales y las diferencias en relación a las medidas antropométricas, en 283 escolares de la Capital de la provincia de Manabí. Las variables peso, talla parada, circunferencia de brazo izquierdo, pliegues de tríceps y subescapular, índice de masa corporal, área magra y área grasa fueron seleccionadas para establecer la relación. El coproparasitológico se realizó con el método directo (solución salina 0,9% y Lugol) y Kato Katz. Los resultados mostraron 62,54% de prevalencia, sin distingo de sexo, ni edad. Blastocytis spp., la especie más frecuente, confirmándose el comportamiento epidemiológico a nivel mundial a expensa de los protozoarios, con presencia de especies comensales (E. nana) relacionada con el fecalismo. A pesar de la alta prevalencia, no se observó diferencia significativa entre variables antropométricas analizadas en los escolares parasitados y no parasitados. Se infiere que es debido al tipo de especies y la intensidad de la infestación. Se recomienda realizar campañas de educación sanitaria y promover hábitos de higiene, así como dirigir investigaciones para determinar el papel epidemiológico del agua de consumo y las enteroparasitosis(AU)

Enteroparasitosis is a global public health problem with the greatest impact in underdeveloped countries associated with inadequate living conditions. The child population is more susceptible to developing symptoms causing dysentery, vomiting, malabsorption syndrome, which influences nutrient and vitamin deficiency, resulting in growth retardation, malnutrition, physical and cognitive development disorders. A cross-sectional epidemiological investigation was carried out to estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasites and the differences in relation to anthropometric measurements, in 283 schoolchildren from the capital of the province of Manabí. The variables weight, standing height, left arm circumference, triceps and subscapular folds, body mass index, lean area, and fat area were selected to establish the relationship. Coproparasitology was performed with the direct method (saline solution 0.9% and Lugol) and Kato Katz. The results showed 62.54% prevalence, regardless of sex or age. Blastocytis spp., the most frequent species, confirming the epidemiological behavior worldwide at the expense of protozoa, with the presence of commensal species (E. nana) related to fecalism. Despite the high prevalence, no significant difference was observed between the anthropometric variables analyzed in parasitized and non-parasitized schoolchildren. It is inferred that it is due to the type of species and the intensity of the infestation. It is recommended to carry out health education campaigns and promote hygiene habits, as well as to conduct research to determine the epidemiological role of drinking water and enteroparasitosis(AU)

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PURPOSE: Assessing the body composition of children and adolescents is important to monitor their health status. Anthropometric measurements are feasible and less-expensive than other techniques for body composition assessment. This study aimed to systematically map anthropometric equations to predict adipose tissue, body fat, or density in children and adolescents, and to analyze methodological aspects of the development of anthropometric equations using skinfolds. METHODS: A scoping review was carried out following the PRISMA-ScR criteria. The search was carried out in eight databases. The methodological structure protocol of this scoping review was retrospectively registered in the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/35uhc/ ). RESULTS: We included 78 reports and 593 anthropometric equations. The samples consisted of healthy individuals, people with different diseases or disabilities, and athletes from different sports. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was the reference method most commonly used in developing equations. Triceps and subscapular skinfolds were the anthropometric measurements most frequently used as predictors in the equations. Age, stage of sexual maturation, and peak height velocity were used as complementary variables in the equations. CONCLUSION: Our scoping review identified equations proposed for children and adolescents with a great diversity of characteristics. In many of the reports, important methodological aspects were not addressed, a factor that may be associated with equation bias. LEVEL IV: Evidence obtained from multiple time series analysis such as case studies. (NB: dramatic results in uncontrolled trials might also be regarded as this type of evidence).

