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PURPOSE: To demonstrate how the use of adjunctive Computed Tomography (CT) can modify diagnosis, treatment options, and operative planning of ankle fractures in comparison with conventional radiographs (CR) in isolation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 53 patients diagnosed with an ankle fracture between 2011 and 2016, were assessed with CT and CR. Evaluations of the fractures using CR in isolation and CR combined with CT were compared using different readers. Fractures were assessed in terms of type, displacement, size, associated injuries, treatment, patient position and surgical planning. RESULTS: The medial malleolus fractures characteristics (posteromedial fragment and anterior colliculus), the presence of posterior malleolus fracture and its characteristics (displacement, size, posteromedial or posterolateral segment) (ps < 0.042), syndesmosis injury (p < 0.001), and the absence of deltoid ligament lesion (p < 0.001), were more evident with the combination of CT and radiographs. There was an increase in operative indication (p = 0.007), prone positioning (p = 0.002), posterior malleolus surgical treatment (p < 0.001), posterolateral approach for the lateral malleolus (p = 0.003), and syndesmosis fixation (p = 0.020) with the association of CT and CR, among all groups of expertise, with a high interobserver reliability (> 0.75). CONCLUSIONS: The CR may fail to demonstrate subtle lesions, such as posterior malleolus fractures and syndesmotic injuries. The CT evaluation increases the diagnostic precision and improves the quality of information the surgeon receives, what might positively affect patient care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: Retrospective Comparative Study.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Current research supports the fact that prophylactic ankle taping (AT) is effective in preventing ankle injuries in amateur and elite sports athletes. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of AT on balance, knee valgus during drop jump and single-leg countermovement jump (SL-CMJ) landings, and ankle range of motion (ROM) restriction in healthy participants. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. METHODS: Participants: Thirty-nine healthy individuals participated in this study and performed the movements under two conditions (with and without tape). Outcome measurements: ankle ROM, balance, SL-CMJ height, flight time, ground time, and knee valgus. Before any intervention, a random process was developed with a 1:1 allocation ratio, and the participants were assigned to groups A (tape-no tape) and B (no tape-tape). RESULTS: Significant differences between tape and no-tape moments were observed for drop jump knee valgus flexion (P = 0.007), with an increase in knee valgus in participants with ankle taping. Similarly, the Y-balance testshowed a significant decrease in all variables (P = 0.001 and), ankle dorsiflexion (P = 0.001) in participants with ankle taping. CONCLUSIONS: AT is effective for immediate ankle ROM restriction. However, an increase in knee valgus during drop jump task and a decrease in lower limb balance were observed during drop jump task. Based on these results, it can be concluded that AT application in healthy individuals should not be recommended as it results in increase in injury risk factors.

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Las fracturas triplanares de tibia distal, son fracturas complejas caracterizadas por afectación multiplanar, clasificándose como Salter Harris tipo IV, en el periodo de cierre fisiario. Son poco frecuentes, representando el 5-15% de las fracturas pediátricas. El mecanismo de lesión que ocurre con mayor frecuencia, consiste en supinación y rotación externa. La tomografía computarizada es actualmente el Gold Standard para el diagnóstico de este tipo de fractura, nos permite evaluar todos los planos, siendo la radiografía simple insuficiente para el diagnóstico ya que puede pasar desapercibida. Paciente de 14 años de edad con fractura triplanar en 2 partes de tibia distal, con resolución quirúrgica. Nuestro caso es un ejemplo de una fractura triplanar de tibia distal, la cual es de baja frecuencia, difícil diagnostico e interpretación. Presentamos imágenes preoperatorias, intraoperatorias y postoperatorias del manejo de esta lesión, obteniendo resultados satisfactorios clínicos, funcionales y en estudios de imágenes. Es indispensable lograr una reducción anatómica de la superficie articular para lograr una evolución satisfactoria. Se recomienda una tomografía computarizada para diagnosticar y manejar esta lesión de manera adecuada. El seguimiento postoperatorio es crucial para el manejo de este paciente, ya que se espera una discrepancia en la longitud de las extremidades y/o deformidad(AU)

Triplane fractures of the distal tibia are complex fractures characterized by multiplane effects. They are classified in the Salter-Harris system as type IV in the period of physeal closure. These fractures are rare and represent 5-15% of pediatric fractures. The most common mechanism of injury is supination and external rotation. Computed tomography is currently the Gold Standard for the diagnosis of this type of fracture since it allows us to evaluate all planes, while plain radiography is insufficient because the fracture can go unnoticed. The objective is to report the clinical case of a 14-year-old patient with triplanar fracture in 2 parts of the distal tibia with surgical resolution. This case is an example of a triplanar fracture of the distal tibia, which is of low frequency, and difficult to diagnose and interpret. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative images of the management of this lesion are presented, obtaining satisfactory clinical, functional and imaging study results. It is essential to achieve an anatomical reduction of the joint surface to achieve a satisfactory evolution. A CT scan is recommended to properly diagnose and manage this injury. Postoperative follow-up is crucial for the management of this patient, as a limb length discrepancy and/or deformity is expected(AU)

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Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is one of the most frequent overuse injuries in the ankle. The evidence base for its conservative management AT continues to evolve, but there is still a gap in the evidence for the efficacy of any modality of treatment in high-quality studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the efficacy of EE in improving pain and function in adult patients with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy compared to other forms of exercise. A search was performed in PubMed, BIREME, SportDiscus, Cinahl, Web of Science and PEDro, in November 2022. The methodological quality was evaluated using the Risk of Bias 2 tool (RoB2) of the Cochrane collaboration, and the meta-analysis was performed using the Review Manager 5.1 program. 2024 articles were identified and eight fulfilled the inclusion criteria. RoB2 presented a final score with 62.5% of the studies presented "some concerns", and 37.5% (five and three articles, respectively) presenting "high risk" of bias. EE was effective for the managment of AT. The only variable for which a meta-analysis was possible was pain (five articles), analysed with the visual analogue scale/numerical visual scale. The mean difference (MD) in treatment effect using EE was - 1.21 (- 2.72 to - 0.30) with a 95% of confidence interval (CI), thus identifying a significant positive effect for the improvement of pain in patients with AT in whom EE was used. EE is effective in the management of AT. The meta-analysis shows the need for appropriately powered randomized controlled trials with better design, the use of standard outcome measures and well-planned protocols for conservative management of AT.Level of evidence: Level 1.Registration: CRD42018118016.

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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease mainly affecting synovial joints. Photobiomodulation through low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and resistance exercise may improve the inflammatory process. Therefore, we analyzed the effects of resistance exercise, LLLT, and the combination of both treatments on hind paw grip strength and ankle joint histomorphometric aspects of Wistar rats subjected to experimental RA. A total of 64 male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups: control, control LLLT, control exercise, control LLLT and exercise, arthritis, arthritis LLLT, arthritis exercise, and arthritis LLLT and exercise groups. The experimental RA was induced by a complete Freund's adjuvant injection into the knee joint cavity. Climbing exercises and LLLT (660 nm; 5 J/cm2 per point) were performed as the treatment. In addition, muscle strength was evaluated using the grip strength test, and morphometric evaluations were performed on the ankle joint. Generalized mixed models and multivariate analysis of variance tests were used for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was set at a p-value of .05. Arthritis LLLT, exercise, and LLLT and exercise had positive effects on grip strength between the groups (F[7.56] = 5.8, p < .004) and within the groups (F[4.3] = 9.9, p < .002) throughout the evaluations. Morphometry revealed degenerative lesions in the ankle joint as subintima with angiogenesis, inflammatory cells, flocculated articular cartilage, chondrocyte disorganization, and pannus in the arthritis group (p < .001). The treated groups exhibited morphological characteristics similar to those of the control group. LLLT and resistance exercise restored muscle strength and morphological aspects of the ankle joint in rats with experimentally induced RA.

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ABSTRACT Objective To correlate the significance of osseous, chondral, tendon, and ligamentous injuries with anatomical variations in low-grade versus high-grade acute ankle sprains. Methods We retrospectively identified the magnetic resonance imaging findings of acute ankle sprains (<15 days). Participants with a history of previous sprains, arthritis, tumors, infections, or inflammatory conditions were excluded. Images were independently evaluated by two musculoskeletal radiologists and assessed for osseous, chondral, tendon, and ligamentous injuries and anatomical variations. Participants were divided into low-grade versus high-grade sprain groups, according to the presence of a complete tear in at least one component of the lateral ligament complex. Results The final study group comprised 100 magnetic resonance images (mean age, 36 years), the majority of males (54%), the right ankle (52%), and a mean sprain duration of 5 days. Participants with high-grade sprains presented with increased rates of medial malleolus edema (p<0.001), moderate and large articular effusions (p=0.041), and shorter calcaneonavicular distance (p=0.008). Complete tears of the anterior talofibular ligament and calcaneofibular ligaments were observed in 100% and 51.2% of the participants in the High-Grade Group, respectively. The deltoid ligament complex was partially torn in this group (55.8% versus 8.8%, p<0.001). Extensor tendon retinaculum lesions occurred significantly more frequently in this group (41.9%) compared to the overall study population (23%) (p<0.001). Conclusion Participants with high-grade ankle sprains presented with shorter calcaneonavicular distances and increased rates of medial malleolus edema, deltoid complex partial tears, extensor retinaculum lesions, and articular effusion.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: The most significant reasons for the frequent ankle injuries in soccer players are the great rivalry and the multiple efforts required by the sport. Objective: Explore the actual scenario of sports injuries in the ankle joint in soccer players, raising adequate prevention strategies. Methods: 22 professional soccer players were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. A controlled experiment lastingsix6 weeks was developed. The experimental group added complementary ankle training in the daily training, while the control group had no changes, according to the usual training plan. Rear (PL) and frontal (AT) balance indexes, functional movement assessment (FMS,) and ankle injury cause (CAI) were collected, analyzed, and compared before and after the intervention. Results: After training, the experimental group's PL score increased from 106.81±5.33 to 117.69±6.44; AT score increased from 61.94±6.17 to 70.36±5.37; CAI score increased from 22.33±3.58 to 25.38±3.18. Total FMS test score increased from 15.36±1.38 to 18.84±1.99, with trunk flexions standing out (from 2.10±0.43 to 2.57±0.37). On the other hand, the changes in the control group were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The presented complementary ankle training effectively prevented injuries in soccer players and can be applied to reduce sports complications in players in training. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: As razões mais significativas para as frequentes lesões no tornozelo em jogadores de futebol são a grande rivalidade e os múltiplos esforços requisitados pelo esporte. Objetivo: Explorar o quadro atual das lesões esportivas na articulação do tornozelo em jogadores de futebol, levantando estratégias de prevenção adequadas. Métodos: Um total de 22 jogadores profissionais de futebol foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupo experimental e de controle. Um experimento controlado com duração de 6 semanas foi desenvolvido. No treinamento diário, o grupo experimental acrescentou um treinamento complementar do tornozelo, enquanto o grupo de controle não teve alterações, de acordo com o plano de treinamento habitual. Foram coletados, analisados e comparados os índices de equilíbrio traseiro (PL) e frontal (AT), a avaliação funcional do movimento (FMS) e a causa das lesões no tornozelo (CAI) antes e após a intervenção. Resultados: Após o treinamento, a pontuação PL do grupo experimental aumentou de 106,81±5.33 para 117,69±6.44; a pontuação AT aumentou de 61.94±6.17 para 70,36±5,37; a pontuação CAI aumentou de 22,33±3,58 para 25,38±3,18. A pontuação total do teste FMS aumentou de 15,36±1,38 para 18,84±1,99, destacando-se as flexões do tronco (de 2,10±0,43 para 2,57±0,37). Por outro lado, as alterações do grupo controle não foram estatisticamente significativas. Conclusão: O treinamento complementar para o tornozelo apresentado mostrou-se eficaz na prevenção de lesões em jogadores de futebol e pode ser aplicado para reduzir as complicações esportivas dos jogadores em treinamento. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las razones más significativas de las frecuentes lesiones de tobillo en futbolistas son la gran rivalidad y los múltiples esfuerzos que requiere este deporte. Objetivo: Explorar el panorama actual de las lesiones deportivas en la articulación del tobillo en futbolistas, planteando estrategias de prevención adecuadas. Métodos: Un total de 22 futbolistas profesionales fueron divididos aleatoriamente en grupos experimental y control. Se desarrolló un experimento controlado de 6 semanas de duración. En el entrenamiento diario, el grupo experimental añadió un entrenamiento complementario del tobillo, mientras que el grupo control no tuvo cambios, según el plan de entrenamiento habitual. Se recogieron, analizaron y compararon los índices de equilibrio posterior (PL) y frontal (AT), la valoración del movimiento funcional (FMS) y la causa de lesión de tobillo (CAI) antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: Tras el entrenamiento, la puntuación PL del grupo experimental aumentó de 106,81±5,33 a 117,69±6,44; la puntuación AT aumentó de 61,94±6,17 a 70,36±5,37; la puntuación CAI aumentó de 22,33±3,58 a 25,38±3,18. La puntuación total del test FMS aumentó de 15,36±1,38 a 18,84±1,99, destacando las flexiones de tronco (de 2,10±0,43 a 2,57±0,37). Por otro lado, los cambios del grupo de control no fueron estadísticamente significativos. Conclusión: El entrenamiento complementario de tobillo presentado demostró ser eficaz en la prevención de lesiones en futbolistas y puede aplicarse para reducir las complicaciones deportivas en jugadores en formación. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