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Introducción: La reducción del ancho y definición de la punta nasal es uno de los objetivos principales de la rinoplastia estética. La vía endonasal, con incisión transcartilaginosa, se emplea principalmente cuando no hay alteraciones significativas en la estructura cartilaginosa de la punta nasal. Objetivo: Determinar los cambios morfológicos que se producen en la punta nasal, posterior a la rinoplastia transcartilaginosa. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, longitudinal en 15 pacientes con deformidad estética de la punta nasal, operados por rinoplastia transcartilaginosa en el Hospital "Hermanos Ameijeiras", entre el 2016 y el 2020. Las variables estudiadas fueron: ángulo nasolabial, ancho de la punta nasal, porciento de reducción del ancho de la punta nasal, relación longitud nasal-proyección de la punta nasal y estado de satisfacción de los pacientes. Resultados: Se produjo un estrechamiento de la punta nasal, de una media del ancho preoperatorio de 64,8 por ciento con relación a la base nasal, a una media del 60,1 por ciento para el posoperatorio, para una media del porciento de reducción del ancho de la punta nasal posoperatoria de 7,3 por ciento. En el resto de las variables estudiadas, aun cuando existieron cambios individuales, como grupo no hubo variación respecto al predominio de las categorías ideales. Conclusiones: Se produjeron modificaciones posoperatorias que tributaron en un refinamiento de la punta nasal, con un alto grado de satisfacción de los pacientes operados. Palabras clave: rinoplastia endonasal; modificación de la punta nasal; mediciones antropométricas(AU)

Introduction: The reduction of the width and definition of the nasal tip is one of the main objectives of aesthetic rhinoplasty. The endonasal route, with a transcartilaginous incision, is mainly used when there are no significant alterations in the cartilaginous structure of the nasal tip. Objective: To determine the morphological changes that occur in the nasal tip after transcartilaginous rhinoplasty. Methods: A descriptive, prospective, longitudinal study was carried out in 15 patients with aesthetic deformity of the nasal tip, who were operated by transcartilaginous rhinoplasty at Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital, from 2016 to 2020. The variables studied were nasolabial angle, width of the nasal tip, percentage of reduction in the width of the nasal tip, relationship between the nasal length and the projection of the nasal tip, and the patients' satisfaction status. Results: There was a narrowing of the nasal tip, starting from a preoperative mean width of 64.8 percent in relation to the nasal base, to a postoperative mean of 60.1 percent, resulting in a mean percentage reduction in width of the postoperative nasal tip of 7.3 percent. No variation was observed regarding the predominance of the ideal categories in the rest of the variables studied, even when there were individual changes, as a group. Conclusions: Postoperative modifications were produced that contributed to a refinement of the nasal tip, with a high degree of satisfaction of the operated patients(AU)

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Virility and sexual pleasure have long been associated with penile size and this, in turn, has typically been linked to some anthropometric measurements, such as foot size or height, leading to various misconceptions from both men and women. Our intention is to estimate penile size parameters in Argentina and evaluate the correlation between penile size and certain anthropometric measurements. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, multicenter, and observational study. Male patients who underwent a urological procedure were included in four hospitals located in different regions of the country. Different anthropometric measurements were obtained: height, weight, penile circumference, flaccid and stretched length, and foot length. A total of 800 patients were evaluated. Mean left foot was 26.4 cm. Mean flaccid penile length was 11.4 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8-14) cm, and mean penile circumference was 10.1 (95% CI: 8-12) cm. Finally, mean stretched penis was 15.2 (95% CI: 11-18.5) cm. We can confirm that estimates of the average penile measurements in Argentina are flaccid penis length of 11.4 cm, penile circumference of 10.1 cm, and stretching the penis to the maximum in flaccidity of 15.2 cm. Correlations between flaccid penis length, stretched out, penile circumference, height, weight, and length of the left foot were evaluated, finding low or no correlation between those mentioned, except for flaccid and stretched length.