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ABSTRACT Introduction In soccer training, many impacts in running and defense make ankle sprain a very common sports injury; therefore, prevention and rehabilitation management of ankle sprain is particularly important. Objective Explore the strategy of preventing and rehabilitating ankle sprain in soccer training. Methods 10 athletes with ankle sprain were selected and randomly divided into the experimental and control group. Both groups received rehabilitation training, the control group received only manual therapy, and the experimental group received active and passive rehabilitation management. The indices relevant to ankle rehabilitation were analyzed daily: active extension and flexion angle, in addition to the degree of joint edema. Results By the third day, the experimental group's recovery rate was significantly higher. By the end of the seventh day, the active plantar flexion angle in the control group was 28.0133, while in the experimental group, it was 32.0512. As for the degree of joint swelling on day 5, the experimental group was 2.2059 and 1.0057 in the control group. The control group only achieved this level of recovery in the experimental group on the seventh day. Conclusion Using comparative analysis, the rehabilitation strategy associated with the active and passive techniques proposed in this article showed a better performance than the traditional protocol. Studies are suggested popularizing rehabilitation combined with active training with passive traction. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução No treinamento do futebol, um grande número de impactos na corrida e na defesa fazem da entorse do tornozelo uma lesão esportiva muito comum, portanto, a prevenção e o manejo da reabilitação da entorse do tornozelo são particularmente importantes. Objetivo Explorar a estratégia de prevenção e reabilitação da entorse de tornozelo no treinamento de futebol. Métodos 10 atletas com entorse de tornozelo foram selecionados e divididos aleatoriamente em grupo experimental e controle. Ambos grupos receberam treinamento de reabilitação, o grupo controle recebeu apenas terapia manual e o grupo experimental recebeu um manejo ativo e passivo da reabilitação. Os índices relevantes à reabilitação do tornozelo foram analisados diariamente, dentre eles: ângulo de extensão e flexão ativa além do grau de edema articular. Resultados Até o terceiro dia, a taxa de recuperação do grupo experimental foi significativamente maior e ao final do sétimo dia, o ângulo ativo de flexão plantar no grupo controle foi de 28,0133 enquanto no grupo experimental foi de 32,0512. Quanto ao grau de inchaço articular ao quinto dia, no grupo experimental foi de 2,2059 e 1,0057 no grupo controle. Esse nível de recuperação do grupo experimental somente foi atingido pelo grupo controle ao sétimo dia. Conclusão Por meio de análise comparativa, a estratégia reabilitação associada a ativos e passivos propostos neste artigo evidenciou melhor desempenho frente ao protocolo tradicional. Sugere-se estudos para a popularização da reabilitação combinada ao treinamento ativo com tração passiva. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción En el entrenamiento de fútbol, un gran número de impactos en la carrera y la defensa hacen que el esguince de tobillo sea una lesión deportiva muy común, por lo que la gestión de la prevención y la rehabilitación del esguince de tobillo son especialmente importantes. Objetivo Explorar la estrategia de prevención y rehabilitación del esguince de tobillo en el entrenamiento de fútbol. Métodos Se seleccionaron 10 atletas con esguince de tobillo y se dividieron aleatoriamente en grupo experimental y grupo de control. Ambos grupos recibieron entrenamiento de rehabilitación, el grupo de control sólo recibió terapia manual y el grupo experimental recibió gestión de rehabilitación activa y pasiva. Se analizaron diariamente los índices relevantes para la rehabilitación del tobillo, entre ellos: la extensión activa y el ángulo de flexión, además del grado de edema articular. Resultados Al tercer día, la tasa de recuperación del grupo experimental fue significativamente mayor y al final del séptimo día, el ángulo de flexión plantar activo en el grupo de control era de 28,0133 mientras que en el grupo experimental era de 32,0512. En cuanto al grado de inflamación articular en el día 5, en el grupo experimental fue de 2,2059 y de 1,0057 en el grupo de control. Este nivel de recuperación en el grupo experimental sólo lo alcanzó el grupo de control al séptimo día. Conclusión A través del análisis comparativo, la estrategia de rehabilitación asociada a las técnicas activas y pasivas propuestas en este artículo evidenció un mejor desempeño que el protocolo tradicional. Se sugieren estudios para la popularización de la rehabilitación combinada con el entrenamiento activo con tracción pasiva. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Basketball is a combative sport, very popular among college students. However, it requires many periods of running, interspersed with emergency breaks, tackling, and other actions prone to ankle injuries. Objective: Investigate the causes of ankle joint injuries in college basketball, raising countermeasures to prevent these sports injuries. Methods: 413 college students who regularly participate in basketball games at 10 colleges and universities were selected as research objects. The causes of ankle joint injuries in the process of this sport were investigated through questionnaires, and the main causes of injuries were analyzed using statistical methods. Results: The causes of ankle joint injuries in college basketball include subjective and objective factors. Subjective factors include inadequate psychological preparation, warm-up exercise, cushioning, and excessive exercise, among others listed; objective factors mainly contemplate local injury and accidental injury. Conclusion: The participation of college students in basketball is beneficial to improve their physical health, requiring effective measures to prevent possible ankle injuries, both related to subjective and objective aspects. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: o basquetebol é uma modalidade esportiva combativa, muito popular entre os universitários. No entanto, necessita de muitos períodos de corrida, intercalados por pausas emergenciais, enfrentamentos e outras ações propensas a lesões no tornozelo. Objetivo: Investigar as causas de lesões nas articulações do tornozelo no basquetebol universitário, levantando contramedidas para prevenir essas lesões desportivas. Métodos: O total de 413 estudantes universitários que participam regularmente em jogos de basquetebol em 10 faculdades e universidades foram selecionados como objetos de pesquisa. As causas das lesões nas articulações do tornozelo no processo desse esporte foram investigadas através de questionários, sendo analisadas as principais causas das lesões através de métodos estatísticos. Resultados: as causas das lesões nas articulações do tornozelo dentro do basquetebol universitário incluem principalmente fatores subjetivos e objetivos. Os fatores subjetivos incluem a preparação psicológica inadequada, o exercício de aquecimento inadequado, o amortecimento inadequado, o exercício excessivo, entre outros listados; os fatores objetivos contemplam principalmente a lesão local e a lesão acidental. Conclusão: A participação dos estudantes universitários no basquetebol é benéfica para melhorar a sua saúde física, requerendo medidas eficazes para prevenir possíveis lesões no tornozelo, tanto as relacionadas aos aspectos subjetivos como objetivos. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El baloncesto es una modalidad deportiva combativa, muy popular entre los estudiantes universitarios. Sin embargo, requiere muchos periodos de carrera, intercalados con pausas de emergencia, enfrentamientos y otras acciones propensas a las lesiones de tobillo. Objetivo: Investigar las causas de las lesiones de la articulación del tobillo en el baloncesto universitario, planteando contramedidas para prevenir estas lesiones deportivas. Métodos: Se seleccionaron como objeto de investigación un total de 413 estudiantes universitarios que participaban regularmente en partidos de baloncesto en 10 colegios y universidades. Las causas de las lesiones de la articulación del tobillo en el proceso de este deporte se investigaron mediante cuestionarios, y las principales causas de las lesiones se analizaron mediante métodos estadísticos. Resultados: Las causas de las lesiones de la articulación del tobillo en el baloncesto universitario incluyen principalmente factores subjetivos y objetivos. Los factores subjetivos incluyen una preparación psicológica inadecuada, un ejercicio de calentamiento inadecuado, una amortiguación inadecuada, un ejercicio excesivo, entre otros enumerados; los factores objetivos contemplan principalmente la lesión local y la lesión accidental. Conclusión: La participación de los estudiantes universitarios en el baloncesto es beneficiosa para mejorar su salud física, requiriendo medidas eficaces para prevenir posibles lesiones de tobillo, tanto las relacionadas con aspectos subjetivos como objetivos. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