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Las afecciones musculoesqueléticas comprenden trastornos degenerativos que aparecen principalmente en personas de edad avanzada, deteriorando significativamente la salud, debido a que están relacionadas con dolor muscular u óseo, alteraciones del movimiento, mayor riesgo de caídas, fracturas y capacidad alterada para realizar las actividades del diario vivir. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de afecciones musculo esqueléticas y factores asociados en el adulto mayor que asistieron a la Fundación. Metodología. Con enfoque cuantitativo, descriptivo, transversal, no experimental y retrospectivo. Los instrumentos a utilizar incluyeron el dinamómetro, índice de masa corporal y la antropometría. Resultados. se determinó que la prevalencia de las alteraciones musculoesqueléticas fue del 59%, de los cuales, la artrosis de rodilla fue la más común con una prevalencia del 90%, asociados con un índice de masa corporal elevado con un valor mayor a 25 kg/m2 y una fuerza muscular disminuida con un valor menor a 28.2 kg para los hombres y menor a 15.4 kg para las mujeres. En contraste, las medidas antropométricas fueron normales, con valores mayor o igual a 31 cm para la circunferencia de la pantorrilla y mayor o igual a 22 cm para la circunferencia del brazo. Conclusión. Existe una alta prevalencia de alteraciones musculoesqueléticas, El sobrepeso y la debilidad muscular fueron los únicos factores asociados.

Musculoskeletal disorders include degenerative disorders that appear mainly in elderly people, significantly deteriorating their health, because they are related to muscle or bone pain, movement disorders, increased risk of falls, fractures and impaired ability to perform daily activities. Objective. To determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and associated factors in older adults attending the Fundación. Methodology. With a quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional, non-experimental and retrospective approach. The instruments to be used included the dynamometer, body mass index and anthropometry. Results. It was determined that the prevalence of musculoskeletal alterations was 59%, of which knee osteoarthritis was the most common with a prevalence of 90%, associated with an elevated body mass index with a value greater than 25 kg/m2 and decreased muscle strength with a value of less than 28.2 kg for men and less than 15.4 kg for women. In contrast, anthropometric measurements were normal, with values greater than or equal to 31 cm for calf circumference and greater than or equal to 22 cm for arm circumference. Conclusion. There is a high prevalence of musculoskeletal alterations. Overweight and muscle weakness were the only associated factors

As condições musculoesqueléticas compreendem desordens degenerativas que ocorrem principalmente em pessoas idosas, prejudicando significativamente a saúde, pois estão associadas a dores musculares ou nos ossos, comprometimento dos movimentos, aumento do risco de quedas, fraturas e incapacidade de realizar atividades da vida diária. Objetivo. Para determinar a prevalência de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos e fatores associados em adultos idosos que frequentam a Fundação. Metodologia. Com uma abordagem quantitativa, descritiva, transversal, não-experimental e retrospectiva. Os instrumentos utilizados incluíam o dinamômetro, o índice de massa corporal e a antropometria. Resultados. Foi determinado que a prevalência de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos foi de 59%, dos quais a osteoartrose do joelho foi a mais comum com uma prevalência de 90%, associada a um alto índice de massa corporal com um valor superior a 25 kg/m2 e uma diminuição da força muscular com um valor inferior a 28,2 kg para homens e inferior a 15,4 kg para mulheres. Em contraste, as medidas antropométricas foram normais, com valores maiores ou iguais a 31 cm para a circunferência da barriga da perna e maiores ou iguais a 22 cm para a circunferência do braço. Conclusão. Há uma alta prevalência de distúrbios musculoesqueléticos. O excesso de peso e a fraqueza muscular foram os únicos fatores associados.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the association between ultra-processed foods (UPF) consumption and some lifestyle factors during pregnancy and the baby's anthropometric measurements at birth. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted with immediate postpartum women and their babies. Food consumption during pregnancy was assessed retrospectively by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and the baby's anthropometric measurements were obtained from the medical records. The percentual of energy from UPF was estimated, categorized in tertiles, and associated with the baby's anthropometric measurements using multinomial logistic regression, adjusting by maternal characteristics (per capita income, maternal age, gestational weight gain, parity, physical activity, and number of prenatal consultations). RESULTS: A total of 626 immediate postpartum women and their babies were evaluated. The mean percentual of energy from UPF consumption during pregnancy was 30.56%. Before adjustment, there was a greater chance of insufficient birth weight among babies of immediate postpartum women in the highest tertile of UPF consumption (OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.09-2.70; p = 0.020); however, such an association was not significant in the adjusted analyses. CONCLUSIONS: No association between UPF consumption during pregnancy and baby's anthropometric measurements at birth was observed, probably due to the multifactorial nature of anthropometry and the interference of sociodemographic, gestational, and environmental factors in the baby's health outcomes.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between self-reported and device-based measures of sedentary behavior (SB) with obesity markers in adults from Latin American countries. Sitting time and total time spent in different SBs were self-reported using two different questionnaires. Accelerometers were used to assess total sedentary time. Body mass index, waist, and neck circumferences were assessed. The highest self-reported sitting time was in Argentina, the highest total time spent in different SBs was in Brazil and Costa Rica, and the highest device-based sedentary time was observed in Peru. Neither self-reported sitting time, total time spent in different SBs or device-based sedentary time were associated with body mass index. Device-based sedentary time was positively associated with waist circumference and self-reported sitting time was positively associated with neck circumference. Caution is warranted when comparing the associations of self-reported and device-based assessments of SB with anthropometric variables.

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SUMMARY: This study aims to test the effect of body mass index on certain facial soft tissue measurements. Three hundred Arab Iraqi young adults with different body mass indexes were randomly selected from the population in Basrah city. Different horizontal and vertical soft tissue measurements were obtained using different calipers. Sex differences were verified by an independent sample t-test, while the effect of different body mass index categories was evaluated by one way ANOVA and Tukey tests. Obese males showed significantly higher mean values for weight, nose width, face width, head circumference, and lower facial third length (p≤0.001). Obese females shared these parameters with obese males in addition to mouth width. Regarding sex differences, nearly all measurements were significantly higher in males than in females. Obese individuals had wider faces, noses and mouths; larger head circumferences and facial indexes; and longer lower facial third lengths. Moreover, they possessed smaller inner canthal widths as well as upper and middle facial thirds in comparison to normal and overweight subjects.

RESUMEN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo probar el efecto del índice de masa corporal en determinadas medidas de tejidos blandos faciales. Trescientos adultos jóvenes iraquíes con diferentes índices de masa corporal fueron seleccionados al azar de la población de la ciudad de Basora. Se obtuvieron diferentes medidas de tejidos blandos horizontales y verticales utilizando diferentes calibradores. Las diferencias de sexo se verificaron mediante una prueba t independiente, mientras que el efecto de diferentes categorías de índice de masa corporal se evaluó mediante pruebas ANOVA y Tukey de una vía. Los hombres obesos mostraron valores medios significativamente más altos de peso, el ancho de la nariz, el ancho de la cara, la circunferencia de la cabeza y la longitud del tercio inferior del rostro (p≤0,001). Las mujeres obesas comparten estos parámetros con los machos obesos además del ancho de la cavidad oral. Con respecto a las diferencias de sexo, casi todas las medidas fueron significativamente más altas en hombres que en mujeres. Las personas obesas tenían caras, narices y bocas más anchas; circunferencias más grandes de la cabeza e índices faciales; y longitudes de tercio inferior facial más largas. Además, se observaron anchos cantales mediales más pequeños, así como tercios faciales superior y medio en comparación con sujetos normales y con sobrepeso.

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We measured percent body fat by air-displacement plethysmography in 86 infants born at <32 weeks of gestation randomized to receive either high-volume (180-200 mL/kg/day) or usual volume feeding (140-160 mL/kg/day). High-volume feeding increased percent body fat by ≤2% at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age (within a predefined range of equivalence). TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClincialTrials.gov: NCT02377050.