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Objective The present study aimed to analyze ankle sprains in young athletes of basketball, futsal, artistic gymnastics, trampoline, tennis, judo, and volleyball over 2 seasons. Methods Data of 529 athletes in the 1 st year and of 495 athletes in the 2 nd year of analysis were investigated from the injury record database of a sports club. The following data were considered: the demographic characteristics (age, body mass, height, and sex), the mechanism (contact or noncontact), the severity, the moment at which the injury occurred, and the recurrence. Also, the incidence rate, the injury risk of the first ankle sprain, and the incidence rate ratio between sports were calculated. Results The athletes sustained 124 ankle sprains in the 2 years of analysis. The majority occurred during training (76.6%) and lead to absence from sports practice (75.8%). The injury recurrence was low: 2 athletes (1.6%) had a recurrence in the same year and 5 (4.0%) in the following year. The incidence rate (0.79 to 12.81 per 1,000 hours) and the injury risk (1.14 to 19.44%) varied among sports. Volleyball, basketball, and futsal presented the highest injury rate incidence. Tennis, gymnastics, and trampoline showed the lowest injury rate incidence. Judo showed an incidence rate different from those of basketball and volleyball in the 1 st year and similar to those of other sports in the 2 nd year. Conclusion Ankle sprain greatly impacted sports practice and presented characteristics that differ among the investigated sports. These findings may contribute to developing preventive injury programs.

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Abstract Objective The present study aimed to analyze ankle sprains in young athletes of basketball, futsal, artistic gymnastics, trampoline, tennis, judo, and volleyball over 2 seasons. Methods Data of 529 athletes in the 1st year and of 495 athletes in the 2nd year of analysis were investigated from the injury record database of a sports club. The following data were considered: the demographic characteristics (age, body mass, height, and sex), the mechanism (contact or noncontact), the severity, the moment at which the injury occurred, and the recurrence. Also, the incidence rate, the injury risk of the first ankle sprain, and the incidence rate ratio between sports were calculated. Results The athletes sustained 124 ankle sprains in the 2 years of analysis. The majority occurred during training (76.6%) and lead to absence from sports practice (75.8%). The injury recurrence was low: 2 athletes (1.6%) had a recurrence in the same year and 5 (4.0%) in the following year. The incidence rate (0.79 to 12.81 per 1,000 hours) and the injury risk (1.14 to 19.44%) varied among sports. Volleyball, basketball, and futsal presented the highest injury rate incidence. Tennis, gymnastics, and trampoline showed the lowest injury rate incidence. Judo showed an incidence rate different from those of basketball and volleyball in the 1st year and similar to those of other sports in the 2nd year. Conclusion Ankle sprain greatly impacted sports practice and presented characteristics that differ among the investigated sports. These findings may contribute to developing preventive injury programs.

Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar entorses no tornozelo em jovens atletas de basquete, futsal, ginástica artística, trampolim, tênis, judô e vôlei ao longo de duas temporadas. Métodos Foram investigados dados de 529 atletas no 1° ano e 495 atletas no 2° ano de análise a partir do banco de dados de registros de lesões de um clube esportivo. Foram considerados os seguintes dados: as características demográficas (idade, massa corporal, altura e sexo), o mecanismo (contato ou não contato), a severidade, o momento em que ocorreu a lesão e a recorrência. Além disso, foram calculadas a taxa de incidência, o risco de lesão da primeira entorse no tornozelo e a razão da taxa de incidência entre os esportes. Resultados Os atletas sofreram 124 entorses no tornozelo nos 2 anos de análise. A maioria ocorreu durante o treinamento (76,6%) e levou à interrupção da prática esportiva (75,8%). A recorrência da lesão foi baixa: 2 atletas (1,6%) tiveram recorrência no mesmo ano e 5 (4,0%) no ano seguinte. A taxa de incidência (0,79 a 12,81 por 1.000 horas) e o risco de lesão (1,14 a 19,44%) variaram entre os esportes. Vôlei, basquete e futsal apresentaram a maior incidência de lesões. Tênis, ginástica e trampolim apresentaram a menor incidência de lesões. O judô apresentou uma taxa de incidência diferente das do basquete e do vôlei no 1° ano e semelhante às dos outros esportes no 2° ano. Conclusão A entorse no tornozelo impactou muito a prática esportiva e apresentou características que diferem entre os esportes investigados. Esses achados podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de programas de prevenção de lesões.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Latin dance is an emerging sport with rapid popularization in China. Along with the increase of world competitions in Latin dance, its rules are in constant progress demanding high motor coordination and balance skills from the athlete. In an attempt to keep up with the quality required by international competitions, rehabilitation must also be innovated. Objective: Explore the application of functional rehabilitation training to ankle injuries in Latin dance dancers. Methods: 65 athletes from a Latin dance club were selected as subjects and divided into research and control groups, with 33 and 32, respectively. The control group received the same daily training, while the study group was added a specific protocol involving rehabilitation with functional training. Functional indices were categorized, subjective analysis and pain were collected before and after the intervention. Results: The results showed that the pain score of the study group went from 5.71±0.49 to 2.21±0.19, while the control group started with 5.69±0.41 ending at 4.78±0.31 after training. There was no significant difference in the visual analog pain scale score between the two groups before training (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Functional training rehabilitation can improve the rate of exercise in ankle injuries on Latin dance practitioners. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

RESUMO Introdução: A dança latina é um esporte emergente com rápida popularização na China. Juntamente com o aumento das competições mundiais de dança latina, suas regras de estão em constante progresso exigindo altas habilidades de coordenação motora e equilíbrio do atleta. A reabilitação também deve ser inovada para acompanhar a qualidade requerida pelos padrões das competições internacionais. Objetivo: Explorar a aplicação do treinamento de reabilitação funcional em lesões no tornozelo de dançarinos da dança latina. Métodos: 65 atletas de um clube de dança latina foram selecionados como sujeitos e divididos em grupos de pesquisa e grupos de controle, com 33 e 32, respectivamente. O grupo de controle recebeu o mesmo treinamento cotidiano, enquanto ao grupo de estudo foi acrescentado um protocolo específico envolvendo reabilitação com treinamento funcional. Índices funcionais foram categorizados e análise subjetiva e dor também foi coletada antes e após a intervenção. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que a pontuação da dor do grupo de estudo foi de 5,71±0,49 para 2,21±0,19, enquanto o grupo de controle iniciou com 5,69±0,41 finalizando em 4,78±0,31 depois do treinamento. Não houve diferença significativa na pontuação da escala visual analógica de dor entre os dois grupos antes do treinamento (P > 0,05). Conclusão: A reabilitação com treinamento funcional pode melhorar a taxa de reabilitação para exercícios no público praticante de dança latina com lesões no tornozelo. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción: El baile latino es un deporte emergente con una rápida popularización en China. Junto con el aumento de las competiciones mundiales de bailes latinos, sus reglas están en constante progreso exigiendo al atleta una gran coordinación motora y habilidades de equilibrio. La rehabilitación también debe ser innovadora para estar a la altura de la calidad exigida por las normas de las competiciones internacionales. Objetivo: Explorar la aplicación del entrenamiento de rehabilitación funcional en las lesiones de tobillo en los bailarines de danza latina. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 65 atletas de un club de baile latino como sujetos y se dividieron en grupos de investigación y de control, con 33 y 32, respectivamente. El grupo de control recibió el mismo entrenamiento diario, mientras que al grupo de estudio se le añadió un protocolo específico de rehabilitación con entrenamiento funcional. Se clasificaron los índices funcionales y también se recogió el análisis subjetivo y el dolor antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que la puntuación de dolor del grupo de estudio pasó de 5,71±0,49 a 2,21±0,19, mientras que el grupo de control empezó con 5,69±0,41 y terminó con 4,78±0,31 después del entrenamiento. No hubo diferencias significativas en la puntuación de la escala analógica visual del dolor entre los dos grupos antes del entrenamiento (P > 0,05). Conclusión: La rehabilitación con entrenamiento funcional puede mejorar el índice de rehabilitación para el ejercicio en practicantes de baile latino con lesiones de tobillo. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Posture is directly related to body balance, and both have great importance in movement. Body posture is affected by several human body factors in space, and neuromuscular athletes' rehabilitation methods should be designed for an optimal return of postural stability. Objective: Explore the effects of neuromuscular treatment on postural balance rehabilitation of athletes' ankle injuries. Methods: 20 athletes with functional ankle instability were randomized into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received neuromuscular treatment. The control group maintained standard muscle strength and joint activity rehabilitation exercises. The effects of two rehabilitative procedures were compared by Cumberland ankle instability assessment questionnaire, T-type agility test, and Sargent vertical jump test. Results: Agility after exercise was significantly lower than those before exercise by 0.8 versus 1s; there was no significant difference between the two groups before the experiment. Agility test results of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group (2s). Sargent's vertical jump test results were significantly different from those before the exercise (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The postural balance showed good recovery with the neuromuscular treatment and the rehabilitation method of the athletes after the ankle injury. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