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OBJECTIVE: We aimed at evaluating the association of maternal pre-pregnancy nutritional status with offspring anthropometry and body composition. We also evaluated whether these associations were modified by gender, diet and physical activity and mediated by birth weight. DESIGN: Birth cohort study. SETTING: Waist circumference was measured with an inextensible tape, and fat and lean mass were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Multiple linear regression was used to adjust for possible confounders and allele score of BMI. We carried out mediation analysis using G-formula. PARTICIPANTS: In 1982, 1993 and 2004, all maternity hospitals in Pelotas (South Brazil) were visited daily and all live births whose families lived in the urban area of the city were evaluated. These subjects have been followed up at different ages. RESULTS: Offspring of obese mothers had on average higher BMI, waist circumference and fat mass index than those of normal weight mothers, and these differences were higher among daughters. The magnitudes of the association were similar in the cohorts, except for height, where the association pattern was not clear. In the 1982 cohort, further adjustment for a BMI allele score had no material influence on the magnitude of the associations. Mediation analyses showed that birth weight captured part of this association. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that maternal pre-pregnancy nutritional status is positively associated with offspring BMI and adiposity in offspring. And this association is higher among daughters whose mother was overweight or obese and, birth weight explains part of this association.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the growth reference value of children in our province and to compare these values with current values of the USA and other local values of our country. Methods: A total of 615 boys and 586 girls with different socioeconomic levels and ages of 0-5 years were included in the study. In all children, weight, height, head circumference, abdominal circumference, hip circumference, mid-arm circumference, and lower segment length were taken. All measurements were performed by the same paediatrician. The lambda-mu-sigma method was used for the preparation of percentile curves. Results: The body weight, head circumference and chest circumference measurements of boys were significantly higher than those in girls. Anthropometric measurements of children in high-income groups were higher than those in the low-income group. All of the anthropometric parameters except upper mid-arm circumference were higher in children fed with breast milk and formula milk than in children who only fed with breast milk. The relation between the mother's education level and anthropometric parameters was insignificant. Conclusion: Our results showed that the anthropometric measurements of our children were similar to those of west Turkey as well as those of the United States. On the other hand, our children's anthropometric measurements were higher than other local values. Relatively high values of height have been interpreted as a genetic feature.

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This study analyses the effects of exposure to tropical storms and hurricanes during pregnancy on children's anthropometric measures taken within the first five years of life. We merge destruction indexes calculated at the district level with 13 yearly rounds of household level surveys from Jamaica. The empirical strategy exploits variation arising from the storms' timing and intensity across different cohorts within the same district. The findings rule out medium-to-large overall adverse effects of tropical storms. However, when expectant mothers living in coastal-rural areas are affected by the cumulative destruction of two hurricanes, their children experience negative impacts on both weight-for-age and weight-for-height measures.

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INTRODUCTION: Human immunodeficiency virus-related lipodystrophy is characterized by a variety of phenotypes and metabolic changes; however, consensus has not yet been reached on its diagnostic criteria. Different cutoff values for fat mass ratio have been proposed for this specific population as an objective diagnostic criterion for lipodystrophy. This study aimed to establish sex-specific reference values for fat mass ratio and to correlate them with anthropometric measurements for the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus-related lipodystrophy. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was performed on 189 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients under antiretroviral therapy. Anthropometric measurements were evaluated, and body composition was determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fat mass ratio was calculated as the ratio of the percentage of the trunk fat mass and the percentage of the lower limb fat mass. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-two patients (69%) presented lipodystrophy by objective criteria. In men, the cutoff for the fat mass ratio was 1.55 (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.73 [95% confidence interval: 0.62-0.83], p = 0.000008), with a sensitivity of 62.5%, a specificity of 70.5%, a positive predictive value of 77.8%, and a negative predictive value of 53.4%. In women, the cutoff for the fat mass ratio was 0.959 (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.70 [95% confidence interval: 0.56-0.85], p = 0.03), with a sensitivity of 83.60%, a specificity of 61.5%, a positive predictive value of 90.2%, and a negative predictive value of 47.1%. Fat mass ratio was positively correlated with waist circumference (men: r = 0.246, p = 0.019; women: r = 0.302, p = 0.014) and neck circumference (men: r = 0.304, p = 0.004; women: r = 0.366, p = 0.003) in both sexes; and body mass index (r = 0.288, p = 0.006) and waist-hip ratio (r = 0.288, p = 0.006) in men. CONCLUSION: The fat mass ratio evaluated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with the sex-specific cutoffs is an objective tool to define human immunodeficiency virus-related lipodystrophy.