RESUMO Introdução: A postura está diretamente relacionada ao equilíbrio corporal e ambos têm grande importância no movimento. A postura corporal é afetada por vários fatores do corpo humano no espaço e os métodos de reabilitação neuromuscular em atletas devem ser delineados para um retorno otimizado da estabilidade postural. Objetivo: Explorar os efeitos do tratamento neuromuscular sobre o equilíbrio postural na reabilitação de lesão no tornozelo de atletas. Métodos: 20 atletas com instabilidade funcional do tornozelo foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupo experimental e grupo controle. O grupo experimental recebeu tratamento neuromuscular, enquanto o grupo controle permaneceu com exercícios de reabilitação de força muscular e atividade articular padrão. Os efeitos de dois procedimentos de reabilitação na instabilidade funcional do tornozelo foram comparados pelo questionário de avaliação da instabilidade do tornozelo de Cumberland, teste de agilidade do tipo T e teste de salto vertical de Sargent. Resultados: Os resultados do teste t de agilidade após o exercício foram significativamente menores do que os anteriores ao exercício em 0,8 contra 1s; não houve diferença significativa entre os dois grupos antes do experimento. Os resultados dos testes de agilidade do grupo experimental foram significativamente inferiores aos do grupo controle (2s). Os resultados do teste de salto vertical de Sargent foram significativamente diferentes daqueles anteriores ao exercício (P < 0,01). Conclusão: O equilíbrio postural apresentou boa recuperação com o tratamento neuromuscular e com o método de reabilitação dos atletas após a lesão do tornozelo. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción: La postura está directamente relacionada con el equilibrio corporal y ambos tienen gran importancia en el movimiento. La postura corporal se ve afectada por varios factores del cuerpo humano en el espacio y los métodos de rehabilitación neuromuscular en los deportistas deben diseñarse para un retorno óptimo de la estabilidad postural. Objetivo: Explorar los efectos del tratamiento neuromuscular sobre el equilibrio postural en la rehabilitación de lesiones de tobillo en atletas. Métodos: 20 atletas con inestabilidad funcional del tobillo fueron divididos aleatoriamente en un grupo experimental y un grupo de control. El grupo experimental recibió un tratamiento neuromuscular, mientras que el grupo de control permaneció con ejercicios estándar de rehabilitación de la fuerza muscular y la actividad articular. Se compararon los efectos de dos procedimientos de rehabilitación sobre la inestabilidad funcional del tobillo mediante el cuestionario de evaluación de la inestabilidad del tobillo de Cumberland, la prueba de agilidad tipo T y la prueba de salto vertical de Sargent. Resultados: Los resultados de la prueba t de agilidad después del ejercicio fueron significativamente inferiores a los de antes del ejercicio en 0,8 frente a 1s; no hubo diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos antes del experimento. Los resultados de la prueba de agilidad del grupo experimental fueron significativamente inferiores a los del grupo de control (2s). Los resultados de la prueba de salto vertical de Sargent fueron significativamente diferentes de los obtenidos antes del ejercicio (P < 0,01). Conclusión: El equilibrio postural mostró una buena recuperación con el tratamiento neuromuscular y con el método de rehabilitación de los atletas tras la lesión del tobillo. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

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RESUMO As modalidades esportivas de combate (MEC) são muito frequentes em megaeventos esportivos e, dentre elas, destaca-se o taekwondo, que prioriza o contato direto entre os participantes principalmente a partir de chutes e socos, e proporciona ambiguidade na relação saúde-desporto, pois sua prática pode ser lesiva. O objetivo do estudo foi quantificar a prevalência de lesões em atletas recreacionais de taekwondo, oriundas de treinos ou competições, e testar sua associação a fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos. Trata-se de estudo observacional descritivo, de natureza retrospectiva, que empregou inquérito de morbidade referida para registro dos agravos. As informações quanto à lesão desportiva foram registradas considerando os últimos seis meses de 2018. Participaram atletas com idade entre 12 e 25 anos, de ambos os sexos, praticantes de taekwondo na cidade de Pelotas, no Rio Grande do Sul. A prevalência de lesões desportivas em praticantes recreacionais de taekwondo na cidade de Pelotas é 26,2% (n=11), sem diferenças significantes entre sexos. O principal motivo de prática é o condicionamento para saúde (35,7%); o principal mecanismo de lesão foi chute atacando (45,4%), seguido de impacto ao realizar defesa (27,3%); o tipo de lesão mais frequente foi entorse (27,3%), seguido de contusão (18,2%); e os segmentos corporais mais lesionados foram joelho (36,4%) e tornozelo (36,4%). A prevalência de lesões desportivas em praticantes recreacionais de taekwondo da cidade de Pelotas é inferior à encontrada na literatura, e isto pode decorrer da natureza da prática, dado que eles são atletas recreacionais amadores, com a prática direcionada ao condicionamento para a saúde.