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Introducción: En China la prevalencia del sobrepeso y obesidad está aumentando de manera vertiginosa. Objetivo: Valorar la autopercepción corporal de los adultos chinos y determinar su relación con los indicadores antropométricos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional de corte transversal en Panzhihua, China. La muestra estuvo conformada por n = 151 sujetos, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 80 años que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión establecidos. Se les realizó cuestionario a través de una entrevista presencial y mediciones del peso, talla, circunferencia de la cintura y de la cadera, determinaciones del índice de masa corporal, índice de circunferencia de la cintura y la de cadera y el porcentaje de grasa corporal. Resultados: Según la clasificación del porcentaje de grasa corporal se determinó normopeso (10,6 por ciento), 28,5 por ciento con sobrepeso y 60,9 por ciento con obesidad. De acuerdo con el índice de masa corporal se encontró en el nivel delgado (5,3 por ciento), 47,0 por ciento normopeso, 32,5 por ciento en sobrepeso y 15,2 por ciento obesos. Según el índice de circunferencia de la cintura y la de cadera, 34,4 por ciento fue normal y 65,6 por ciento presentó obesidad abdominal. La autopercepción corporal: 54,7 por ciento de los sujetos se autopercibieron como normopeso, 24,3 por ciento tenían una percepción de sobrepeso y 12,2 por ciento se autopercibió obeso. Las correlaciones entre la autopercepción corporal, el índice de masa corporal y el porcentaje de grasa corporal expresaron diferencia significativa (p ;0,05), la autopercepción corporal y el índice de circunferencia de la cintura y la de cadera no evidenció diferencia (p> 0,05). Según la correlación de Pearson, el porcentaje de grasa corporal fue más confiable como indicador. Conclusión: La autopercepción corporal de los sujetos en esta investigación no fue adecuada. El porcentaje de grasa corporal fue el indicador antropométrico más confiable del estudio(AU)

Introduction: In China, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing dramatically. Objective: To assess the body self-perception of Chinese adults and to determine their relationship with anthropometric indicators. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in Panzhihua, China. The sample was made up of n = 151 subjects, aged between 18 and 80 years who met the established inclusion criteria. A questionnaire was conducted through a face-to-face interview and measurements of weight, height, waist and hip circumference, determinations of the body mass index, waist circumference index and that of the hip and the percentage of body fat. Results: According to the classification of the body fat percentage, it was determined 10.6 percent normal weight, 28.5 percent overweight and 60.9 percent obesity. According to the body mass index, it was found 5.3 percent in the thin level, 47.0 percent normal weight, 32.5 percent overweight and 15.2 percent obese. According to the waist and hip circumference index, 34.4 percent was normal and 65.6 percent had abdominal obesity. Regarding body self-perception, 54.7 percent of the subjects self-perceived as normal weight, 24.3 percent considered themselves to be overweight and 12.2 percent self-perceived as obese. The correlations between body self-perception, body mass index and body fat percentage expressed a significant difference (p;0.05), body self-perception and the waist and hip circumference index showed no difference (p;0.05). According to the Pearson correlation, the percentage of body fat was more reliable as an indicator. Conclusion: The body self-perception of the subjects in this research was not adequate. Body fat percentage was the most reliable anthropometric indicator in the study(AU)

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Background and objectives: To identify the relationship between neck circumference (NC) and cardiometabolic risk factors in children. Materials and Methods: Children and adolescents 6-18 years old (n = 548) from five counties of San Luis Potosí, México were included. Data was collected for biological markers (glucose and lipid profile) and anthropometric and clinical measurements-weight, height, NC, waist circumference (WC), and blood pressure (BP). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using Quetelet formula (kg/m2). Descriptive analysis, correlation tests, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were performed. Results: NC was highly correlated with BMI and WC in both genders (p <0.0001). The most frequent risk factor was high BMI (38.7%). Sensitivity and specificity analysis of NC and high BMI showed an area under the ROC curve of 0.887. Conclusions: According to our findings, NC is a simple, low-cost, and non-invasive measurement, which has a high association with high BMI and increased WC.

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