RESUMEN Las modalidades deportivas de combate (MDC) son muy comunes en los megaeventos deportivos y, entre ellos, destaca el taekwondo, el cual prioriza el contacto directo entre los participantes principalmente a través de patadas y golpes, y proporciona ambigüedad en la relación salud-deporte, ya que su práctica puede ser perjudicial. El objetivo del estudio fue cuantificar la prevalencia de lesiones en atletas recreativos de taekwondo, desde entrenamientos o competiciones, y probar su asociación con factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos. Este es un estudio observacional descriptivo, de tipo retrospectivo, que utilizó una encuesta de morbilidad reportada para registrar las condiciones. La información sobre lesiones deportivas se registró teniendo en cuenta los últimos seis meses de 2018. Los participantes eran atletas de entre 12 y 25 años, de ambos sexos, practicantes de taekwondo en la ciudad de Pelotas, en Rio Grande Do Sul (Brasil). La prevalencia de lesiones deportivas en practicantes recreativos de taekwondo en la ciudad de Pelotas es del 26,2% (n = 11), sin diferencias significativas entre sexos. La razón principal de la práctica de los participantes es el acondicionamiento de la salud (35,7%); el principal mecanismo de lesión fue el ataque de patada (45,4%) seguido de impacto al realizar la defensa (27.3%); el tipo de lesión más frecuente fue el esguince (27,3%) seguido de contusión (18,2%), y los segmentos corporales más lesionados fueron la rodilla (36,4%) y el tobillo (36,4%). La prevalencia de lesiones deportivas en practicantes recreativos de taekwondo en la ciudad de Pelotas es menor que la que se encuentra en la literatura, y esto puede deberse a la naturaleza de la práctica, dado que son atletas aficionados recreativos, con la práctica dirigida al acondicionamiento para la salud.

ABSTRACT Combat sports are very common in sport mega-events. Taekwondo is a combat sport that prioritizes direct contact between participants, specially by kicks and punches, and provides ambiguity in the health-sport relationship, as its practice could be harmful. This study aimed to quantify the prevalence of injuries in amateur Taekwondo athletes, from training or competitions, and assess their association with intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This is a descriptive, observational, and retrospective study that assessed injuries by a reported morbidity inquiry. Information on sports injuries considered the last six months of 2018. Participants were athletes aged from 12 to 25 years old, of both sexes, practicing Taekwondo in the city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The prevalence of sports injuries in amateur Taekwondo athletes in Pelotas was 26.2% (n=1), without significant differences between sexes. The main reason for the practice was physical conditioning (35.7%). The main mechanism of injury was kick when attacking (45.4%), followed by impact when defending (27.3%). The most frequent type of injury was sprain (27.3%). followed by contusion (18.2%), and the most injured body parts were knees (36.4%) and ankles (36.4%). The prevalence of sports injuries in amateur Taekwondo athletes in Pelotas was lower than the one found in the literature, and it may be due to the nature of the practice, as they are recreational amateur athletes aiming to improve physical conditioning.

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Los déficits neuromusculares resultantes de las lesiones que comprometen al tobillo, facilitan la aparición de recidivas, por la afectación estructural que no sólo ocurre en los ligamentos, sino también en los nervios y tejido músculo-tendinoso, pudiendo provocar numerosas alteraciones asociadas que provocan inestabilidad crónica. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la eficiencia de la técnica de Broström modificada en pacientes con inestabilidad crónica del tobillo, atendidos en el Hospital Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño y consulta privada entre noviembre 2016 y enero 2020. El tipo de investigación prospectiva, descriptiva, de campo clínico. La muestra la conformaron 31 pacientes. La edad promedio fue 34,4 años, la mayoría de género masculino, y con predominio en el tobillo derecho. Al aplicar la escala EVA en el pre y post quirúrgico, se observó disminución del grado de dolor postquirúrgico con una escala entre 0 y 4. La escala de Karlsson y Peterson aplicada en el lapso de 1 año después del período postquirúrgico a los pacientes, el 90 % estuvo entre 65 y 90 según escala que significa bueno y excelente. Entre la escala EVA y la de Karlsson y Peterson aplicados al año, se observó una relación entre la disminución del dolor y la buena y excelente evaluación funcional. La técnica de Broström modificada demostró tener muy buenos resultados en el tratamiento quirúrgico de la inestabilidad de tobillo(AU)

The neuromuscular deficits resulting from ankle injuries, make possible the appearance of recurrences, due the structural affectation that not only occurs in the ligaments, but also in nerves and muscle-tendon tissue, and can produce numerous associated alterations that cause ankle chronic instability. The objective is to analyze the efficiency of Broström modified technique in patients with chronic ankle instability, treated at the Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño Hospital and private practice from November 2016 to January 2020. A prospective, descriptive and clinical study was made. 31 patients were included. The average age was 34,4 years, majority of male patients, and predominance of right ankle. When applying the VAS scale before and after surgery, a decrease in the degree of postoperative pain was observed with a scale between 0 and 4. The Karlsson and Peterson scale applied in the period of 1 year after the postoperative period to the patients, the 90% were between 65 and 90 according to a scale that means good and excellent. Between the VAS scale and the Karlsson and Peterson scale applied after one year, a relationship was observed between pain reduction and good and excellent functional evaluation. The modified Broström technique has shown to have very good results in the surgical treatment of ankle instability(AU)

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Abstract Tillaux fractures are fractures of the lateral margin of the distal tibia, usually reported in children between 12 and 14 years old. As intraarticular fractures, they require anatomic reduction and fixation to avoid posttraumatic complications. Since the injury mechanism is external rotation of the foot on the leg, these injuries are commonly associated with other fractures or ligamentous lesions. Currently, arthroscopy is being increasingly used to assist and improve surgical treatment of ankle fractures. The authors describe a 12-month follow-up of a rare case of a missed Tillaux fracture associated with syndesmosis injury in a 76-year-old polytrauma patient, successfully treated by arthroscopically-assisted reduction and internal fixation.

Resumo As fraturas de Tillaux são fraturas da margem lateral da tíbia distal, geralmente relatadas em crianças entre 12 e 14 anos. Como fraturas intra-articulares, requerem redução e fixação anatômica para evitar complicações pós-traumáticas. Como o mecanismo de lesão é a rotação externa do pé na perna, essas lesões são comumente associadas a outras fraturas ou lesões ligamentares. Atualmente, a artroscopia está sendo cada vez mais utilizada para auxiliar e melhorar o tratamento cirúrgico das fraturas do tornozelo. Os autores descrevem um acompanhamento de 12 meses de um caso raro de uma fratura não percebida de Tillaux associada a lesão por sindesmose em um paciente de politrauma com 76 anos de idade, tratado com sucesso por redução e fixação interna assistida por artroscopia.

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RESUMEN Fundamento: las luxaciones puras del tobillo son lesiones muy infrecuentes, causadas por trauma de alta energía en especial los accidentes del tránsito y caídas de alturas. El tratamiento es por lo general quirúrgico. Objetivo: conocer una paciente con luxación traumática, pura y abierta de la articulación del tobillo. Presentación del caso: paciente de 50 años de edad, mestiza, femenina sin antecedentes mórbidos de salud, la cual sufrió caída de una altura aproximada de tres metros y es traída al cuerpo de guardia del Servicio de Ortopedia y Traumatología por presentar dolor e impotencia funcional total del tobillo derecho. Mediante la exploración física se detectó luxación abierta del tobillo derecho con franca exposición de las superficies articulares de la tibia distal y el astrágalo, además de tendones y partes blandas. Al tener en cuenta todos los elementos anteriores, se decidió llevar la paciente al quirófano, para tratamiento de tipo quirúrgico. De manera inmediata se realizó limpieza, irrigación pulsátil y desbridamiento de la herida en la articulación del tobillo, sutura de las partes blandas dañadas y se colocó fijación externa tipo Hoffman® en configuración de tipo triangular. Conclusiones: el tratamiento por general consiste en la reducción e inmovilización por seis semanas, sin embargo, en caso de afección severa de las partes blandas, donde se necesite la observación y cura de las heridas de forma sistemática, está justificado el uso de la fijación externa como lo es en el caso que se presentó.

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PURPOSE: Several questionnaires have been used for functional evaluation. They must be translated and adapted transculturally, these instruments need to be valid, reliable, and sensitive according to the population. This review identified the questionnaires which were adapted transculturally in Brazilian Portuguese, to verify the methodological quality. METHODS: A search was performed in the PubMed, BIREME, SportDiscus, SciELO, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science. The methodological quality was evaluated by the COnsensus-based Standards for Health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) Risk of Bias checklist. For cross-cultural translation and adaptation studies, the properties of measurement of structural validity, internal consistency (IC), cross-cultural validity, reliability, measurement error, and criterion validity were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 4564 articles were found; 10 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The psychometrics properties verified were IC; criterion validity; reproducibility; floor/ceiling effect and responsiveness. Criterion validity was the best criterion evaluated. The main failures were related to sample size, and the most deficient properties were IC, reliability, and error of measure. CONCLUSIONS: The studies verified presented "inadequate" final score using COSMIN. Although specific questionnaires for ankle evaluation have been cross culturally validated in Brazilian Portuguese, their methodological quality was generally low, as verified through the analysis of their psychometric properties. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION The questionnaires which were cross culturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese were shown to be of low methodological quality. In using them careful consideration needs to be given to the psychometrics of each measure. Caution should be exercised in making clinical decisions drawn from the results.

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BACKGROUND: The high prevalence of ankle sprains in the population produces a significant number of patients with lateral instability. Persistence of this condition may lead to the progressive involvement of medial structures, causing a multidirectional rotational instability. METHODS: This is a retrospective study with patients diagnosed with multidirectional instability who underwent ankle arthroscopy with medial (arthroscopic tensioning) and lateral repair (arthroscopic Bröstrom) between January 2018 and January 2020. All patients were evaluated for pain and function according to the visual analog scale (VAS) score and the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) Hindfoot Score at a mean of 14.8 months (5-27 months) in follow-up. A total of 30 ankles (29 patients) were included in the study. RESULTS: The AOFAS score increase from a 49.7 (CI 5.8) to a 91.9 (CI 2.4) mean (P = .001) and was followed by significant improvement in the mean VAS score (6.8, CI 0.37-0.95, CI 0.31). The majority of patients had associated procedures (53.3%), and a low complication rate was found (16.6%). CONCLUSION: Combined medial and lateral arthroscopic repair might be an effective and safe alternative in the treatment of multidirectional instability. Inclusion of the deltoid ligament complex and the low invasiveness of the arthroscopic technique may improve the clinical outcomes of these patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective case series.

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RESUMEN La fractura luxación del tobillo se presenta con alguna frecuencia en la práctica médica. La asociación de una luxación en las fracturas de tobillo modifica su abordaje terapéutico puesto que la articulación no debe permanecer por más de seis horas en dicha situación y por ende se requerirá del tratamiento quirúrgico de urgencia. Son conocidas las complicaciones relacionadas con la no reducción de una luxación en el periodo de tiempo mencionado anteriormente, dentro de estas, la necrosis avascular del astrágalo representa la más temida debido a la incapacidad que genera. Por tales razones se decidió presentar un caso que muestra el tratamiento de una fractura -luxación del tobillo derecho, en una paciente de 30 años de edad, estabilizada mediante el empleo de un mini fijador RALCA, la cual fue seguida por un periodo de cinco años.

ABSTRACT Ankle fracture dislocation occurs with some frequency in medical practice. The association of a dislocation in ankle fractures modifies its therapeutic approach since the joint should not remain for more than six hours in this situation and therefore emergency surgical treatment will be required. Complications related to the non-reduction of a dislocation in the previously mentioned period of time are known; within these, avascular necrosis of the talus represents the most feared due to the disability it generates. For these reasons, it was decided to present a case that shows the treatment of a fracture -luxation of the right ankle, in a 30-year-old patient, stabilized by using a RALCA mini fixator, which was followed for a period of five years.

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